Events, Verisoph

1955 1955: would change the nature of the computer business. 1 Unlike the compute rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story would change the nature of the computer business. 1 Unlike the computer pioneers before him, Gates, who was born in 1955, had not grown up caring much ●●

1955 1955: Steve Jobs (1955–2011) and Steve Wozniak (1950– ) in 1976. Jobs graphi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Steve Jobs (1955–2011) and Steve Wozniak (1950– ) in 1976. Jobs graphic on the original Macintosh in 1984. ●●

1955 1955: Tim Berners-Lee (1955– ). Marc Andreessen (1971– ). Justin Hall (1974– rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Tim Berners-Lee (1955– ). Marc Andreessen (1971– ). Justin Hall (1974– ) ●●

1955 1955: ter were just the limitations of your imagination.” 2 Berners-Lee was rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ter were just the limitations of your imagination.” 2 Berners-Lee was born in 1955, the same year as Bill Gates and Steve Jobs, and he considered it a ●●

1955 West Germany joins the Atlantic Alliance ai_extracted 1 cit. no story picious of populism, he created a political party, the Christian Democratic Union, which for the first time in German parliamentary history governed as a moderate party with a majority mandate. With this mandate, Adenauer committed himself to regaini ●●

1955 the chief variables which determine the radiational characte rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “It is not necessary,” von Neumann and Charney argued, “to resort to explanations of climatic change which require external mechanisms such as solar a ●●

1955 “After global climate control becomes possible rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “After global climate control becomes possible,” he warned in 1955, “this will merge each nation’s affairs with those of every other, more thoroughly ●●

1955 5 review of the H-bomb’s development “The Work of Many Peopl rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Teller titled his 1955 review of the H-bomb’s development “The Work of Many People”—a genuine attempt to share the credit, in the face of widespread c ●●

1955 f 1955 found Johnny and Klári settled into a small but comfo rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Spring of 1955 found Johnny and Klári settled into a small but comfortable house in Georgetown in Washington, D.C., Johnny having made the journey fro ●●

1955 “Sic Transit Gloria Mundi.”1 After von Neumann left Princet rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Sic Transit Gloria Mundi.”1 After von Neumann left Princeton for Washington in 1955, the engineers remaining at the Institute hoped to build a secon ●●

1955 “when he was through with it it was a complete separation.” rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story According to his daughter, Jean Lewinson, “when he was through with it it was a complete separation.” In 1955, when her father was eighty-eight, she r ●●

1955 Princeton University rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story R., 13.1, 13.2 Woodrow Wilson School (Princeton University) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woolf, Harry words (of memory), 5.1, 5.2 “Work o ●●

1955 Event of 1955 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1955 it was estimated that there were 30 to 50 percent more abortions than live births ●●

1955 Indonesia holds its first general elections ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the first general elections in 1955, Sukarno began an attack on parliamentary democracy as such, and with the outbreak of ethnic rebellions on the outer islands, martial law was declared in March 1957. ●●

1955 A18, “whooping cough cases recorded rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A18, “whooping cough cases recorded in Florida jumped from 339 and one death in 1954 to 1,080 and 12 deaths in 1955.” The CIA received the bacteria from the Army’s biological research center at Fort Detrick, Md ●●

1955 Vietnam 1950-1973: The Hearts and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Vietnam 1950-1973: The Hearts and Minds Circus Cambodia 1955-1973: Prince Sihanouk walks the high-wire of neutralism ●●

1955 Recto, Philippines opposition leader 1955 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Recto, Philippines opposition leader 1955 - Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of India 1957 - Gamal Abdul Nasser, President of Egypt 1959/63/69 - Norodom Sihanouk, leader of Cambodia 1960 - Brig ●●

1955 Mutual Security Act of 1955, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mutual Security Act of 1955, Sections 142(a)(4) and 413 ●●

1955 Sulzberger, New York Times, 22 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sulzberger, New York Times, 22 January 1955, p ●●

1955 In 1955, Eastern Europeans could candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1955, Eastern Europeans could be found at Fort Bragg, North Carolina training with the Green Berets, learning guerrilla warfare tactics, hopefully to be used in their native lands.!3 By the following year, hundreds of Hungarians, Rumanians, Poles ●●

1955 in 1926, wrote that he rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story in 1926, wrote that he had been a communications technician and code clerk at the US Embassy in New Delhi in 1955, performing tasks for the CIA as well ●●

1955 Wilber, Iran: Past and Present rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wilber, Iran: Past and Present (Princeton University Press, Third Edition, 1955), p ●●

1955 The Geneva Accords specified that rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Geneva Accords specified that elections under international supervision were to be held in July 1956, with “consultations” to prepare for them to be held “from 20 July 1955 onwards” ●●

1955 Cambodia 1955-1973Prince Sihanouk walks the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cambodia 1955-1973Prince Sihanouk walks the high-wire of neutralism John Foster Dulles had called on me in his capacity as Secretary of State, and he had exhausted every argument to persuade me to place Cambodia under the protection of the South- Eas ●●

1955 i) New York Times, 30 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story i) New York Times, 30 August 1955, p ●●

1955 Iran joins the Baghdad Pact ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1955, Iran became a member of the Baghdad Pact, set up by the United States, in Dulles’s words, “to create a solid band of resistance against the Soviet Union” .34 One year after the coup, the Iranian government completed a contract with ●●

1955 Damascus did not much care rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Damascus did not much care for the strings which came attached—the acceptance of military aid usually meant the presence of American military advisers and technicians; fur- thermore, the US Mutual Security Act of 1955 specified that the recipient cou ●●

1955 In 1975, the Senate committee candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1975, the Senate committee which was investigating the CIA heard testimony that Agency officers stationed in an East Asian country had suggested that an East Asian leader be assassinated “to disrupt an impending Communist [sic] Conference in 1955 ●●

1955 Cambodia 1955-1973 The following year, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cambodia 1955-1973 The following year, five battalions of Saigon troops, supported by aircraft, crossed the Cambodian border again, penetrated to a depth of almost 10 miles and began putting up new boundary markers ●●

1955 Perhaps the most extraordinary reaction candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Perhaps the most extraordinary reaction was the angry resignations of four 138 Cambodia 1955-1973 men from Henry Kissinger’s National Security Council staff, including Roger Morris ●●

1955 But less than 50 miles rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But less than 50 miles from the Soviet Union sat Pakistan, a close ally of the United States,a member since 1955 of the South-East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), the US-created anti-communist alliance ●●

1955 Founding of the Institute of Economic Affairs 0 cit. Antony Fisher, acting on Hayek's advice, founds the Institute of Economic Affairs in London to promote free-market economics to policymakers and the public. The IEA became the model for a wave of free-market think tanks worldwide and later helped popularize monetarist and supply-side ideas within the British Conservative Party. economy / politics ●●

28 August 1955 Murder of Emmett Till 0 cit. A fourteen-year-old Black boy from Chicago was abducted, tortured, and killed by two white men in Mississippi after being accused of offending a white woman in a store. His mother held an open-casket funeral and let photographs of his mutilated body be published, which galvanized the civil rights movement. The men who killed him were acquitted by an all-white jury and later confessed in a magazine interview. society ●●●

5 December 1955 Montgomery bus boycott 0 cit. Black residents of Montgomery boycotted the city's segregated bus system for over a year after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger. The boycott was organized by the Montgomery Improvement Association, led by a young pastor named Martin Luther King Jr. It ended when the Supreme Court ruled Montgomery's bus segregation unconstitutional in Browder v. Gayle. politics / society ●●●

26 June 1955 Freedom Charter adopted at the Congress of the People 0 cit. Thousands of delegates from the ANC and allied organizations gathered at Kliptown to adopt the Freedom Charter, a statement of principles calling for a non-racial, democratic South Africa in which the country's wealth would be shared among all who lived in it. The charter became a foundational document for the liberation movement and later for the post-apartheid constitution. Police broke up the gathering before it concluded, and many attendees were later charged with treason. politics ●●●

18 April 1955 Bandung Conference of Asian and African states 0 cit. Representatives of 29 newly independent and colonized Asian and African nations met in Bandung, Indonesia, to promote decolonization and cooperation outside the Cold War blocs. The conference gave rise to the Non-Aligned Movement and became a landmark moment of solidarity among formerly colonized peoples. Leaders including Sukarno, Nehru, and Zhou Enlai used it to press for the end of colonial rule worldwide. diplomacy / politics ●●

1955 Shockley honored at Los Angeles Chamber gala ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Shockley is honored alongside vacuum-tube inventor Lee de Forest, and meets industrialist Arnold Beckman, who will back his new company. ●●

c. 1955 Camps de Regroupement Program in Algeria 0 cit. French authorities began forcibly relocating rural Algerian villagers into fortified regroupment camps to separate the population from FLN fighters, a policy that expanded sharply after 1957. By the early 1960s an estimated 2 million Algerians, roughly a quarter of the rural population, had passed through the camps at some point. Conditions were frequently poor, with inadequate food, shelter, and medical care, and historians estimate the resettlement contributed significantly to civilian mortality during the war, though exact figures remain disputed. society / war ●●●

1 April 1955 Cyprus Emergency Begins 0 cit. The Greek Cypriot nationalist organization EOKA launched an armed campaign for enosis, union with Greece, and an end to British colonial rule. British authorities declared a state of emergency and responded with mass arrests, curfews, and detention without trial. The conflict lasted until 1959 and included allegations of torture of detainees that were later the subject of legal claims against the British government. politics / war ●●

c. 1955 Operation Legacy Colonial Records Destruction 0 cit. As decolonization accelerated, the British Colonial Office ran a program, later known as Operation Legacy, instructing outgoing colonial administrations across Kenya, Cyprus, Malaya, and other territories to destroy or secretly remove to Britain any documents that might embarrass the government or reveal abuses by colonial officials. Thousands of files on the Mau Mau detention camps and other colonial security operations were burned, dumped at sea, or shipped to a secret Foreign Office archive at Hanslope Park. The existence of the hidden archive came to light only during a 2011 legal case brought by Mau Mau torture survivors, forcing the release of over a million pages of previously concealed colonial records. politics / society ●●●

c. 1 April 1955 Cyprus Emergency and Special Branch operations against EOKA 0 cit. When the Greek Cypriot organization EOKA began its armed campaign for enosis with Greece, the Cyprus Police Special Branch, reinforced by British and colonial officers, took the lead in intelligence-gathering, informer recruitment, and interrogation. Frank Kitson later served in Cyprus, applying and refining methods developed in Kenya and Malaya. politics / war ●●

c. 1955 Field Marshal Musa Mwariama and the Meru Fighters 0 cit. Musa Mwariama led Mau Mau fighters in the Meru forests on the eastern side of Mount Kenya and rose to the rank of field marshal within the movement. He held out in the forest for years and was among the fighters who remained active late into the Emergency. He came out of the forest around independence and was publicly received by Jomo Kenyatta in 1963. His long survival illustrates how the forest war persisted in pockets even as the wider revolt was crushed. war ●

October 1955 Ngo Dinh Diem's South Vietnam 0 cit. The United States backed Ngo Dinh Diem as leader of South Vietnam with aid, advisers and political cover after the country's partition. His narrow, repressive rule alienated Buddhists and peasants, and when he became a liability Washington gave a green light to the 1963 coup in which he was killed. The episode opened the way to deeper American war in Vietnam. politics / war ●●●

1955 Area 51 opens at Groom Lake 0 cit. The CIA and Air Force built a secret test site at a dry lake bed in the Nevada desert to fly aircraft that officially did not exist. The base, later nicknamed Area 51, tested real classified planes; the government did not even acknowledge it existed until 2013, which is part of why it became the center of so many alien rumors. politics / technology / war ●●

August 1955 The U-2 spy plane is built in secret 0 cit. Lockheed's secret Skunk Works unit built the U-2, a plane that flew so high it could photograph the Soviet Union from beyond the reach of its defenses. Developed under deep secrecy, its high-altitude flights were later blamed for many UFO sightings by people who had no idea such an aircraft existed. diplomacy / technology / war ●●

c. 1955 Psychological Warfare and the Surrender Appeals 0 cit. The security forces waged a psychological campaign to loosen the oath's hold on the forest fighters. Aircraft fitted with loudspeakers broadcast surrender appeals over the forest, leaflets promised safe conduct to those who gave up, and captured fighters and cleansed former members were used to persuade others to come out. The effort aimed squarely at the bond the oath had created, trying to convince fighters that the vow could be broken without ruin. It worked alongside the military sweeps to wear the movement down. politics / war ●

c. 1955 Lancaster House becomes the address of Britain's imperial retreat 0 cit. As Britain began to give up its colonies, Lancaster House became the standard venue for the constitutional talks that set the terms of independence. From the mid-1950s to the 1970s, colony after colony sent delegations there to bargain with the Colonial Office. The choice of a state mansion signalled ceremony and finality, marking each handover as a formal act of the Crown. diplomacy / politics ●●

1955 MI5 keeps a file on Claudia Jones 0 cit. The Trinidad-born communist and activist Claudia Jones, deported from the United States, arrived in Britain and was placed under MI5 surveillance. She founded a pioneering black newspaper and helped start what became the Notting Hill Carnival. British intelligence watched her as a communist organiser within the empire's own capital. politics / society ●

1955 Second surrender offer and cease-fire declared ai_extracted 1 cit. In January 1955 the colonial government made another attempt at negotiations, declaring a two-week cease-fire and dropping leaflets offering amnesty to Mau Mau who surrendered. Kimathi rejected the offer, deepening splits among the forest leadership. ●●

1955 Mathenge breaks away to form the Kenya Riigi ai_extracted 1 cit. Disputes over literacy, discipline and authority split the forest leadership. General Stanley Mathenge and his followers broke from Kimathi's Kenya Parliament and formed their own body, the Kenya Riigi, named for the woven door of a Gikuyu household. ●●

1955 The 'double amnesty' shields security forces from prosecution ai_extracted 1 cit. On 18 January 1955 the government announced a double amnesty: Mau Mau who surrendered would be immune from prosecution, and so would all security force members for crimes committed before the amnesty. It came as CID inquiries into Home Guard malpractice threatened morale. ●●

1955 Lathbury replaces Erskine as commander-in-chief ai_extracted 1 cit. On 2 May 1955 Lieutenant-General Sir Gerald Lathbury arrived in Kenya and took over command from Erskine. He shifted the campaign toward small special-forces operations to destroy the last forest gangs. ●●

1955 Erskine denies the Mau Mau any belligerent rights ai_extracted 1 cit. Denying combatant status stripped captives of basic legal protections. After leaving Kenya, Erskine stated that there were no prisoners of war because Britain was not at war and did not grant the Mau Mau the rights of a belligerent. ●●

1955 Killings continue under the cover of 'shot escaping' ai_extracted 1 cit. The Hanslope files show that between 2 June 1953 and 31 October 1955 at least fifty-nine people were shot while 'attempting to escape', eighteen of them killed by the army. The records show abuses persisted under Erskine despite his orders. ●●

1955 Attorney-General condemns illegal detention of captives ai_extracted 1 cit. In November 1955 the Attorney-General found the army was holding captured Mau Mau far beyond the legal limits, one man since May 1953. He said no one would believe it operationally necessary and called it a shocking state of affairs, but the army and police took his objections lightly. ●●

1955 Christian cleansing ceremony at Kamiti women's camp ai_extracted 1 cit. At Kamiti, Kenya's only all-female detention camp, confessed women were required to attend Bible study and a cleansing ceremony run by the Christian Council of Kenya. In September 1955 Archbishop Leonard Beecher led the first such ceremony, ritually absolving nearly one hundred female detainees of the Mau Mau oath. ●

c. 1955 A network of dummy foundations channels the money 0 cit. Beyond Farfield, the CIA moved cash to the Congress through a web of small trusts and pass-through foundations that made the funds hard to trace. The money paid for magazines, conferences, concerts and travel while the recipients often saw only a respectable foundation's name. This layered routing kept the Agency's hand hidden from most people who took part. politics / society ●●

c. 1955 Keiretsu and the main bank system organize the economy 0 cit. Postwar Japan reorganized big business into keiretsu, loose groups of firms tied together by cross-shareholdings and a shared main bank. The main bank supplied patient credit and monitored the companies it lent to. This structure favored long-term investment and market share over short-term profit. economy ●●●

c. 1955 Stanley Mathenge vanishes from the forest contested 0 cit. Stanley Mathenge was a senior Mau Mau commander, often ranked beside Kimathi in the forest leadership, and he spoke for fighters who distrusted the movement's educated wing. Around 1955 he disappeared, and no reliable account of his death or escape was ever confirmed. A man presented in Ethiopia in 2003 as the missing Mathenge was later shown not to be him. His unexplained fate has kept him a figure of both history and legend. politics / war ●●

c. 1955 Adlai Stevenson tours Emergency-era Kenya 1 cit. In 1955 Adlai Stevenson, the Democrat who had lost the 1952 US presidential election to Eisenhower, toured colonial Kenya at the height of the Mau Mau Emergency. British Pathé footage shows him inspecting a fortified home-guard post, walking through a resettled Kikuyu village to meet Chief Nderu and elders, and browsing a Kikuyu market. His visit placed a leading American politician inside the machinery of the Emergency, among the guarded villages into which the Kikuyu had been concentrated. ●●

1955 Marcuse's Eros and Civilization 0 cit. Herbert Marcuse fused Freud and Marx to argue that modern society repressed human desire far beyond what survival required, and imagined a freer, less repressive order. It helped make him a guide for the 1960s counterculture. ●●

October 1955 Moi enters the colonial Legislative Council for Rift Valley 3 cit. In October 1955 Moi entered the colonial Legislative Council as an African representative for Rift Valley. Official summaries often call this election, while other biographies describe colonial selection or nomination before the broader 1957 African elections; either way, the institutional tie was clear: Moi entered national politics through the late-colonial LegCo, not through Mau Mau or exile nationalism. politics ●●●●

c. 1955 Coffee cooperatives become the smallholder cash-crop gate 8 cit. Under the Swynnerton-era cash-crop opening, African coffee growers were organized through cooperative societies and washing factories. The cooperative protected smallholders from some middlemen and gave them access to processing, credit and auction sale. It also became a gate: deductions, delayed payments, managers, unions and state rules stood between the farmer and the crop price. economy / politics / society ●●●●

16 February 1955 Britain asks for African goodwill while camps hold tens of thousands 3 cit. In February 1955 a Commons debate framed Kenya policy around the need to win African loyalty and goodwill. The same exchange discussed indiscriminate sweeps that had drawn in loyal Kikuyu, Home Guard abuses and about 50,000 people held in camps. The contradiction is the point: goodwill was demanded from the colonized while emergency government treated whole communities as suspect material to be screened, detained, moved and disciplined. colonialism / detention / kenya / propaganda ●●●

1956 Government committee established to review Bank of Japan Law ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1956 the LDP government set up a forty-five-member investigation committee of academics, bankers, journalists, and MoF and BoJ representatives to consider revising the Bank of Japan Law. ●●●

24 October 1956 Protocol of Sevres 0 cit. Secret agreement among Britain, France, and Israel to stage an Israeli attack on Egypt as a pretext for Anglo-French seizure of the Suez Canal. The collusion, long denied, defined the Suez Crisis. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●

2 March 1956 Independence of Morocco 0 cit. no story France recognizes Moroccan independence, ending the protectorate; Spain relinquished its zone the following month. politics ●●●

1 January 1956 Independence of Sudan 0 cit. no story Sudan becomes independent from joint British-Egyptian rule. politics ●●●

20 March 1956 Independence of Tunisia 0 cit. no story France recognizes Tunisian independence, ending the protectorate; Habib Bourguiba became the republic's first president. politics ●●●

29 October 1956 to 7 November 1956 Suez Crisis 0 cit. Israel, Britain, and France invade Egypt after Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal, but American and Soviet pressure forces withdrawal. The fiasco marks the end of Britain and France as independent great powers. politics / war ●●●

29 June 1956 Launch of the Interstate Highway System 0 cit. Eisenhower signs the Federal-Aid Highway Act, committing the government to build 41,000 miles of limited-access highways with 90 percent federal funding. The largest public works project in American history reshapes cities, commerce, and daily life. economy / society / technology ●●●●

17 October 1956 Calder Hall opens 0 cit. Queen Elizabeth II opens Calder Hall, the first nuclear power station to deliver electricity at industrial scale. The plant also quietly produces plutonium for Britain's weapons program. economy / technology ●●●

25 February 1956 Khrushchev's Secret Speech 0 cit. Khrushchev denounces Stalin's cult of personality and crimes in a closed session of the Twentieth Party Congress. The speech launches de-Stalinization and shakes communist parties worldwide. politics ●●●●

23 October 1956 to 1956 Hungarian Revolution of 1956 0 cit. A national uprising against Soviet-imposed rule briefly installs a reform government under Imre Nagy. Soviet forces invade in November and crush the revolution, killing thousands. politics / war ●●●●

26 July 1956 Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal 1 cit. Gamal Abdel Nasser announces the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company in a speech in Alexandria, defying Britain and France. The act makes him the hero of pan-Arab nationalism at its peak. politics ●●●●

August 1956 to 1971 FBI COINTELPRO begins 0 cit. The FBI launched COINTELPRO in 1956 to secretly surveil, infiltrate, and disrupt domestic political groups, from communists to civil rights and antiwar activists. The program is documented and was formally ended in 1971 after its exposure. politics / society ●●●●

30 July 1956 In God We Trust becomes the national motto 0 cit. Congress adopted In God We Trust as the official national motto, replacing the earlier unofficial E Pluribus Unum. The motto was soon required on all paper currency. politics / religion ●●●

November 1956 Soviet Suppression of the Hungarian Uprising 0 cit. Soviet tanks crushed a popular revolt against communist rule in Hungary, killing thousands. The intervention showed the limits Moscow set on reform within its bloc. politics / war ●●●

29 October 1956 to 1956 The Suez Crisis exposes the end of British imperial power 0 cit. When Britain, France, and Israel invaded to retake the Suez Canal, US financial and diplomatic pressure forced a humiliating British withdrawal. The episode is widely seen as the moment Britain lost the ability to act as a great power without American consent. politics / war ●●●

20 July 1956 Founding of the International Finance Corporation 0 cit. The IFC was created as the World Bank Group's private-sector arm, investing directly in companies in developing countries. It expanded the group's mandate beyond loans to governments. economy ●●●

1956 Vulcan Materials is named for the Roman god of the forge 0 cit. Vulcan Materials, the U.S. construction-aggregates company formed in 1956, is named after Vulcan, the Roman god of fire and the forge. The name reflects the iron heritage of Birmingham, Alabama. economy / religion ●

1956 to 1971 COINTELPRO surveils and disrupts dissent 0 cit. The FBI runs COINTELPRO, a covert program to surveil, infiltrate, and disrupt civil-rights, anti-war, and other dissident groups, from the Black Panthers to Martin Luther King. A documented case of the state secretly attacking protected political speech, exposed in 1971 and by the Church Committee. politics / society ●●●●

1956 Twentieth Party Congress convenes ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Twentieth Party Congress of the Soviet Communist Party met February 14-25, 1956, inside the Kremlin. Its hand-picked delegates would hear Khrushchev's shocking secret denunciation of Stalin. ●●

1956 Khrushchev's secret speech published in the West ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A version of Khrushchev's secret anti-Stalin speech reached the United States government and was published on June 2, 1956. Quigley affirms the speech was authentic and that almost everything in it was true. ●●

1956 Poznan and Hungarian unrest begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the last week of June 1956 crises began in both Poland and Hungary, starting with a work stoppage that grew into a mass anti-Communist demonstration at the Poznan railway factory. These upheavals followed Khrushchev's secret speech and worsening economic conditions. ●●

1956 Soviet forces invade Hungary and take Budapest ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Large Soviet forces invaded Hungary at the end of October 1956 and smashed into Budapest before dawn on November 4th, overwhelming most resistance that day. The Nagy government took refuge in the Yugoslav Embassy as the revolt collapsed. ●●

1956 US withdraws Aswan aid; Nasser nationalizes Suez Canal ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Dulles withdrew the US offer to finance the Aswan Dam on July 19, 1956. Nasser answered on July 26th by nationalizing the Suez Canal Company so its profits could fund the High Dam, triggering an international crisis. ●●

1956 Israel attacks Egypt across Sinai ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On October 29, 1956, Israel attacked Egypt and began a rapid advance across the Sinai Desert toward the Suez Canal. The nine-day Sinai campaign was a brilliant military success against a poorly led Egyptian army. ●●

1956 UN Assembly demands Suez cease-fire ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 2, 1956, the UN General Assembly, by its largest majority to date (64-5), passed a Dulles resolution calling for an immediate cease-fire in the Near East. Egypt and Israel accepted on November 5th and the Anglo-French advance halted. ●●

1956 Castro lands in Cuba to begin guerrilla war ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the failed July 26, 1953 revolt brought imprisonment and exile, Castro landed with a handful of men on the Cuban coast at the end of 1956 to begin guerrilla operations. Batista's corrupt regime left much of Cuba neutral or favorable to Castro. ●●

1956 Hundred Flowers Campaign, 1956 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1956 Mao announced a policy of free criticism of the regime under the slogan of letting a hundred flowers bloom. The opening was reversed within a year and critics were purged. ●●

1956 Suez defeat triggers African decolonization, 1956 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley identifies the defeat of the Anglo-French Suez operation, under American and Soviet pressure in October 1956, as the trigger for the chain reaction of African decolonization. ●●

1956 Founding of the International Reading Association ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that in 1956, following Rudolf Flesch's attack on look-say reading, 56,000 reading professionals formed the International Reading Association to defend the method. ●●

1956 Year 1956: Mossadegh served the full prison term and upon his rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mossadegh served the full prison term and upon his release in the summer of 1956 was brought to his home in Ahmad Abad. One morning soon after his arrival, the new secret police, c... ●●

1956 CHAPTER SEVENTEEN The End of “Liberation” Push came to shove rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER SEVENTEEN The End of “Liberation” Push came to shove for the “liberation” program that had provided the policy framework for the ex-Nazi recruitment programs in Hungary in ... ●●

1956 The Reagan wing of the Republican party has historically maintained rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Reagan wing of the Republican party has historically maintained extremely close ties with the Captive Nations movement. Many top Reagan activists have spent much of their lives... ●●

1956 Louis Hagen. New York: Harper & Bros., 1956. Schmidt, George. rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Louis Hagen. New York: Harper & Bros., 1956. Schmidt, George. ●●

1956 Andropov rises to prominence through 1956 Hungarian crackdown candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Yuri Andropov rose to prominence as Soviet ambassador to Budapest when Soviet troops crushed the 1956 Hungarian uprising. ●●

1956 Soviet invasion crushes Hungarian uprising ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Soviet invasion of Hungary crushes rebellion ●●

1956 Diem cancels the scheduled 1956 Vietnam election ai_extracted 1 cit. no story THAT changed after Diem and Dulles decided not to hold the scheduled 1956 election (1956) ●●