Events, Verisoph

1982 1982: oth for personal creativity and for collaborating. EMAIL AND BULLETIN rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story oth for personal creativity and for collaborating. EMAIL AND BULLETIN BOARDS “The street finds its own uses for things,” William Gibson wrote in “Burn ●●

1982 Information history in 1982 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story emory, and the larger Model 165, with a full megabyte, in a large cabinet. One of these room-filling mainframes could be purchased for $4,674,160. ●●

1982 He doesn’t saw wood now but he does fish and take walks.”33 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He doesn’t saw wood now but he does fish and take walks.”33 Vladimir Zworykin died in 1982, working on biomedical applications of electronics and dis ●●

1982 ted in the preface, note 3. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ted in the preface, note 3. 26. Similar results are found in Peter Dreier, “The Position of the Press in the U.S. Power Structure,” Social Problems (February 1982), pp. 298–310. 27. Benjamin Compaine et al., Anatomy of the Communications Industry: ●●

1982 s B. Edsall, The New Politics of Inequality (New York: Norton, 1984), p. 110. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story s B. Edsall, The New Politics of Inequality (New York: Norton, 1984), p. 110. 76. Peggy Dardenne, “Corporate Advertising,” Public Relations Journal (November 1982), p. 36. 77. S. Prakash Sethi, Handbook of Advocacy Advertising: Strategies and Appli ●●

1982 he Salvadoran elections” (Senator Nancy Kassenbaum, Report of the U.S. Official Observer Mission to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story he Salvadoran elections” (Senator Nancy Kassenbaum, Report of the U.S. Official Observer Mission to the El Salvador Constituent Assembly Elections of March 28, 1982, Report to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 97th Cong., 2d sess., p. 2. This a ●●

1982 overage of El Salvador’s Election,” Socialist Review (April 1983), p. 29. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story overage of El Salvador’s Election,” Socialist Review (April 1983), p. 29. 67. “Salvadorans Jam Polling Stations; Rebels Close Some,” New York Times, March 29, 1982. 68. See further, Herman and Brodhead, Demonstration Elections, pp. 164–67. 69. War ●●

1982 ing hypothesis. See Herman and Brodhead, Bulgarian Connection, “The Small Voices of Dissent,” pp. 19 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ing hypothesis. See Herman and Brodhead, Bulgarian Connection, “The Small Voices of Dissent,” pp. 199–202. 27. Martella visited Washington, D.C., in October 1982, during which time he benefited not only from the insights of Arnauld de Borchgrave, bu ●●

1982 t), Hearing before the Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Affairs rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story t), Hearing before the Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, 97th Cong., 2d sess., September 14, 1982, p. 71. 89. For discussion of their qualms, and how they resolved them, and simi ●●

1982 the prosecutors expressed ignorance of the testimony [in the court rec... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the prosecutors expressed ignorance of the testimony [in the court record] of former guardsman César Valle Espinoza, dated August 9, 1982, which quotes Subsergeant Colindres Alemán as stating on Decem ●●

1982 What makes this another strong test of a propaganda model is that the ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story What makes this another strong test of a propaganda model is that the Salvadoran and Guatemalan elections of 1982 and 1984–85 were held under conditions of severe, ongoing state terror against the civ ●●

1982 What makes this especially important is that reporters and observers w... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story What makes this especially important is that reporters and observers were unanimous in 1982 that the main thing the public wanted out of the election was peace. ●●

1982 The propaganda formula for getting out the vote in 1982 was “ballots v... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The propaganda formula for getting out the vote in 1982 was “ballots versus bullets,” with the implication that ballots were a possible route to a reduction in the use of bullets. ●●

1982 García warns Salvadorans non-voting is treason ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Just prior to the March 1982 election, Minister of Defense García warned the population in the San Salvador newspapers that the failure to vote would be regarded as an act of treason. ●●

1982 Of the thirty-two news articles on, or closely related to, the plot th... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Of the thirty-two news articles on, or closely related to, the plot that appeared in the New York Times between November 1, 1982, and January 31, 1983, twelve had no news content whatever but were rep ●●

1982 When Agca identified the Bulgarians in November 1982, the integrity of... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Agca identified the Bulgarians in November 1982, the integrity of the Italian investigative-judicial process in pursuing the case was already badly compromised for a wide variety of reasons,46 bu ●●

1982 Isam Nazer, “Recent Developments in Family Planning in the Near East,” November 14, 1968, IPPFA, ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Isam Nazer, “Recent Developments in Family Planning in the Near East,” November 14, 1968, IPPFA, attached to Minutes of the Thirteenth Meeting of the Management and Planning Committee, 1.4.1.1.3, “... ●●

1982 Although fertility rates had already fallen pre- cipitously, during the 1982–1986 economic plan p... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Although fertility rates had already fallen pre- cipitously, during the 1982–1986 economic plan period the government introduced an array of new incentives and disincentives to stop population grow... ●●

1982 Crane, “Ideology and Politics at Mexico City: The United States at the 1984 International Confere... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Crane, “Ideology and Politics at Mexico City: The United States at the 1984 International Conference on Population,” Population and Development Review 11 (1985): 12; Hartmann, Reproductive Rights a... ●●

1982 When he went abroad he would meet with rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When he went abroad he would meet with Rami and during 1982 the two men were discussing plans for a coup attempt in July ●●

1982 (Several other coup attempts were alleged in addi- rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (Several other coup attempts were alleged in addi- tion to the one of December 1982 mentioned above ●●

1982 Throughout the early and mid-’80s, the Reagan administration rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Throughout the early and mid-’80s, the Reagan administration declared that the Russians were spraying toxic chemicals ov ●●

1982 Stephen Schlesinger and Stephen Kinzer, Bitter Fruit: The rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Stephen Schlesinger and Stephen Kinzer, Bitter Fruit: The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala (New York, 1982 ●●

1982 Intervention in Central America and the Caribbean (Latin rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Intervention in Central America and the Caribbean (Latin American Bureau, London, updated edition 1982) p ●●

1982 Legislative action rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Walter Wriston was chairman of the Citicorp Bank in 1982, he extolled the virtue of the action this way: If we had a truth-in-Government act comp ●●

1982 Penn Square Bank fails in Oklahoma ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The gaudy fabric began to unravel during the Fourth of July weekend of 1982 with the failure of the Penn Square Bank in Oklahoma ●●

21 May 1982 Falklands War amphibious landing 0 cit. Royal Marines and British Army paratroopers landed at San Carlos Water to retake the Falkland Islands after Argentina's invasion, under sustained attack from Argentine aircraft. The campaign combined amphibious assault with air and naval power in a conflict fought thousands of miles from Britain. British forces recaptured the islands within weeks, and the war reaffirmed the Royal Marines' amphibious warfare role. diplomacy / war ●●

1982 Stallman begins the GNU free software project ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Richard Stallman set out to build a completely free, nonproprietary operating system compatible with UNIX. ●●

12 August 1982 Mexico's default triggers the Latin American debt crisis 0 cit. Mexico announced it could not meet payments on its foreign debt, triggering a wave of defaults and near-defaults across Latin America built up from 1970s petrodollar lending. The crisis pulled dozens of formerly colonized nations across Latin America, Africa, and Asia into IMF-supervised restructuring and austerity programs through the 1980s, a period historians and economists call the region's "lost decade." economy ●●

1982 Gibson Greetings leveraged buyout 0 cit. William Simon's Wesray Capital bought the greeting-card maker Gibson Greetings for about $80 million, put in roughly $1 million of its own equity, and took the company public 16 months later at a valuation of around $290 million. The enormous return on a tiny equity stake became the widely cited proof-of-concept for the leveraged buyout industry that boomed for the rest of the decade. It showed financiers that large gains were possible by using debt rather than fresh capital to acquire operating companies. economy ●●

c. 1982 T. Boone Pickens raids Cities Service 0 cit. T. Boone Pickens's Mesa Petroleum launched a hostile bid for the much larger Cities Service oil company, arguing its stock traded far below the value of its oil and gas reserves. Cities Service fought off Mesa and was ultimately bought by Occidental Petroleum. The raid established Pickens as a leading practitioner of the 1980s oil-patch takeover wave, in which raiders argued they were unlocking value that entrenched management was wasting. economy ●●

1982 James Goldsmith raids Diamond International 0 cit. British-French financier Sir James Goldsmith won a hostile takeover battle for Diamond International, a paper and packaging conglomerate, and then sold off its timberland, match business, and other divisions for a combined sum well above what he had paid for the whole company. The deal became one of the clearest examples of pure asset stripping in the era: buying a company for less than the sum of its parts and profiting entirely from breaking it up. Goldsmith called it recognizing hidden value; labor unions and much of the press called it wrecking a business for a quick profit. economy ●●

17 April 1982 Canada's Constitution Act patriates a Westminster-style parliament 0 cit. Canada's Constitution Act formally ends the need for British parliamentary approval to amend Canada's constitution, completing a long transition from colonial legislature to fully sovereign parliamentary democracy. It exemplifies how parliamentary government, first developed in Westminster, was transplanted to and then made independent in former British colonies. politics ●●

c. 1982 Operation Countryman ends without convictions 0 cit. Operation Countryman concludes after roughly four years and around three million pounds spent. Eight officers are prosecuted but none are convicted. The failure to secure convictions despite widely credited findings of corruption becomes a lasting symbol of how hard it was to prosecute organized police corruption in this period. politics ●●

c. 1982 Nyayo House torture chambers in use 6 cit. Following the 1982 coup attempt against President Daniel arap Moi, security agencies including Special Branch used basement cells in Nyayo House, the Nairobi headquarters of several government ministries, to detain and torture political dissidents, journalists, and suspected coup sympathizers through the 1980s and into the 1990s. Survivors' accounts of beatings, near-drowning, and prolonged solitary confinement became public after Moi left office, and the cells were opened to the public as a memorial site in 2003. politics / society ●●●

30 June 1982 Equal Rights Amendment falls short of ratification 0 cit. The Equal Rights Amendment, which would have written sex equality into the U.S. Constitution, failed to be ratified by enough states before its deadline. A conservative campaign led by Phyllis Schlafly helped defeat it, and the amendment's status remains disputed today. politics / society ●●

c. 1982 The United States tilts toward Saddam Hussein contested 0 cit. During the Iran-Iraq war, Washington quietly sides with Saddam Hussein's Iraq against revolutionary Iran, removing Iraq from its list of state sponsors of terrorism and restoring ties. Declassified records show intelligence sharing and agricultural credits, and envoy Donald Rumsfeld visited Baghdad in 1983. The scale of this backing is contested, and it reversed sharply after Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990. politics / war ●●

August 1982 Mexico's default opens the 1982 debt crisis 0 cit. Mexico tells its creditors it can no longer service its foreign debt, triggering a wave of defaults across Latin America and beyond. To keep lending flowing, the IMF and banks tied new credit to sweeping policy conditions. The crisis began the 'lost decade' of falling incomes and forced adjustment across much of the developing world. economy / politics ●●●

1982 The US tilt toward Iraq in the Iran-Iraq War 0 cit. During the Iran-Iraq War the United States tilted toward Saddam Hussein's Iraq, restoring relations and providing intelligence, credit and dual-use technology. Washington kept support flowing even as Iraq used chemical weapons, seeing Iran as the greater threat. The tilt is a documented case of backing a strongman for reasons of the moment, before the reversal of the 1990s. diplomacy / war ●●

June 1982 Chad's Hissene Habre, backed by Washington and Paris 0 cit. Hissene Habre took power in Chad with US and French support and was armed as a bulwark against Libya's Muammar Gaddafi. The CIA helped build his forces, and France provided direct military backing against Libyan intervention. His government killed and tortured thousands, and he was later convicted of crimes against humanity, making him a documented case of a Western-backed strongman brought to justice. politics / war ●●

1982 West Germany recognizes the Roma genocide 0 cit. In 1982 Chancellor Helmut Schmidt formally acknowledged that the Nazi persecution of the Roma had been a racially motivated genocide. The statement came almost four decades after the war, following years of campaigning by Roma activists. Official recognition opened the way, slowly, to memorials and some measure of redress. politics / society ●●

18 June 1982 Banco Ambrosiano and the death of Roberto Calvi 0 cit. Roberto Calvi, head of Italy's Banco Ambrosiano and known as God's Banker for his Vatican ties, was found hanged under Blackfriars Bridge in London. The bank collapsed amid massive fraud, and the Vatican Bank was its main shareholder. The Holy See denied wrongdoing but paid creditors about 240 million dollars in 1984, and the affair exposed the murky finances of the Vatican. economy / politics / religion ●●●

August 1982 One-party rule entrenched and the 1982 coup attempt 0 cit. In 1982 parliament made Kenya a one-party state in law through the new Section 2A of the constitution, outlawing rival parties. That August, junior air force officers launched a coup attempt that Moi's forces crushed within hours, with looting and clashes in Nairobi killing a disputed number of people, often estimated in the hundreds. Moi used the plot to purge the military, tighten control, and justify years of harsher repression. politics / war ●●

1982 Guatemala organises Civil Self-Defence Patrols 0 cit. During its civil war Guatemala's army pressed rural men, mostly Maya, into Civil Self-Defence Patrols to guard villages against leftist guerrillas, a force that reached about a million members. Membership was often compulsory, and a later United Nations-backed truth commission attributed many massacres and abuses to the patrols. The case shows how a home-defence force can become an instrument of state terror. politics / war ●●

c. 1982 Reagan escalates the drug war and SWAT deployments explode 0 cit. The Reagan administration poured funding into drug enforcement and pressed police to pursue dealers aggressively, and paramilitary raids became a routine tool rather than a last resort. Peter Kraska's research documented the shift, estimating that annual SWAT deployments in the United States rose from a few thousand in the early 1980s to tens of thousands by the late 1990s, most of them to serve drug warrants. The forced-entry drug raid, once exceptional, became an ordinary part of American policing. politics / society ●●●

August 1982 Mexico's default opens the Latin American debt crisis 0 cit. Mexico tells its creditors it can no longer service its foreign debt, triggering a wave of defaults across Latin America. Much of the borrowing had come from recycled petrodollars at floating dollar interest rates, which spiked after the US Federal Reserve raised rates sharply. The crisis showed how exposure to dollar debt could break economies far from Washington. economy / politics ●●●

c. 1982 Israel supplies Guatemala during its civil war 0 cit. When US Congress restricted aid over human rights abuses, Israel became a key supplier of arms and training to Guatemala's military during its civil war. Israeli-made Galil rifles and advisers supported the army under Efrain Rios Montt in the early 1980s. A later UN-backed truth commission found that army campaigns of this period included acts of genocide against Maya communities. diplomacy / war ●●

June 1982 Kenya becomes a one-party state in law 0 cit. Parliament amended the constitution to add Section 2A, making the ruling KANU the only legal party in Kenya. The change closed off legal opposition to President Daniel arap Moi and pushed dissent underground. It set the political ground on which movements like Mwakenya later formed. politics ●●

1 August 1982 Failed air force coup and the crackdown that followed 0 cit. Junior Kenya Air Force officers seized Nairobi's radio station and briefly announced they had toppled Moi before loyal troops crushed the revolt. The government disbanded the air force, closed the University of Nairobi, and detained students, lecturers, and suspected dissidents. The failed coup hardened Moi's rule and widened the hunt for underground opponents. politics / war ●●●

May 1982 The December Twelve Movement circulates Pambana 0 cit. The clandestine December Twelve Movement, a left-leaning underground group formed in the 1970s, put out the first issue of its newsletter Pambana ("Struggle") in May 1982. The paper attacked Moi's government and called for change, and its discovery led to some of the earliest detentions. The movement was the direct forerunner of Mwakenya. politics / society ●●

June 1982 Historian Maina wa Kinyatti jailed for a seditious document 0 cit. Maina wa Kinyatti, a history lecturer at Kenyatta University, was arrested in June 1982 and convicted of possessing a seditious pamphlet. He was sentenced to six years and held at Kamiti prison until 1988. In his own writing and testimony he described being chained, held naked, and denied food and water to force a confession, an account echoed by the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission. culture / politics ●●

June 1982 Willy Mutunga detained without trial 0 cit. Willy Mutunga, then a University of Nairobi law lecturer, was detained without trial in June 1982 over the December Twelve Movement and its paper Pambana. He was held until October 1983 and later described the interrogation and detention in his own account. Decades afterward he became Chief Justice of Kenya, serving from 2011 to 2016. politics ●●

c. 1982 Koigi wa Wamwere detained without trial 0 cit. The former member of parliament Koigi wa Wamwere was one of the era's most-detained dissidents, held without trial for long stretches in the 1980s over his opposition to Moi. He wrote about the detentions and mistreatment in his own memoirs and testimony. He was among the survivors later recognized by the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission and awarded compensation. politics ●●

June 1982 Kenya made a one-party state by law 0 cit. In June 1982 parliament amended the constitution to add Section 2A, making KANU the only legal party and turning Kenya into a de jure one-party state. The change outlawed organized opposition and closed the last formal channel for rivals. It concentrated power around Moi and KANU. politics ●●●

1 August 1982 Air force coup attempt against Moi 0 cit. On 1 August 1982 junior officers of the Kenya Air Force tried to seize power, briefly taking the national radio station before loyal army units crushed the revolt. Fighting and looting in Nairobi left hundreds dead. Moi survived and used the failed coup to tighten his grip. politics / war ●●●

August 1982 Crackdown follows the failed coup 0 cit. After the coup attempt the government disbanded the air force, court-martialed and hanged ringleaders, and detained students, academics, and suspected sympathizers. The University of Nairobi was closed and dissent was treated as treason. The purge deepened a climate of fear that lasted through the decade. politics / society ●●

1982 Mauritius becomes the gateway to India 0 cit. A tax treaty signed between India and Mauritius in 1982 meant profits on Indian investments routed through Mauritius went almost untaxed. For years Mauritius was the single largest source of foreign investment into India, and it became a similar conduit for money flowing into Africa. Critics, including Indian tax authorities, said much of this was "round-tripping", local money disguised as foreign; India revised the treaty in 2016. diplomacy / economy ●●

9 June 1982 Section 2A makes the one-party state law 0 cit. Parliament amended the constitution to add Section 2A, which declared Kenya a one-party state in law with KANU as the only permitted party. What had been a de facto arrangement since 1969 was now written into the constitution. The change came as figures like Odinga tried to register a new opposition party, and it shut that door. politics ●●●

1 August 1982 The air force coup attempt and the crackdown that followed 0 cit. Junior officers in the Kenya Air Force seized the national radio station and announced they had toppled the government. Loyal army units crushed the revolt within a day, and the fighting and looting that followed killed a large number of people in Nairobi. The government disbanded the air force, tried the plotters, and used the scare to widen detentions and tighten its grip. politics / war ●●●

c. 1982 University closures and the silencing of academics 0 cit. Through the 1980s the government repeatedly closed the University of Nairobi and other campuses to break up student protest and dissent among staff. Lecturers suspected of opposition were detained, sacked, or driven into exile. Universities that should have been centres of open debate were treated as threats to the state. politics / society ●●

June 1982 Kenya becomes a one-party state under Section 2A 0 cit. Parliament amended the constitution to add Section 2A, making KANU the only legal party and turning Daniel arap Moi's Kenya into a de jure one-party state. The move came weeks before an attempted air force coup in August, after which Moi tightened his grip. Dissent was recast as disloyalty to the state. politics ●●●

c. 1982 War and forced settlement push Sakuye into peri-urban poverty 0 cit. The loss of livestock and the state's containment measures forced many Sakuye off the range and into small towns. By the early 1980s a large share of the Boran and Sakuye of the district had drifted into peri-urban shanty settlements around new administrative centres. Many turned to subsistence farming, casual wage labour and famine relief. economy / society ●●

January 1983 Sasaki calls for a five-year plan to transform Japan's economy ai_extracted 1 cit. In January 1983 former BoJ governor Tadashi Sasaki, as head of the Keizai Doyukai, called for a five-year plan for transforming and liberalizing the Japanese economy, titled 'Toward Consciousness and Behavior of a World Nation.' ●●

1983 to 1987 Sasaki and Maekawa reports on structural reform ai_extracted 1 cit. Commissions headed by former Bank of Japan governors produced the Sasaki report of 1983 and the Maekawa reports of 1986 and 1987, which echoed U.S. calls for structural reform of Japan's economy. ●●

19 September 1983 Independence of Saint Kitts and Nevis 0 cit. no story Saint Kitts and Nevis becomes independent from Britain, the smallest sovereign state in the Americas. politics ●●

5 June 1983 to 9 January 2005 Second Sudanese Civil War 0 cit. no story The southern SPLA fights the Khartoum government in a war entwined with famine and slavery, killing around two million people. The 2005 peace deal leads to South Sudan's independence in 2011. religion / war ●●●

23 July 1983 to 18 May 2009 Sri Lankan Civil War 0 cit. no story The Tamil Tigers fight for an independent Tamil state in a 26-year war marked by suicide bombing and massacres on both sides. The government destroys the Tigers in a final offensive in 2009. politics / war ●●●

23 October 1983 Beirut barracks bombings 0 cit. Suicide truck bombs struck the barracks of US and French peacekeeping forces in Beirut, killing 241 American and 58 French service members. The attack led the multinational force to withdraw from Lebanon. politics / war ●●●●

15 July 1983 Nintendo revives home gaming 0 cit. Nintendo launched the Famicom console, sold abroad as the NES, after a crash had gutted the game market. Quality controls and hits like Super Mario Bros. brought gaming back into the home. culture / technology ●●●

1983 A Nation at Risk warns of school decline 0 cit. The 1983 report A Nation at Risk warned that weak schools threatened U.S. competitiveness. It set off decades of reform efforts focused on standards and testing. politics / society ●●

c. 1983 The conditionality package 0 cit. Structural adjustment loans typically required currency devaluation, privatization of state firms, deregulation, trade liberalization, and cuts to subsidies and public spending. Supporters saw these as needed reforms; critics saw a rigid one-size-fits-all template. economy / politics ●●●●

1983 to 1990 Structural adjustment in Ghana 0 cit. Ghana was promoted by the World Bank as a model reformer, posting renewed growth after adopting adjustment. Critics noted that gains were uneven and that fees for health and schooling hit the poor, a debate that captured the mixed record of the programs. economy / society ●●●

1983 Shirley MacLaine popularizes the New Age 0 cit. Actress Shirley MacLaine's bestselling memoir Out on a Limb, later a 1987 television miniseries, described her turn to reincarnation, channeling and the idea that each person is divine. Her fame carried New Age ideas into ordinary living rooms and made the term widely known. culture / religion ●●●

c. 1983 Christian discernment ministries respond to the New Age 0 cit. From the 1980s onward, evangelical writers such as those behind books on the New Age produced a large body of critique aimed at warning Christians away from its teachings. This response shaped how many churches understand and talk about New Age spirituality. religion / society ●

18 June 1983 Sally Ride, first American woman in space 0 cit. Sally Ride flew aboard the shuttle Challenger and became the first American woman in space. Her flight marked a shift in who could become an astronaut. culture / society / technology ●●●

1983 UN convenes the Brundtland Commission (WCED) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1983 the U.N. convened the World Commission on Environment and Development, chaired by Norwegian Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland. Its report Our Common Future popularized 'sustainable development'. ●●

1983 Beirut Marine barracks bombing ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A truck bomb driven by Imad Mughniyah's terrorists destroyed the American barracks at Beirut's airport, killing 241 Marines. The blast was estimated at the kiloton level. ●●

1983 Year 1983: American investigators implicated them in both the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story American investigators implicated them in both the 1983 suicide bombing that killed 214 American marines in Beirut and the 1996 attack that killed another 19 marines in Saudi Arabi... ●●

1983 Year 1983: Visit did not go well: McGhee, George, Envoy to th rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Visit did not go well: McGhee, George, Envoy to the Middle World: Adventures in Diplomacy (New York: Harper and Row, 1983), pp. ●●

1983 America’s Other Voice: The Story of Radio Free Europe and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story America’s Other Voice: The Story of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty (New York: Praeger, 1983). 4. ●●

1983 307925 (Augsburg) in the Berlin Document Center. On Hilger: Alfred rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 307925 (Augsburg) in the Berlin Document Center. On Hilger: Alfred Meyer interview, December 30, 1983. See also citations to wartime documentation on Hilger in Chapter Nine. ●●

1983 Poppe), Reminiscences, ed. Henry Schwartz (Bellingham, Wash.: Weste... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Poppe), Reminiscences, ed. Henry Schwartz (Bellingham, Wash.: Western Washington University Center for East Asian Studies, 1983), p. 163ff. ●●

1983 Boldyreff, INSCOM dossier no. D-3675 20B85; Boldyreff interview, Au... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Boldyreff, INSCOM dossier no. D-3675 20B85; Boldyreff interview, August 8, 1983. 18. ●●

1983 Massoud makes truce deals with Soviet forces ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Massoud made truce deals with Soviet forces in 1983, creating residual distrust within the CIA station. ●●

1983 Massive cash flows create corruption in CIA Afghan operations rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1983, enormous cash flows through the CIA Afghan program made it difficult to distinguish legitimate costs from outright theft. ●●

1983 United States invades Grenada ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In October 1983, the Reagan administration launched Operation Urgent Fury, invading the Caribbean island nation of Grenada to overthrow the leftist government and rescue American medical students. ●●

1983 First collateralized mortgage obligation issued ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first issue of this new kind of mortgage-backed security (known as a collateralized mortgage obligation) happened in June 1983. ●●

1983 Muhammad Yunus founds Grameen Bank in Jobra ai_extracted 1 cit. no story His mutually owned Grameen (‘Village’) Bank, founded in the village of Jobra in 1983, has made microloans to nearly seven and a half million borrowers, nearly all of them women who have no collateral. ●●

1983 The average career of a Wall Street CEO is just over twenty-five years,116 which means rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The average career of a Wall Street CEO is just over twenty-five years,116 which means that first-hand memories at the top of the US banking system do not extend back beyond 1983 – ten years after the beginning of the last great surge in oil and gold prices. ●●

1983 In early 1983, Morgan credit officers worked around the clock to ra... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Tensions rose between Wall Street banks, with their huge and irrevocable commitments to Brazil, and regional banks, which wanted to cut their smaller losses and run. One German banker observed, “I come into these sessions and I find all these hill... ●●

1983 On February, 24, 1983, Brazil hosted a dinner at the Waldorf-Astori... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Tensions rose between Wall Street banks, with their huge and irrevocable commitments to Brazil, and regional banks, which wanted to cut their smaller losses and run. One German banker observed, “I come into these sessions and I find all these hill... ●●

1983 By the spring of 1983, Brazil was missing its IMF economic-reform t... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Tensions rose between Wall Street banks, with their huge and irrevocable commitments to Brazil, and regional banks, which wanted to cut their smaller losses and run. One German banker observed, “I come into these sessions and I find all these hill... ●●

1983 Between 1983 and 1986, Morgan Stanley underwrote more than $500 mil... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As its underwriting business declined, Morgan Stanley turned to businesses it once would have rejected haughtily, entering the netherworld of junk bonds. These high-risk high-yield bonds were often issued to support takeovers by companies of quest... ●●

1983 US military intervention in Lebanon ai_extracted 1 cit. no story American military forces intervened in Lebanon's civil war but became bogged down in factional fighting, suffering significant casualties before withdrawal. ●●

March 1983 Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative 0 cit. President Reagan announces the Strategic Defense Initiative, a plan for a space-based missile shield nicknamed 'Star Wars'. The costly renewed arms race strained the Soviet economy in the Cold War's final phase. technology / war ●●●

1983 Yale University awards honorary degrees to Meryl Streep and Mother Teresa candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At Yale University's commencement exercises, several honorary degrees were awarded. When Meryl Streep was announced as a recipient, the audience unleashed enthusiastic applause that even surpassed that given to other honorees like Mother Teresa. ●●

1983 New York Times reports Reagan misstatements getting less attention rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On February 15, 1983, The New York Times published an article noting that President Reagan's aides were less visibly alarmed by suggestions of his misleading accounts than previously, and that news coverage of such misstatements had declined. ●●

1983 ABC airs nuclear war debate after The Day After ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Following the broadcast of its controversial movie The Day After, ABC network presented an eighty-minute discussion on the possibility of nuclear war. The program featured prominent intellectuals including Henry Kissinger, Robert McNamara, and Elie Wiesel, with no commercial breaks or musical background. ●●

1983 who had married on Halloween day, 1983, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story who had married on Halloween day, 1983, had links to the Hernandez drug family. ●●

1983 and was set free on April rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story and was set free on April 12, 1983. ●●