Events, Verisoph

1981 With the shooting of the pope, in May 1981, and the eventual charges o... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With the shooting of the pope, in May 1981, and the eventual charges of a KGB-Bulgarian plot, the mass media played a much larger role in originating the claims and in keeping the pot boiling from inc ●●

1981 And the further costs in damaged relations with Western Europe—which w... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story And the further costs in damaged relations with Western Europe—which were extremely important to the Soviet Union in 1981, with the gas pipeline being negotiated and with the placement of new U.S. ●●

1981 P-2 Masonic lodge scandal breaks in Italy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A P-2 scandal broke in Italy in March 1981, and by August Santovito had been forced to leave SISMI, but the rightist grip on this organization was by no means broken. ●●

1981 Ansley Coale, “Report to UNFPA on Trip to People’s Republic of China,” October 1980, and “Draft P... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ansley Coale, “Report to UNFPA on Trip to People’s Republic of China,” October 1980, and “Draft Proposal for the Meeting,” November 17, 1981, both in UNRC, S-0024-0011, China Demographic Training a... ●●

1981 Agreement signed with new Chinese family planning body ai_extracted 1 cit. no story An agreement with a new Chinese FPA was duly signed in March 1981. ●●

1981 Paul Marx founds Human Life International ai_extracted 1 cit. no story bishops whom he thought were too complacent about the IUDs and pills that were also “killing millions of future Catholics.” In 1981, Marx moved to Washington and founded Hu- man Life International ... ●●

1981 Beginning in 1981 a series of international meetings of activists condemned both abusive populati... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Beginning in 1981 a series of international meetings of activists condemned both abusive population control programs and efforts to force women to bear unwanted children. ●●

1981 Two years later, in November 1981, an invasion candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Two years later, in November 1981, an invasion force of more than 40 men, pretend- ing to be members of a rugby club, tr ●●

1981 Over the next four years, Washington tried to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Over the next four years, Washington tried to harass Grenada in some of the other ways in which it was practiced, more s ●●

1981 A February 1981 French plot, with US cooperation rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A February 1981 French plot, with US cooperation under discussion, had to be canceled when French President Giscard was ●●

1981 Whatever organized supply oper- ation of any significance rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Whatever organized supply oper- ation of any significance that had existed appears to have ended in early 1981 ●●

1981 4¢ David MacMichael, who served with the CIA rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 4¢ David MacMichael, who served with the CIA from 1981 to 1983 as an analyst of mili- tary and political developments in ●●

1981 Turner, The Fish is Red: The Story of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Turner, The Fish is Red: The Story of the Secret War Against Castro (Harper & Row, New York, 1981) passim ●●

1981 266- 75 (BOSS is the South African Bureau rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 266- 75 (BOSS is the South African Bureau of State Security); Bob Woodward, VEIL: The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981-1987 ( ●●

1981 11; Bob Woodward, VEIL: The Secret Wars of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 11; Bob Woodward, VEIL: The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981-1987 (New York, 1987), pp ●●

1981 146, 156-7; Liisa North, Bitter Grounds: Roots of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 146, 156-7; Liisa North, Bitter Grounds: Roots of Revolt in El Salvador (Toronto, 1981) Appendix I, Chronology of Events ●●

1981 Bob Woodward, VEIL: The Secret Wars of the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bob Woodward, VEIL: The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981-1987 (New York, 1987), pp ●●

1981 IBM launches the IBM PC ai_extracted 1 cit. no story IBM launched its personal computer in August 1981, while Gates was visiting Jobs at Apple. ●●

1981 Microsoft begins designing Windows ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1981 Microsoft began work on a new windows-and-mouse operating system meant to replace DOS. ●●

1981 CSNET connects universities outside ARPANET ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lawrence Landweber assembled a consortium of universities to build a TCP/IP network called CSNET. ●●

1981 Hayes Smartmodem reaches the market ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Hayes Smartmodem made it easy for personal computer owners to dial into online networks. ●●

1981 Quigley's Anglo-American Establishment published 0 cit. Historian Carroll Quigley's book 'The Anglo-American Establishment,' written decades earlier from access to the Round Table group's own private papers, was published posthumously. Quigley documented the existence and workings of the Milner-Rhodes network and its influence on British and imperial policy through institutions like Chatham House and the Round Table journal. His narrower claims about the network's documented activities are widely accepted by historians, while his broader suggestions of a continuing coordinated conspiracy remain contested and are treated skeptically by most professional historians. culture / politics ●●

20 January 1981 Ronald Reagan becomes U.S. president 1 cit. Ronald Reagan is inaugurated as president of the United States on a platform of tax cuts, deregulation, and reduced government spending, drawing on Chicago School and supply-side economics. His administration, alongside Thatcher's in Britain, became the leading example of neoliberal policy applied at the level of a major national government. economy / politics ●●●

1981 Grand Lodge renamed Grand Lodge of South Africa 0 cit. The Grand Lodge of Southern Africa changed its name to the Grand Lodge of South Africa in 1981, reflecting its jurisdictional focus on the Republic of South Africa after former territories such as Rhodesia and South West Africa had gone their own ways. society ●

c. 1 January 1981 1981 Book of Mormon edition restores "pure and delightsome" 0 cit. In a new edition of its scriptures, the Church restored Joseph Smith's 1840 wording of 2 Nephi 30:6, changing the text back from "white and delightsome" to "pure and delightsome," the phrasing that had not carried through most 19th- and 20th-century printings. religion ●

5 May 1981 1981 hunger strike and death of Bobby Sands 0 cit. Republican prisoners, protesting the removal of political status, began a hunger strike on 1 March 1981 led by IRA prisoner Bobby Sands. While on hunger strike, Sands was elected as a Member of Parliament for Fermanagh and South Tyrone in a by-election on 9 April, giving the protest international attention. He died on 5 May 1981 after 66 days without food; nine other prisoners died before the strike ended in October, and it drew a wave of recruitment and international sympathy for the republican cause. politics / war ●●●

10 April 1981 Brixton riots 0 cit. Rioting broke out in Brixton over three days after tensions between the largely Black community and the Metropolitan Police, including the aggressive use of stop-and-search powers under the 'sus law'. Almost 300 people were injured and dozens of buildings and vehicles were burned. The disorder prompted the government to commission an official inquiry into its causes. politics / society ●●

25 November 1981 Scarman Report on the Brixton riots 0 cit. Lord Scarman's report into the Brixton riots found that discriminatory use of police stop-and-search powers and racial disadvantage had been major causes of the unrest, though he stopped short of calling the police force 'institutionally racist' as a matter of policy. It recommended reforms to policing methods, community relations and the recruitment of Black officers. The report shaped British policing debates for the following two decades. politics / society ●●●

c. 1981 Guatemala's civil defense patrols 0 cit. During Guatemala's civil war the army organized rural men into Civil Defense Patrols, arming villagers and requiring them to police their own communities against suspected insurgents. The UN-sponsored truth commission later found that state forces and these patrols were responsible for the great majority of wartime killings, many against the Maya population. The patrols are a documented case of a state pushing armed control down to conscripted civilian militias. politics / society / war ●●

October 1981 Mubarak becomes America's anchor in Egypt 0 cit. Hosni Mubarak takes the presidency after Anwar Sadat's assassination and rules under emergency law for nearly thirty years. Egypt became one of the largest recipients of US military and economic aid, a reward for keeping the peace with Israel after Camp David. Successive American administrations backed his stability while his security services jailed and tortured opponents. diplomacy / politics ●●

1981 The Contras against Sandinista Nicaragua 0 cit. The Reagan administration organized, armed and funded the Contra rebels to fight the leftist Sandinista government. The CIA trained the force and mined Nicaraguan harbors, which the International Court of Justice ruled unlawful in 1986. When Congress cut off funds, officials ran the secret Iran-Contra scheme to keep the war going. politics / war ●●●

1981 Honduras as a base for the Contra war 0 cit. Honduras became the staging ground for the US-backed Contra war and a hub of American military buildup in Central America. Aid multiplied and US ambassador John Negroponte worked closely with a military whose Battalion 316 death squad, trained with US help, disappeared dissidents. The civilian government held office while the army and Washington set security policy. politics / war ●●

October 1981 Mubarak's Egypt as a Western anchor 0 cit. Hosni Mubarak ruled Egypt for thirty years as a cornerstone US ally, keeping the peace with Israel and cooperating on regional security. Washington sent about a billion and a half dollars a year, mostly military aid, and largely overlooked his emergency-law police state. Support held until the 2011 uprising forced Western governments to let go. diplomacy / politics ●●

January 1981 William Casey chairs the IRC, then runs the CIA 0 cit. William Casey, a lawyer and longtime IRC board member and leader, becomes director of the CIA under President Reagan. His path from a top role at a refugee charity to running American intelligence is a matter of record. Critics point to it as a striking example of the revolving door between the IRC's leadership and the national security state. diplomacy / politics ●●●

May 1981 Singapore founds GIC to invest its reserves 0 cit. The government set up the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation to manage the country's foreign reserves as a long-term global fund. Together with Temasek it made Singapore a major state investor abroad. The state runs its savings with the outlook of a professional money manager. economy / politics ●●

c. 1981 Military Cooperation with Law Enforcement Act erodes the Posse Comitatus line 0 cit. Congress passed a law encouraging the military to share equipment, intelligence, and training with civilian police for drug enforcement. Since the 1878 Posse Comitatus Act had long barred the armed forces from domestic policing, critics saw the change as the first major crack in the wall between soldier and cop. Supporters argued the military's resources were needed against well-armed traffickers, while opponents warned it blurred a boundary meant to keep the army out of citizens' daily lives. politics / war ●●●

1981 Rebellion and repression in the north 0 cit. Northerners, mostly of the Isaaq clan, formed the Somali National Movement in 1981 to fight Barre's increasingly repressive and clan-favoring government. The regime answered with collective punishment, arrests, and economic strangling of the north. The cycle of insurgency and reprisal set the stage for the destruction of the region's main cities later in the decade. politics / war ●●

October 1981 The AWACS sale deepens the US-Saudi security tie 0 cit. After a hard fight in Congress, the Reagan administration wins approval to sell advanced AWACS surveillance aircraft and other arms to Saudi Arabia. The deal, one of the largest US foreign arms sales to that point, showed the depth of the security side of the relationship that ran alongside oil and the dollar. diplomacy / politics / war ●●

21 September 1981 British forces remain in Belize after independence 0 cit. When Belize became independent, British forces stayed on to deter a long-standing territorial claim by neighbouring Guatemala. British Forces Belize maintained a garrison and jungle-training presence for years afterward. The former colony's first years of sovereignty were underwritten by the continued military protection of its former ruler. politics / war ●●

1981 Howard Hart takes over the CIA's Afghan arms program in Islamabad ai_extracted 1 cit. Howard Hart arrived in May 1981 as CIA station chief in Islamabad to run the clandestine program arming anti-Soviet guerrillas. His orders were essentially to hand over bags of money and weapons to Pakistan's ISI and let the mujahedin kill Soviets, ceding control of distribution to Pakistan. ●●

1981 Pakistan rejects Carter's aid, wins a $3.2 billion package from Reagan ai_extracted 1 cit. General Zia dismissed Carter's offer of $400 million as "peanuts" and secured a $3.2 billion aid deal from the Reagan administration, including permission to buy F-16 fighters previously reserved for NATO allies. In return the U.S. muted its objections to Pakistan's secret nuclear program. ●●

1981 The World Bank's Berg Report launches the adjustment agenda 0 cit. The report 'Accelerated Development in Sub-Saharan Africa', led by economist Elliot Berg, blames Africa's crisis on state intervention and prescribes market liberalization and a smaller state. It set the template for the structural adjustment programmes that spread across the continent in the following decade. The Bank presented this as the path back to growth. economy / politics ●●●

May 1981 Japan accepts voluntary export restraints on cars 0 cit. Under US pressure, Japan agreed to limit its car exports to America to about 1.68 million vehicles a year. The voluntary restraint eased political anger but pushed Japanese makers to build factories inside the United States and move upmarket. It showed how far trade tension had grown. diplomacy / economy ●●

c. 1981 Malka Mari killings in Mandera contested 0 cit. Security forces carried out a further deadly operation against ethnic Somalis at Malka Mari near the Ethiopian border in Mandera district. It was one of several such incidents in the north in the years before Wagalla. The number killed is not firmly established and remains disputed. politics / war ●●

1981 Triangulation: no single method is trusted alone 0 cit. The first volume of the UNESCO General History of Africa set out to combine oral tradition, historical linguistics, and archaeology into one account. The working principle is triangulation: where independent methods point the same way, the reconstruction is strong, and where they diverge, one of them is carrying myth or charter rather than event. No single line of evidence is trusted on its own. culture / science / society ●●●

1982 Liberalization of gold transactions ai_extracted 1 cit. Japanese authorities liberalized gold transactions in 1982, setting off a gold rush in which paper gold purchases booked as imports helped reduce the recorded trade surplus. ●●

1982 to 1987 Federal Reserve abandons monetary targeting ai_extracted 1 cit. The Federal Reserve, struggling to control both interest rates and monetary quantities, abandoned M1 targeting in 1982 and monetary targeting altogether in 1987. ●●

10 December 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 0 cit. Convention defining territorial seas, exclusive economic zones, and rules for navigation, seabed resources, and marine disputes. It is often called the constitution for the oceans. diplomacy / economy / environment / politics ●●●●

2 April 1982 to 14 June 1982 Falklands War 0 cit. no story Argentina seizes the British Falkland Islands and Britain retakes them in a ten-week naval and land campaign. Defeat brings down Argentina's military junta. politics / war ●●●

August 1982 Collapse of Banco Ambrosiano 0 cit. Italy's largest private bank collapses with over a billion dollars missing, entangling the Vatican Bank, its main shareholder. Chairman Roberto Calvi, known as God's banker, is found hanged under London's Blackfriars Bridge weeks before the liquidation. economy / religion ●●●

1 October 1982 The compact disc reaches the market 0 cit. The compact disc brought digital sound to home listeners with no surface hiss. It soon replaced vinyl and cassettes as the main way people bought music. technology ●●●●

30 November 1982 Michael Jackson's Thriller and the MTV era 0 cit. Michael Jackson released Thriller, which became the best-selling album ever. Its ambitious videos in heavy MTV rotation showed how central the music video had become. culture ●●●

c. 1982 Revival and regulation of religion 0 cit. After the Cultural Revolution, the state allowed limited religious practice within official channels in the early 1980s. Buddhism, Daoism, Islam, and Christianity revived under close government supervision. religion / society ●●●

June 1982 The First Lebanon War 0 cit. Israel invaded Lebanon in 1982 to drive out the Palestine Liberation Organization. The war led to a long Israeli presence in southern Lebanon and heavy Lebanese casualties. politics / war ●●●

September 1982 The Sabra and Shatila Massacre 0 cit. In 1982 a Lebanese Christian militia allied with Israel killed hundreds to thousands of Palestinians in the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps. An Israeli inquiry found Israel indirectly responsible for failing to prevent it. society / war ●●

August 1982 to 1989 The Mexican default and the Latin American debt crisis 0 cit. In August 1982 Mexico announced it could not service its foreign debt, triggering a wave of defaults across Latin America. The IMF became central to rescheduling talks, attaching austerity conditions to its loans. economy / politics ●●●●●

1982 to 1990 Latin America's lost decade 0 cit. Through the 1980s much of Latin America saw stagnant incomes, rising poverty, and shrinking public services as it serviced debt and implemented adjustment. Economists widely call it the region's lost decade. economy / society ●●●●

c. 1982 Robert Muller, the philosopher of the UN 0 cit. Robert Muller, a long-serving UN assistant secretary-general, wrote New Genesis: Shaping a Global Spirituality and is often called the philosopher of the UN for promoting a shared spiritual world ethic. His personal views were genuinely mystical and drew on Alice Bailey's ideas, but they were his own advocacy and never adopted as UN doctrine. politics / religion ●●●

1982 Pandora jewelry is named for the first woman of Greek myth 0 cit. The Danish jeweler, founded in Copenhagen in 1982, is named after Pandora, the first woman in Greek mythology. Her famous jar, often called a box, held the world's evils. culture / economy / religion ●●

21 December 1982 The Boland Amendment bars Contra funding 0 cit. Congress passed the Boland Amendment to limit and then cut off US funding for the Contras. Officials skirted the ban by raising money through secret channels, which set up the Iran-Contra scheme. economy / politics ●●●●

c. 1 January 1982 to c. 1988 US arms Saddam Hussein against Iran 0 cit. During the Iran-Iraq war the US tilted toward Iraq, sharing intelligence and enabling support even as Saddam Hussein used chemical weapons. Washington later went to war twice against the same regime. politics / war ●●●

1982 Gunther Teubner coins the term Reflexive Law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story German legal scholar Gunther Teubner coined the term Reflexive Law in 1982. Wood argues this legal theory was designed to subvert national constitutions in favor of self-regulation and soft law. ●●

1982 Oettinger questions the need for universal literacy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto recounts that in 1982 Anthony Oettinger, a Council on Foreign Relations member, asked communications executives whether everyone really needed to be literate in the traditional sense. ●●

1982 Carnegie's Alan Pifer defends the welfare state, 1982 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites a 1982 report under Carnegie Corporation president Alan Pifer warning that the welfare state must be rebuilt to prevent social unrest and preserve the capitalist system. ●●

1982 CIA's secret war in Nicaragua begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The CIA used Nicaraguan agents to blow up bridges linking Nicaragua and Honduras, opening its secret war against the Sandinistas. The American ambassador had not even been told the attack was coming. ●●

1982 Congress restricts CIA in Central America ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Congress passed a law limiting the CIA to cutting off communist arms and barring it from using funds to oust the Sandinistas. Reagan kept up the cover story, lying to Congress to protect the operation. ●●

1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Israel invaded Lebanon amid the civil war that shattered the country. The CIA's reliance on the Maronite minority had blinded it to how deeply most Lebanese resented that faction's power. ●●

1982 Year 1982: Tudeh activists executed: Abrahamian, Ervand, Iran rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Tudeh activists executed: Abrahamian, Ervand, Iran between Two Revolutions (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982), p. ●●

1982 Year 1982: Iran Between Two Revolutions (Princeton, N.J.: Pri rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Iran Between Two Revolutions (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982). ●●

1982 Year 1982: The United States and Iran: Patterns of Influence rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The United States and Iran: Patterns of Influence (New York: Praeger, 1982). Rand, Christopher T. ●●

1982 He did, however, write in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He did, however, write in 1982: “I do not recall seeing him [Gustav Hilger], or having any contact with him, in the period between the end of the war and his arrival in this country. ●●

1982 16. Kennan correspondence, August 12, 1982; see also “Help for rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 16. Kennan correspondence, August 12, 1982; see also “Help for Nazis Held Not Unusual,” New York Times, February 20, 1983. 17. ●●

1982 “Six Croatians Convicted in NY of Plots Against Countrymen,” Washin... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Six Croatians Convicted in NY of Plots Against Countrymen,” Washington Post, May 16, 1982, p. 12; “6 Croatian Nationalists Given Long Prison Terms by Judge,” New York Times, July ... ●●

1982 Soviet troops call Afghan rebels "dukhi" (ghosts) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Soviet conscripts called CIA-backed Afghan rebels "dukhi" or ghosts, unable to capture their elusive enemy. ●●

1982 Badeeb carries $1.8 million to Afghan Arab volunteers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ahmed Badeeb, Saudi liaison to bin Laden, transported $1.8 million in American cash to Pakistan to support Arab volunteers fighting in Afghanistan. ●●

1982 Massoud assaults Ali Abad Mountain near Kabul ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ahmad Shah Massoud, the resistance leader, charged up Ali Abad Mountain west of Kabul with a small crew of soldiers. ●●

1982 The full extent of this bondage wouldn’t become apparent until the ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As a latecomer to Latin America, Morgan’s position as chief adviser to Brazil was a startling achievement. It was accomplished through the virtuosity of an engaging young banker of mixed nationality named Antonio Gebauer. Born in Colombia to a wea... ●●

1982 THE April 1982 war over the Falkland Islands cast a black cloud ove... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As a latecomer to Latin America, Morgan’s position as chief adviser to Brazil was a startling achievement. It was accomplished through the virtuosity of an engaging young banker of mixed nationality named Antonio Gebauer. Born in Colombia to a wea... ●●

1982 “They particularly don’t want monthly statements or any other mail ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Behind the title of international private banking, Morgans and other banks helped wealthy Latin Americans to invest in offshore trusts and investment companies. These devices could aid the unscrupulous in dodging taxes. In the 1970s, Morgan Guaran... ●●

1982 In 1982, even as Brazil teetered on the edge, Gebauer took $1.5 mil... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Behind the title of international private banking, Morgans and other banks helped wealthy Latin Americans to invest in offshore trusts and investment companies. These devices could aid the unscrupulous in dodging taxes. In the 1970s, Morgan Guaran... ●●

1982 Penn Square Bank fails ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Continental began to unravel during the Fourth of July weekend of 1982 with the failure of the Penn Square Bank. This was the notorious Oklahoma shopping-center bank that had booked and resold to Continental $1 billion in bum energy loans. (One pi... ●●

1982 The force of 415 was swiftly revealed in its trial usage by AT&T in... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The force of 415 was swiftly revealed in its trial usage by AT&T in 1982. A year earlier, Morgan Stanley had mustered a traditional AT&T syndicate of 255 houses. Now, for a $100-million shelf issue, AT&T invited bids from twenty-one underwriters. ●●

1982 On May 6, 1982, Morgan Stanley agreed to buy two million shares of ... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The force of 415 was swiftly revealed in its trial usage by AT&T in 1982. A year earlier, Morgan Stanley had mustered a traditional AT&T syndicate of 255 houses. Now, for a $100-million shelf issue, AT&T invited bids from twenty-one underwriters. ●●

1982 In mid-1982, Morgan Stanley joined with Hambrecht and Quist to spon... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As its underwriting business declined, Morgan Stanley turned to businesses it once would have rejected haughtily, entering the netherworld of junk bonds. These high-risk high-yield bonds were often issued to support takeovers by companies of quest... ●●

1982 Morgan Stanley enters the junk bond market ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As its underwriting business declined, Morgan Stanley turned to businesses it once would have rejected haughtily, entering the netherworld of junk bonds. These high-risk high-yield bonds were often issued to support takeovers by companies of quest... ●●

1982 Death of Sir Siegmund Warburg ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Three weeks after the Munich meeting, on October 18, 1982, Sir Siegmund Warburg died, a deeply unhappy man devoured by a dream. With his usual... ●●

1982 On January 1, 1982, Eric rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 1, 1982, Eric retired and Max became a partner with Siegmund’s small stake. Thus ended Siegmund’s dream of controlling a great Warburg... ●●

1982 Hamburger Abendblatt, August 14, 1982. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hamburger Abendblatt, August 14, 1982. 2. ●●

1982 12. The Times of London, July 3, 1982 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 12. The Times of London, July 3, 1982. ●●

1982 China tests submarine-launched ballistic missiles ai_extracted 1 cit. no story China began testing submarine-launched ballistic missiles, developing a credible second-strike nuclear deterrent and advancing toward military modernization goals. ●●

1982 EEC unemployment hits postwar high ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Unemployment in the European Economic Community surged to 10.2 million by 1982, the highest post-1945 level, straining social spending and investment capacity. ●●

1982 USA Today begins publication ai_extracted 1 cit. no story USA Today, a new national newspaper modeled on the television format with short stories, heavy use of pictures and graphics, was launched in September 1982. By July 1984, it had become the third largest daily newspaper in the United States. ●●

1982 Reagan's Westminster address to British Parliament ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In a speech in the Royal Gallery of the House of Lords in London in June 1982, he described his perception of the Soviet Union: ●●

1982 ”14 At Westminster in 1982, Reagan, hailing the tide of democracy around the world, called on the fr rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ”14 At Westminster in 1982, Reagan, hailing the tide of democracy around the world, called on the free nations ●●

1982 After the overthrow of Schmidt in 1982, the German Social Democratic Party seemed to be returning to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the overthrow of Schmidt in 1982, the German Social Democratic Party seemed to be returning to nationalism and neutralism—to the point that, in the 1986 elections, one of its leaders, Oskar Lafontaine, urged that Germany leave the integrated NA ●●

1982 OBSERVATIONS: Selected Speeches and Essays, 1982–1984 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story OBSERVATIONS: Selected Speeches and Essays, 1982–1984 ●●

1982 1982: So in 1982, repelled by the selfishness that seemed to perva... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story .” The way to resist and defeat the forces of evil, he decided, was to create free software. So in 1982, repelled by the selfishness that seemed to pervade Reagan-era society as well as software entre ●●

1982 1982: EMAIL AND BULLETIN BOARDS “The street finds its own uses fo... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story N BOARDS “The street finds its own uses for things,” William Gibson wrote in “Burning Chrome,” his 1982 cyberpunk story. Thus it was that the researchers who had access to the ARPANET found their own ●●

1982 1982: hat our technology could survive a nuclear attack.” So in 1982 he ran rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story hat our technology could survive a nuclear attack.” So in 1982 he ran a series of tests that replicated a nuclear attack artificially. “There were a n ●●

1982 1982: of evil, he decided, was to create free software. So in 1982, repelled rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story of evil, he decided, was to create free software. So in 1982, repelled by the selfishness that seemed to pervade Reagan-era society as well as softwar ●●