Events, Verisoph

1970 Mahdavy names the rentier state 0 cit. Economist Hossein Mahdavy, studying Iran, described a "rentier state" that lives on income from selling raw materials to foreigners rather than taxing its own people. He argued this income, called rent, weakens the link between a government and its citizens because rulers need oil buyers more than they need voters. The idea became a core tool for explaining why resource-rich states often stay unaccountable. economy / politics ●●

March 1970 Lon Nol's Cambodia and the American war 0 cit. General Lon Nol overthrew Prince Sihanouk and set up a pro-US republic that Washington backed with aid and a massive bombing campaign against communist forces. The weak, corrupt government could not hold the countryside, and its collapse in 1975 opened the way for the Khmer Rouge. American support could not save a client with little base of its own. politics / war ●●

c. 1970 Peer review and science as a self-correcting process 0 cit. Formal peer review, where experts vet a paper before publication, became standard in most journals only in the middle of the twentieth century, later than many assume. It is a filter, not a guarantee of truth, and it misses errors and fraud. The deeper strength of science is that findings must survive repeated testing by others, so it corrects itself over time rather than resting on fixed truths. science / society ●●

September 1970 ITT plots against Allende in Chile 0 cit. The conglomerate ITT, which owned a large stake in Chile's phone company, offered money and worked with US officials to block the socialist Salvador Allende from taking power and later to undermine his government. The scheme, exposed by leaked documents, fed directly into the reckoning over corporate meddling in foreign politics. It is cross-referenced in the wider Cold War story and helped prompt the UN's scrutiny of transnational firms. economy / politics ●●●

c. 1970 The Kenyatta Family and Elite Landholding 1 cit. The Kenyatta family became one of the largest landowners in the country, accumulating estates across the former White Highlands and the coast, and other leading families did the same. This concentration of land at the top, documented by researchers and later inquiries, is offered as evidence that independence transferred settler wealth to an African elite rather than to the people who had fought and lost land. The landless of Central Province and the Rift Valley remained landless. economy / politics ●●●

c. 1970 Silence, Surveillance, and the Forgotten Veterans 0 cit. For decades the state offered no official history, memorial, or benefit for Mau Mau, and aging fighters lived in poverty while their role went unhonored in schools and public life. Attempts to organize veterans were watched and discouraged, and the dominant story credited constitutional politicians with winning freedom. This engineered forgetting, historians argue, shielded the loyalist elite whose fortunes had been made on the other side of the war. culture / politics / society ●●

c. 1970 No-knock warrants authorized, then repealed after abuses 0 cit. Federal laws in 1970 gave agents authority to enter homes without knocking or announcing themselves when a warrant said evidence might be destroyed. A string of violent, mistaken raids on innocent households drew public outrage, and Congress repealed the federal no-knock provisions in 1974. The tactic did not disappear, though, as courts and states kept carving out room for surprise entries that would return in force during the drug war. politics / society ●●

c. 1970 The Kenyatta Family's Land Accumulation 0 cit. During his presidency Kenyatta and his family acquired extensive landholdings across the country, becoming one of Kenya's largest landowners. The accumulation of estates by the president's family and allies, drawn from the same highlands settlers had seized, is documented and became a lasting symbol of how independence rewarded a new propertied class. Critics cite it as central to the charge that the settlement served elites rather than the dispossessed. economy / politics ●●

1970 Barre declares scientific socialism and Soviet alignment contested 0 cit. Siad Barre proclaimed scientific socialism as state doctrine, nationalizing banks and major industry and building close ties with the Soviet Union. Moscow gained a naval facility at Berbera and armed the Somali military heavily. The government also promoted a national campaign officially against clannism, though critics say Barre in practice favored his own clan networks. economy / politics ●●

c. 1970 Israeli training and security ties across Africa and Asia 0 cit. From the 1960s onward Israel builds military training and security relationships with a range of African and Asian states, sending advisers and selling equipment. These ties expand and contract with diplomatic shifts, including a wave of renewed relations in the 1980s and 1990s. They form part of a wider pattern of exporting security expertise as a foreign-policy instrument. diplomacy / economy ●

c. 1970 Japanese exports spark trade friction with the United States 0 cit. Through the 1970s and 1980s a flood of Japanese cars, televisions, and semiconductors captured American markets. US industries and unions accused Japan of unfair advantage and a closed home market, and pressed Washington to act. Trade friction became a central strain in the alliance. diplomacy / economy ●●●

c. 1970 Western Kenya still supplies migrant labour after independence contested 0 cit. After independence in 1963 the flow of workers from the west did not stop. People from Nyanza and western Kenya still move to Nairobi, Mombasa, the farms, and jobs abroad, sending money back to home districts. Many historians and economists argue that the colonial labour-reserve map still shapes where Kenyans go to work, though this reading of continuity is an interpretation rather than a settled fact. economy / society ●●●

c. 1970 Kibera grows into Africa's best-known slum 0 cit. The Nubian settlement of Kibera swelled as migrants poured into Nairobi and put up shacks on land the government still refused to formally hand over. Without title, the original Nubian community could not stop the growth and became a minority in their own place. Kibera turned into one of Africa's largest and most photographed informal settlements, a byword for urban poverty. economy / society ●●

c. 1970 El Molo intermarriage and the shift to Samburu speech 5 cit. Through the twentieth century the El Molo increasingly married Samburu, Turkana, and Rendille neighbours and took up the Samburu language in daily life. As numbers recovered, distinct El Molo ancestry grew rarer and the community absorbed the customs of surrounding pastoralists. The old Cushitic tongue slipped out of everyday use. culture / society ●●

1970 Dominion theology and the Genesis mandate 0 cit. Dominion theology reads the command in Genesis to "have dominion" as a charge for Christians to shape every sphere of society by biblical standards. It gave a shared language to a set of movements on the American religious right, from Reconstructionism to later charismatic streams. ●●

1970 Black Journal contrasts Kenya capitalism with Tanzania Ujamaa 3 cit. In 1970, Black Journal presented Kenya and Tanzania as two different postcolonial choices. Kenya appears as market-friendly, private-property and foreign-capital oriented; Tanzania appears through Ujamaa, self-reliance and village socialism. The video is useful because it captures the contrast while both projects were still being sold as living futures, not later hindsight. culture / economy / politics ●●●

1970s Japan's first postwar bubble economy ai_extracted 1 cit. In the 1970s the Bank of Japan used window guidance to order banks to expand credit to speculative real estate borrowers, causing land prices to soar and Japan's first postwar bubble, followed by recession. ●●●

1971 End of the Bretton Woods system ai_extracted 1 cit. Under the Bretton Woods system, which lasted until 1971, much of the world had fixed exchange rates with the U.S. dollar, forcing other countries to accept dollars at given rates while the United States printed large amounts of them. ●●●●

August 1971 Nixon shock ends dollar-gold convertibility ai_extracted 1 cit. In August 1971, after France demanded conversion of its dollars into gold, the United States suspended the convertibility of dollars into gold, collapsing the fixed exchange rate system and sending the dollar sharply lower. ●●●●●

December 1971 Smithsonian Agreement fixes the yen at 308 per dollar ai_extracted 1 cit. After the yen rose following the Nixon shock, the short-lived Smithsonian Agreement of December 1971 fixed the yen at 308 to the dollar. ●●●

24 January 1971 Founding of the World Economic Forum 0 cit. Klaus Schwab convenes the first European Management Forum in Davos, gathering business executives for an annual meeting. Renamed the World Economic Forum in 1987, it became the best known gathering of global business and political elites. diplomacy / economy ●●

5 August 1971 Founding of the Pacific Islands Forum 0 cit. Leaders of seven Pacific states and territories hold the first South Pacific Forum in Wellington, founding the region's main political grouping, renamed the Pacific Islands Forum in 1999. diplomacy / politics ●●

22 December 1971 Founding of Médecins Sans Frontières 0 cit. French doctors and journalists, marked by the Biafra famine, found Doctors Without Borders in Paris to deliver emergency medical aid regardless of borders and to speak out about what they witness. It won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1999. diplomacy / society ●●●

1971 Founding of Greenpeace 0 cit. Canadian and American activists in Vancouver charter a boat to protest US nuclear testing at Amchitka, Alaska, founding the campaign that became Greenpeace, the global direct-action environmental organization. diplomacy / environment ●●●

15 August 1971 Independence of Bahrain 0 cit. no story Bahrain declares independence as Britain withdraws from the Persian Gulf, ending the protectorate relationship. politics ●●

26 March 1971 Independence of Bangladesh 0 cit. Bangladesh declares independence from Pakistan, triggering a nine-month liberation war that ends with Pakistani surrender in December 1971. politics / war ●●●●

3 September 1971 Independence of Qatar 0 cit. no story Qatar becomes independent as Britain withdraws from the Persian Gulf, ending the protectorate treaty. politics ●●

2 December 1971 Formation of the United Arab Emirates 0 cit. no story Six Gulf emirates unite as the United Arab Emirates upon British withdrawal; Ras Al Khaimah joined in 1972. politics ●●●

15 August 1971 Nixon ends dollar convertibility to gold 0 cit. President Richard Nixon suspends the dollar's convertibility into gold, ending the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates. Floating currencies open a new era of global capital markets. economy / politics ●●●●

26 March 1971 to 16 December 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War 0 cit. no story Pakistan's army launches a brutal crackdown in East Pakistan, killing hundreds of thousands and driving millions of refugees into India. Indian intervention in December forces Pakistan's surrender and Bangladesh becomes independent. politics / war ●●●●

March 1971 Founding of Starbucks 0 cit. Starbucks opens its first store near Pike Place Market in Seattle, selling roasted coffee beans. Under Howard Schultz it turns the espresso bar into a global retail format with tens of thousands of stores. culture / economy ●●

15 August 1971 Nixon ends the gold standard 0 cit. President Nixon suspends the dollar's convertibility into gold, ending the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates. The world shifts to floating currencies, reshaping global finance. economy ●●●●

1971 The microprocessor 4 cit. Intel released the 4004, the first commercial microprocessor, putting a computer's processing on a single chip. Cheap microprocessors made personal computers, phones and countless devices possible. technology ●●●●●

8 March 1971 Break-in exposes COINTELPRO 0 cit. On 8 March 1971 activists burglarized an FBI office in Media, Pennsylvania, and leaked files that revealed the COINTELPRO program to the press. The disclosure forced the FBI to shut the program down and helped prompt later congressional investigations. politics / society ●●●

15 August 1971 Nixon closes the gold window 0 cit. President Richard Nixon suspended the dollar's convertibility into gold, ending the Bretton Woods system. The move ushered in an era of floating exchange rates and fiat currency. economy / politics ●●●●●

13 June 1971 The Pentagon Papers are published 0 cit. The New York Times began publishing a secret government history of the Vietnam War leaked by Daniel Ellsberg. The case tested press freedom against government claims of national security. politics / society ●●●

15 August 1971 Bahraini Independence 0 cit. Bahrain declared independence from Britain after a UN survey found its people favored sovereignty over Iranian claims. It was the first Gulf state to develop oil and later hosted the US Fifth Fleet. politics ●●●

3 September 1971 Qatari Independence 0 cit. Qatar became independent after the end of its British protectorate. The small peninsula would later leverage vast natural gas reserves to become one of the world's richest states. politics ●●●

2 December 1971 Founding of the United Arab Emirates 0 cit. Six of the former Trucial States federated into the United Arab Emirates as Britain withdrew; Ras al-Khaimah joined in 1972. Sheikh Zayed of Abu Dhabi became the federation's first president. politics ●●●●●

January 1971 World Economic Forum founded 0 cit. Klaus Schwab founded the body first known as the European Management Forum and held its first meeting in Davos. It was renamed the World Economic Forum in 1987 and hosts an annual gathering of business and political leaders. economy / politics ●●●●

15 August 1971 to 1973 The collapse of the Bretton Woods exchange system 1 cit. When the United States ended the dollar's convertibility to gold in 1971, the system of fixed exchange rates the IMF was built to police broke down. The Fund reinvented itself around crisis lending and policy advice. economy / politics ●●●

1971 Nike is named for the Greek goddess of victory 0 cit. In 1971 Phil Knight and Bill Bowerman renamed their shoe company Blue Ribbon Sports to Nike, after Nike, the winged Greek goddess of victory. The swoosh logo is meant to suggest her wing. economy / religion / war ●●●

1971 Starbucks uses the twin-tailed siren of Greek myth as its logo 0 cit. The Seattle coffee company, founded in 1971, built its logo around a twin-tailed siren, the sea creature of Greek myth whose song lured sailors. The company name itself comes from a character in Moby-Dick. culture / economy / religion ●●●

c. 1971 Personalist dictatorship built around one ruler 0 cit. In personalist regimes such as that of Idi Amin in Uganda, power rests on one leader's whims rather than a party or clear rules. These states often prove violent, unstable, and hard to reform. politics ●●●

c. 1971 to c. 2004 Forced sterilization of Roma women in Czechoslovakia and its successor states 0 cit. From the 1970s onward, Roma women in Czechoslovakia and later the Czech Republic and Slovakia were sterilized without proper consent, sometimes during childbirth. The Czech government apologized in 2009 and set up a compensation scheme in 2021. politics / society ●●●

1971 World Economic Forum founded rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. The World Economic Forum was founded in 1971 and meets annually in Davos, Switzerland. Wood notes the WEF later backed the global Smart Grid and linked it to cutting carbon emissions. ●●

1971 Nixon decouples the US dollar from gold ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1971 President Richard Nixon ended the dollar's convertibility to gold, ushering in the era of fiat currency. Wood frames this as setting the stage for a future energy-based Carbon Currency. ●●

1971 U.S. Office of Education funds RAND change-agent studies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto states that by 1971 the U.S. Office of Education granted contracts to the RAND Corporation for seven volumes of change-agent studies aimed at accessing the private lives of children. ●●

1971 Nixon ends the gold standard rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1971 Richard Nixon unpegged the dollar from precious metals and ended the international gold standard. This introduced the floating currency system that has dominated the world economy since. ●●

1971 New York Times publishes the Pentagon Papers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Times began printing the secret Vietnam history leaked by Daniel Ellsberg. The disclosures enraged Nixon and Kissinger and spawned the Plumbers. ●●

1971 2. On IDEA, see Ian McDonald, “Senator [Metcalf] Says Greek rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2. On IDEA, see Ian McDonald, “Senator [Metcalf] Says Greek Leaders Aided Nazis,” Times of London, November 17, 1971, and Jack Anderson, “The Junta and the Nazis,” New York Post, N... ●●

1971 Chile authorizes nationalization of its copper industry ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 11, 1971, the Chilean Congress, meeting in joint session, unanimously approved a constitutional amendment authorizing the nationalization of K (1971) ●●

1971 He was long Japan in 1971. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He was long Japan in 1971. ●●

1971 Leo Baeck Institute Year Book rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Leo Baeck Institute Year Book XVI—1971, p. 225. ●●

1971 Sino-American rapprochement begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Diplomatic relations between the United States and China began normalizing after secret Kissinger visits, fundamentally reshaping Cold War geopolitics. ●●

1971 Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pakistan and India clashed militarily with the United States and China supporting Pakistan while the Soviet Union backed India, demonstrating multipolar Cold War dynamics. ●●

1971 Nixon names five centers of world economic power ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Nixon declared that five clusters of economic power now existed in the world: the United States, USSR, Western Europe, Japan, and China. ●●

1971 'Nike' the goddess becomes the brand 0 cit. The sportswear giant Nike is named for Nike, the Greek goddess of victory, and its swoosh evokes her wing. An ancient goddess is one of the most valuable brands on earth. economy / religion ●●●

April 1971 Salyut 1, the first space station 0 cit. The Soviet Union launches Salyut 1, the first space station, shifting the contest from the Moon to long-duration life in orbit. The USSR would lead in space stations for decades, culminating in Mir. science / technology ●●●

1971 Donaldo Macedo first reads Pedagogy of the Oppressed rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Donaldo Macedo, a young colonized intellectual from Cape Verde, first read Pedagogy of the Oppressed in 1971. This encounter with Freire's work provided him language to understand his experience of colonial existence and began a collaboration that would last until Freire's death. ●●

1971 sentences were delivered on, of all days, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story sentences were delivered on, of all days, April 19, 1971. ●●

1971 The American bargaining position was to separate the military and the political issues and it did no rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The American bargaining position was to separate the military and the political issues and it did not change after 1971. ●●

1971 The 1971 report repeated the same theme: “The internal order of the USSR, as such, is not an object rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 1971 report repeated the same theme: “The internal order of the USSR, as such, is not an object of our policy, although we do not hide our rejection of many of its features. ●●

1971 But the Congress reduced the number of sites every year so that the Pentagon by 1971 had included on rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But the Congress reduced the number of sites every year so that the Pentagon by 1971 had included only two sites for the next budget. ●●

1971 The New York Times had warned editorially in 1971 that “the tactic of withholding American trade as rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The New York Times had warned editorially in 1971 that “the tactic of withholding American trade as leverage for some later bargain over unrelated issues is far less likely to influence Soviet policy favorably than is the trade itself…. ●●

1971 Thus, in 1971 the Nixon Administration decided to add the European Security Conference to its list o candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thus, in 1971 the Nixon Administration decided to add the European Security Conference to its list of incentives for encouraging Soviet moderation. ●●

1971 1971: So after two years of toiling among the time-sharing evangel... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story So after two years of toiling among the time-sharing evangelists at SAIL, Kay accepted an offer in 1971 to join a corporate research center two miles away that was attracting young innovators who want ●●

1971 1971: In the fall of 1971, at the beginning of Gates’s junior year... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story written by Gates’s father, the dispute was resolved and a new deal was negotiated. In the fall of 1971, at the beginning of Gates’s junior year, Lakeside merged with a girls’ school. This created a cl ●●

1971 1971: In the fall of 1971, Wozniak read an article in Esquire desc... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story for the computer partnership they would form, involved what was known as a Blue Box. In the fall of 1971, Wozniak read an article in Esquire describing how “phone phreaks” had created a device that em ●●

1971 1971: The operating system Stallman decided to develop was one tha... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story was one that would be similar to and compatible with UNIX, which had been developed at Bell Labs in 1971 and was the standard for most universities and hackers. With a coder’s subtle humor, Stallman c ●●

1971 1971: Marc Andreessen (1971– ). rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Tim Berners-Lee (1955– ). Marc Andreessen (1971– ). Justin Hall (1974– ) and Howard Rheingold (1947– ) in 1995. ●●

1971 1971: The man, or overgrown kid, most responsible for Mosaic was a... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story t intense undergraduate named Marc Andreessen, a corn-fed six-foot-four jolly giant born in Iowa in 1971 and raised in Wisconsin. Andreessen was a fan of the pioneers of the Internet, and their writin ●●

1971 1971: chip, the new device was dubbed a microprocessor . In November 1971 In rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story chip, the new device was dubbed a microprocessor . In November 1971 Intel unveiled the product, the Intel 4004, to the public. It took out ads in trad ●●

1971 1971: t connected a bustling corridor of tech companies. In 1971 the region rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story t connected a bustling corridor of tech companies. In 1971 the region got a new moniker. Don Hoefler, a columnist for the weekly trade pap ●●

1971 1971: name, they dubbed Bushnell’s game Computer Space . He and Nutting hit rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story name, they dubbed Bushnell’s game Computer Space . He and Nutting hit it off so well that Bushnell quit Ampex in 1971 to join Nutting Associates. As t ●●

1971 1971: just as they might use crayons and a pad of paper. So after two years rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story just as they might use crayons and a pad of paper. So after two years of toiling among the time-sharing evangelists at SAIL, Kay accepted an offer in ●●

1971 1971: ispute was resolved and a new deal was negotiated. In the fall of 1971 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ispute was resolved and a new deal was negotiated. In the fall of 1971, at the beginning of Gates’s junior year, Lakeside merged with a girls’ school. ●●

1971 1971: would form, involved what was known as a Blue Box. In the fall of 1971 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story would form, involved what was known as a Blue Box. In the fall of 1971, Wozniak read an article in Esquire describing how “phone phreaks” had created ●●

1971 1971: ep his key and continue using the lab’s resources. The operating syste rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ep his key and continue using the lab’s resources. The operating system Stallman decided to develop was one that would be similar to and compatible wi ●●

1971 1971: Tim Berners-Lee (1955– ). Marc Andreessen (1971– ). Justin Hall (1974– rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Tim Berners-Lee (1955– ). Marc Andreessen (1971– ). Justin Hall (1974– ) and Howard Rheingold (1947– ●●

1971 1971: -Champaign, which had been funded by the Gore Act. The man, or overgro rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story -Champaign, which had been funded by the Gore Act. The man, or overgrown kid, most responsible for Mosaic was a gentle but intense undergraduate named ●●

1971 Event of 1971 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story world the need is for a global world order. An array of entities unrelated to each other by history or values (except at arm’s length), and defining themselves essentially by the limit of their capabilities, is likely to generate conflict, not order. ●●

1971 Information history in 1971 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story m is already written in the egg,”♦ said Sydney Brenner to Horace Freeland Judson, molecular biology’s great chronicler, at Cambridge in the winter of 1971. “Inside every animal there is an internal de ●●

1971 or time because of their lack of indigenous support, which made political competition intolerable. S rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story or time because of their lack of indigenous support, which made political competition intolerable. See “Free Choice or Subjugation,” American Report, May 7, 1971. 49. Kahin, Intervention, pp. 89, 60–61; on the secret record revealed in the Pentagon ●●

1971 In 1971, an Armed Forces Journal survey revealed that the Pentagon was... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1971, an Armed Forces Journal survey revealed that the Pentagon was publishing a total of 371 magazines at an annual cost of some $57 million, an operation sixteen times larger than the nation’s bi ●●

1971 Event of 1971 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Young people were leading violent protests not just in Chi- cago, Paris, Mexico City, and Prague, but in more out-of-the-way places, like Bihar, which ●●

1971 At a 1971 National Conference on the Status of Health in the Black Community, male participants “... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At a 1971 National Conference on the Status of Health in the Black Community, male participants “had to come to grips with the fact that many Black women want and accept family planning services.” ... ●●

1971 “Agenda, Meeting of Board of Trustees,” October 19, 1960, RAC, RG IV3B4.2, Population Council, Ge... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Agenda, Meeting of Board of Trustees,” October 19, 1960, RAC, RG IV3B4.2, Population Council, General File, box 36, folder 507; McCarthy, “Ford Foundation’s Population Program,” 21–22; Radhika Ram... ●●

1971 290 f a t a l m i s c o n c e p t i o n Throwing Money at the Problem $0 $20,000,000 $40,000,000 ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 290 f a t a l m i s c o n c e p t i o n Throwing Money at the Problem $0 $20,000,000 $40,000,000 $60,000,000 $80,000,000 $100,000,000 $120,000,000 $140,000,000 $160,000,000 1971 109,567,000 7,446,0... ●●

1971 Harkavy, “Informal Notes on Bellagio Population Conference Discus- sion,” June 24, 1971, FFA, rep... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Harkavy, “Informal Notes on Bellagio Population Conference Discus- sion,” June 24, 1971, FFA, report no. ●●

1971 Skinner publishes Beyond Freedom and Dignity ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Zuboff analyzes Skinner's 1971 essay arguing that freedom and dignity are psychological escapes masking ignorance, and that human progress demands abandoning these notions as obstacles to scientific control. ●●

1971 2 The explosion of interest groups and lobbying in Washington has been astonishing, with 175 regist rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2 The explosion of interest groups and lobbying in Washington has been astonishing, with 175 registered lobbying firms in 1971 rising to 2,500 ten years later, and then to more than 12,000 registered lobbyists spending more than $3. ●●

1971 Jack Goody, Technology, Tradition, and the State in Africa (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971); rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jack Goody, Technology, Tradition, and the State in Africa (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971); Jeffrey Herbst, States and Power in Africa (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), pp. ●●

1971 (Kissinger had given his personal word about American rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (Kissinger had given his personal word about American non-intervention to the Chilean Ambassador in Washington in 1971 a ●●

1971 , Rebellion in Black Africa (Oxford University Press, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story , Rebellion in Black Africa (Oxford University Press, 1971), p ●●

1971 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1971, Unity Bank and Trust Company in the Roxbury section of Boston found itself hopelessly insolvent, and the federal agency moved in ●●

1971 Mark David Chapman experiences religious conversion in Florida rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During summer 1971, Mark David Chapman, devastated by friends stealing his wallet, experiences a religious conversion, feeling God entering his body ●●

13 September 1971 Attica prison uprising ends in deadly police and guard assault 0 cit. New York state troopers and prison guards retook Attica Correctional Facility after a four-day inmate uprising over prison conditions, killing 29 inmates and 10 hostages in gunfire, with initial official reports falsely claiming hostages had been killed by inmates. Subsequent investigation found troopers fired indiscriminately and that injured inmates were later beaten and denied medical care. The state ultimately paid 12 million dollars to survivors in a 2000 settlement following decades of litigation. politics ●●

8 March 1971 Media, Pennsylvania FBI office burglary 0 cit. A group calling itself the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI breaks into a small FBI office and steals hundreds of internal documents. Files leaked to journalists reveal the word COINTELPRO for the first time, forcing the program into public view. The burglars are never identified until several came forward decades later. politics ●●

c. 1971 COINTELPRO terminated 0 cit. Hoover formally ends COINTELPRO operations after the Media burglary exposes the program to the press. Congressional and Justice Department review later finds the programs included illegal surveillance and disruption tactics against groups that posed no violent threat. The full scope only becomes public through the 1975-76 Church Committee investigation. politics ●●