Events, Verisoph

1980 On 16 January 1980, a PDP spokesperson told rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 16 January 1980, a PDP spokesperson told the Afghan News Agency (Bakhtar): “In September 1979, Amin began preparing t ●●

1980 “Dissent Paper on El Salvador and Central America”, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Dissent Paper on El Salvador and Central America”, 6 November 1980, Section B3, ‘International Context’ (Argentina Chil ●●

1980 Congress passes the Monetary Control Act ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To pave the way for that, Congress passed the Monetary Control Act of 1980 which authorized the Federal Reserve to “monetize foreign debt ●●

1980 Al and Deanna Mertle murdered in California ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1980, Al and Deanna Mertle, who published a book about their Jonestown experience, are murdered in their home in an unsolved case ●●

1980 IBM decides to build its own PC ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At a July 1980 meeting IBM's CEO Frank Cary rejected licensing an Atari machine and vowed to build IBM's own PC. ●●

1980 IBM calls Bill Gates about the PC project ai_extracted 1 cit. no story IBM's software lead phoned Gates on July 21, 1980, launching the talks that led to MS-DOS. ●●

1980 Microsoft buys QDOS from Seattle Computer Products ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Paul Allen negotiated to buy Tim Paterson's operating system outright for fifty thousand dollars. ●●

1980 Microsoft and IBM sign the PC-DOS deal ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After a month of negotiation, a thirty-two-page contract was struck in early November 1980, letting Microsoft license MS-DOS to other makers. ●●

1980 Broadcast of Free to Choose 0 cit. Milton and Rose Friedman's television series Free to Choose airs on American public television, presenting free-market economics to a mass audience through ten episodes on subjects from consumer choice to inflation. An accompanying book of the same name became a bestseller and, alongside Capitalism and Freedom, remains one of the most widely read popular statements of Chicago School economics. culture / economy ●●

c. 1980 Reagan and Bush administration ties to the Trilateral Commission draw scrutiny unproven 0 cit. Several members of the incoming Reagan administration, including Vice President George H. W. Bush, had documented past membership in the Trilateral Commission, prompting political commentary about the group's influence on U.S. policy. The overlap in personnel is a matter of public record; the claim that the Commission directs administrations from behind the scenes remains an unproven and contested reading of that overlap. diplomacy / politics ●

19 July 1980 The United States leads a boycott of the Moscow Olympics 0 cit. The United States and dozens of allied nations boycott the Moscow Summer Games in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. It remains the largest Olympic boycott in history and a clear documented case of the Games becoming a direct instrument of Cold War diplomacy. diplomacy / politics ●●●

19 July 1980 1980 Moscow Olympics opening ceremony 0 cit. The Soviet Union staged an elaborate opening ceremony with mass gymnastics and card-stunt displays to present a confident image of Soviet society. The United States and over sixty other countries boycotted the Games over the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, turning the ceremony into a Cold War diplomatic flashpoint as much as a sporting event. diplomacy / politics ●●

2 August 1980 Bologna Railway Station Massacre 0 cit. A bomb planted at Bologna's central railway station killed 85 people, the deadliest attack of Italy's 'strategy of tension' period. Italian courts convicted several neofascist militants of the bombing, and later trials found members of Italian military intelligence guilty of obstructing the investigation, though claims that the Gladio stay-behind network directly orchestrated the attack remain contested among historians and were not established as proven fact in the convictions. Italian parliamentary inquiries into the broader strategy-of-tension period continued for decades afterward. politics / war ●●

29 February 1980 Cillie Commission report tabled on Soweto uprising 0 cit. The Cillie Commission's report on the 1976 Soweto uprising was tabled in parliament, recording 575 deaths in unrest up to February 1977, of which 451 were attributed to police action. The commission found the police were largely unprepared for the scale of the protests but stopped short of blaming either the police or the students, a conclusion later widely criticised as evasive. Death and injury figures in the report were disputed at the time as too low. politics / society ●●

24 March 1980 El Salvador death squads and the killing of Archbishop Romero 0 cit. Right-wing death squads operating alongside El Salvador's security forces killed thousands during the country's civil war, including Archbishop Óscar Romero, shot while saying Mass in March 1980. The UN-backed Truth Commission in 1993 attributed the assassination to a plot linked to Roberto D'Aubuisson and found that death squads were tied to elements of the state. These findings belong to the Truth Commission, and some named figures denied involvement. politics / society / war ●●

18 April 1980 Zimbabwe independence after the Rhodesian war 0 cit. After a long guerrilla war against white-minority Rhodesian rule, Zimbabwe became independent under Robert Mugabe. The Lancaster House Agreement set the terms for majority rule and elections. Independence ended one of the last white settler governments in Africa. politics / war ●●

31 August 1980 Solidarity rises in Poland 0 cit. Strikes at the Gdansk shipyard led to Solidarity, the first independent trade union in the Soviet bloc, under Lech Walesa. The government banned it and imposed martial law, but the movement survived underground. Its return in 1989 helped bring down communist rule in Poland. politics / society ●●

1980 Structural adjustment programs arrive 0 cit. The World Bank begins lending tied to structural adjustment: cut spending, privatize state firms, open markets, and devalue the currency. Paired with IMF conditions, these programs reshaped economies across Africa and Latin America through the 1980s and 1990s. Supporters said they fixed bloated states; critics said the austerity deepened poverty and served creditors first. (See the linked IMF and World Bank story.) economy / politics ●●●

1980 The Brandt Report frames North and South 0 cit. An independent commission led by former West German chancellor Willy Brandt publishes North-South: A Programme for Survival, arguing that the rich North and poor South share one fate and need a grand bargain. It called for more aid, debt relief, and reformed trade. The report drew wide attention but little action as the 1980s turned toward austerity instead. diplomacy / economy ●

1980 El Salvador's government in the civil war 0 cit. The United States poured billions in aid and advisers into the Salvadoran government during its twelve-year war against leftist guerrillas. American-backed forces and allied death squads killed tens of thousands of civilians, including the massacre at El Mozote and the murder of Archbishop Oscar Romero. Washington kept the aid flowing while pressing for reforms that came slowly. politics / war ●●●

May 1980 Chun Doo-hwan and the Gwangju crackdown contested 0 cit. General Chun Doo-hwan seized power and crushed the Gwangju uprising, killing hundreds of protesters. The United States kept its alliance and aid intact, and critics argue Washington did too little to restrain a general whose forces operated under a joint command structure. Chun's rule lasted until popular protests forced democratic reform in 1987. politics / war ●●

April 1980 Liberia's long tie to the United States 0 cit. Liberia was a close US partner hosting vital Cold War facilities, including a major relay station and communications sites. Washington kept support flowing to Samuel Doe after his violent 1980 coup, valuing the bases and his anti-communism despite his brutal rule. American aid propped up his government through much of the 1980s. diplomacy / politics ●●

c. 1980 Saudi Arabia completes its takeover of Aramco 0 cit. The Saudi government, having bought increasing stakes since 1973, took full ownership of the Arabian American Oil Company and turned it into the state firm Saudi Aramco. The world's most valuable oil operation became national property run by the kingdom. State oil companies now control the majority of global reserves, a core feature of modern state capitalism. economy / politics ●●●

26 August 1980 China opens the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone 0 cit. China designated Shenzhen a Special Economic Zone with its own business-friendly rules, tax breaks, and openness to foreign investment, apart from the rest of the country. A fishing region was governed as a purpose-built enterprise zone and grew into a megacity. Special zones treat a patch of territory as a product designed to attract capital. economy / politics ●●

c. 1980 Heroin and the Soviet-Afghan war 0 cit. As the CIA and Pakistan's ISI funneled arms to the mujahideen fighting the Soviets, the Afghan-Pakistan borderlands became a major heroin source. Journalists and scholars have argued that the covert war and its cash pipelines helped the Golden Crescent trade expand, a claim the agencies involved have never fully accounted for. economy / politics / war ●●

1980 The collapse of the Nugan Hand Bank 0 cit. The Australian merchant bank Nugan Hand collapsed after co-founder Frank Nugan was found dead, and investigators uncovered ties to drug-money movement and to figures linked to US intelligence. Australian inquiries documented the bank's role in laundering and its intelligence connections without ever fully resolving how deep they ran. economy / politics ●

c. 1980 The custom declines among the Kikuyu 0 cit. Over the later twentieth century the female rite fell sharply out of practice among the Kikuyu, worn down by schooling, urban life, church teaching, and changing views of women's health and rights. Male circumcision continued as an openly held custom, while the cutting of girls became rare and increasingly condemned. The change came largely from within the community rather than by decree. culture / society ●

February 1980 Elections and independence as Zimbabwe 0 cit. Supervised elections in late February 1980 gave Robert Mugabe's ZANU-PF a decisive majority, and the country became independent as Zimbabwe on 18 April 1980. Some on the Rhodesian side alleged intimidation by ZANU during the campaign, while Commonwealth observers judged that the result broadly reflected the will of the voters. Mugabe became the first prime minister, ending white minority rule. politics / society ●

1980 The land clause entrenches willing-buyer, willing-seller 0 cit. The independence constitution obliges the new government to acquire land only on a willing-seller, willing-buyer basis for the first ten years, and requires prompt, adequate compensation at market value payable in foreign currency. This land clause is entrenched, meaning it cannot be amended until 1990. Land taken in colonial conquest can only be recovered by buying it back at full price. economy / politics ●●●

c. 1980 Britain and the US pledge land-reform money 0 cit. To make the willing-seller model workable, Britain pledges funding for land purchase, a commitment often cited as around 44 million pounds over the first decade, and the Carter administration signals American support. The money that actually arrives is limited and comes with conditions favouring market purchase. Resettlement is slowed by a shortage of funds and of land that willing sellers offer. diplomacy / economy ●●

c. 1980 The Wildenstein family holds Ol Jogi in Laikipia 3 cit. The Wildenstein family, a French-American art-dealing dynasty, holds the Ol Jogi ranch, tens of thousands of acres of Laikipia. The estate is later run as a private wildlife conservancy. It is a clear case of a former colonial ranch passing into foreign ownership and continuing as a fenced private landscape after independence. economy / environment ●

June 1980 United States gains access to Mombasa's facilities 0 cit. Kenya and the United States signed an access agreement letting American forces use the naval port at Mombasa and nearby airfields for operations toward the Indian Ocean and the Gulf. Washington paid on the order of 26 million dollars to upgrade and use the facilities. This was an open state-to-state deal, not a covert arrangement. diplomacy / war ●●●

c. 1980 US military aid flows to Moi's Kenya 0 cit. Between 1980 and 1985 the United States delivered substantial military hardware, including roughly 40 MD500 helicopters and about 2,100 TOW anti-tank missiles, alongside training and economic aid. This was documented government-to-government assistance to a Cold War ally. There is no established record that the CIA installed Moi's government or ran its security services; the documented backing is the overt military, financial, and diplomatic support. diplomacy / war ●●

c. 1980 Some writers cast service clubs as covert control networks 0 cit. A strand of conspiracy writing holds that service clubs such as Rotary act as covert elite-control networks or fronts for intelligence and business interests. Proponents of this view read the international membership and quiet influence as evidence of hidden coordination. The documented reality is an open, dues-based civic club that publishes its membership, finances, and projects, which sits beside the claim for readers to weigh. politics / society ●

1980 Saudi intelligence agrees to match CIA funding for the Afghan jihad ai_extracted 1 cit. In July 1980 Prince Turki al-Faisal's General Intelligence Department reached a formal deal with the CIA to match, dollar for dollar, U.S. congressional funding for the mujahedin. Saudi money flowed through its Washington embassy into a CIA-controlled Swiss account used to buy weapons. ●●

1980 The World Bank's first Structural Adjustment Loan to Kenya 0 cit. Kenya was among the first countries to take a World Bank Structural Adjustment Loan, signed in 1980. In exchange for finance it agreed to open trade, cut protection, and reduce the state's role in the economy. The programme began a long era of conditions attached to lending by the Bank and the IMF. diplomacy / economy ●●●

c. April 1980 Switzerland becomes protecting power for the United States in Iran 0 cit. After the United States and Iran broke off relations during the hostage crisis, Switzerland took on the role of protecting power, representing American interests in Tehran. Acting as a neutral go-between for states that will not talk directly is the practical work of Swiss good-offices diplomacy. Switzerland has played this quiet intermediary role in a number of conflicts down to the present day. diplomacy ●●

c. 1980 Historians answer Sutton with a profit-not-plot reading 1 cit. Mainstream historians accept the underlying record Sutton assembled: Western firms and banks did trade with and equip both the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. What they reject is the idea of one coordinating hand. They see many separate companies and financiers chasing profit and markets, often in rivalry, not a single group steering both regimes as an experiment. economy / politics / society ●●●

c. 1980 The 'same money funded both sides' idea is turned to propaganda 1 cit. The claim that the same financiers backed both communism and fascism has been misused to revive the antisemitic charge of a secret Jewish banking conspiracy. Historians and Sutton's own finance-focused account give no support to that reading. The documented story is one of banks, firms, and states pursuing profit and advantage, not any ethnic or bloodline cabal. politics / society ●●●

8 May 1980 Smallpox is certified eradicated 0 cit. The World Health Assembly formally declares smallpox eradicated worldwide, the first and still only human disease driven to extinction by deliberate effort. The last natural case had occurred in Somalia in 1977. The achievement stands as the WHO's landmark success and the strongest argument for coordinated global health work. diplomacy / science / society ●●●●

c. 1980 Group ranches are subdivided and sold off 0 cit. Communal Maasai land held as group ranches was broken up into individual titles from the 1970s and 1980s onward. Subdivision let outsiders and speculators buy up plots, and many Maasai sold or lost land cheaply or through fraud. Fencing and private title cut across the seasonal movement that pastoralism needs, leaving herders with smaller and drier holdings. economy / society ●●●

November 1980 Bulla Karatasi massacre and the burning of Garissa contested 3 cit. After the killing of government officers, security forces swept the Bulla Karatasi area of Garissa, burning homes and driving people from the town. Survivors described killings, rape and torture during the operation. The death toll is disputed, with figures ranging from official counts of a few dozen to survivor accounts of many hundreds. politics / war ●●●

c. 1980 The Shanga excavations trace a Swahili town from timber to stone 0 cit. Mark Horton’s excavations at Shanga, on Pate Island, uncovered a continuous sequence from about 750 to 1425: a small timber settlement with a wooden mosque that was rebuilt in coral stone over centuries. It became the clearest evidence that Swahili towns grew from local African roots. ●●

1980s Central banks abandon monetary targets ai_extracted 1 cit. By the mid-1980s both the Bank of England and the U.S. Federal Reserve announced that they had lost faith in M1, M2, and M3 money-supply measures and were abandoning monetary targets altogether. ●●●

1981 U.S.-Japan Wise Men's Group calls for open Japanese markets ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1981 the U.S.-Japan Wise Men's Group reported that Japan needed to make much greater efforts to open its domestic markets to goods, services, and capital to a degree equal to the United States. ●●

December 1981 BoJ announces abolition of window guidance controls ai_extracted 1 cit. In December 1981 the Bank of Japan announced that window guidance controls would be abolished from January 1982, saying it would instead 'respect' banks' lending plans, though officials testified the controls were not really ended. ●●●

25 May 1981 Founding of the Gulf Cooperation Council 0 cit. Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the UAE sign the GCC charter in Abu Dhabi, creating a political and economic union of the Arab Gulf monarchies amid the Iran-Iraq War. diplomacy / economy / politics ●●●

1 November 1981 Independence of Antigua and Barbuda 0 cit. no story Antigua and Barbuda becomes an independent state within the Commonwealth, ending British colonial rule. politics ●●

21 September 1981 Independence of Belize 0 cit. no story British Honduras, renamed Belize, becomes independent from the United Kingdom. politics ●●

2 July 1981 Founding of Infosys 0 cit. N.R. Narayana Murthy and six colleagues found Infosys with about 250 dollars of capital. It becomes a flagship of India's software outsourcing industry and a maker of middle-class wealth through employee stock. economy / technology ●●

5 June 1981 First report of AIDS 0 cit. US health authorities report unusual infections in five young men in Los Angeles, the first recognized cases of AIDS. The epidemic goes on to kill tens of millions and transforms public health, medicine, and attitudes toward sexuality. science / society ●●●●

7 June 1981 Israeli strike on the Osirak reactor 0 cit. Israeli jets destroy Iraq's nearly finished Osirak reactor near Baghdad in Operation Opera. The raid sets the precedent of preventive strikes against nuclear programs, though Iraq's covert work continues underground. politics / war ●●●

1 August 1981 MTV launches 0 cit. MTV began broadcasting music videos on 1 August 1981, fusing television with pop music and advertising. It reshaped youth culture and the marketing of entertainment. culture / society ●●●

17 March 1981 The Propaganda Due (P2) scandal 0 cit. Italian investigators discovered that the secret lodge Propaganda Due, led by Licio Gelli, had enrolled hundreds of powerful figures and operated outside masonic rules. The scandal brought down a government and led regular Freemasonry to expel the lodge. economy / politics / religion ●●●●

1981 Gould's The Mismeasure of Man dismantles racist science 0 cit. Stephen Jay Gould exposed how craniometry and intelligence testing had been warped by racial bias. The book became a landmark critique of the long effort to rank human worth by biology. science / society ●●

13 May 1981 Assassination attempt on John Paul II 0 cit. A Turkish gunman shot and gravely wounded the pope in Saint Peter's Square. The pope survived and later met and forgave his attacker. politics / religion ●●

1981 Mauritania, the last to abolish slavery 0 cit. Mauritania became the last country to formally abolish slavery, and only made it a crime in 2007. Hereditary bondage there has proved difficult to end in practice. politics / society ●●●

12 April 1981 First Space Shuttle flight 0 cit. The Space Shuttle Columbia flew the program's first mission, the first reusable crewed spacecraft to reach orbit and glide back to a runway. It began three decades of shuttle flights. exploration / science / technology ●●●●

1981 Maruti is named for the Hindu deity Hanuman 0 cit. Maruti, India's carmaker whose modern entity was established in 1981, is named after Maruti, a traditional name for the Hindu deity Hanuman, the swift and mighty son of the wind god. economy / religion / technology ●●

17 November 1981 The CIA arms and trains the Contras 0 cit. President Reagan authorized covert support for the Contra rebels fighting Nicaragua's Sandinista government. The CIA armed, trained, and directed the force from bases in Honduras. politics / war ●●●●

11 December 1981 El Mozote massacre by a trained battalion 0 cit. A US-trained Salvadoran army unit killed around a thousand villagers at El Mozote, most of them women and children. US officials publicly downplayed the massacre for years. society / war ●●●

1981 Chile builds a school voucher system under Pinochet 0 cit. Chile's military government introduced vouchers that let public money follow students to private schools. The market-based reform was one of the world's largest and shaped debates over choice and equity. economy / politics ●●●

1981 Reagan shot in Washington ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A gunman shot President Reagan on a Washington sidewalk, and he came very close to dying. His slow recovery deepened the turmoil in his national-security team. ●●

1981 Soviets go on global nuclear alert ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Fearing a surprise American attack, the Soviets went on a global nuclear alert that lasted two years. The superpowers came close to accidental war without the CIA realizing it. ●●

1981 Mitterrand shares the Farewell dossier ai_extracted 1 cit. no story French President Mitterrand told Reagan about a KGB defector whose file, the Farewell dossier, exposed Soviet theft of Western technology. It led the CIA to feed the Soviets sabotaged technology. ●●

1981 It was here in 1981 that a group of 1,800 families defied the military junta candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was here in 1981 that a group of 1,800 families defied the military junta then ruling Argentina by occupying a stretch of wasteland. ●●

1981 61 According to Perkins’s book, The Confessions of an Economic Hit Man, two Latin American rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 61 According to Perkins’s book, The Confessions of an Economic Hit Man, two Latin American leaders, Jaime Roldós Aguilera of Ecuador and Omar Torrijos of Panama, were assassinated in 1981 for opposing what he calls ‘that fraternity of corporate, government, and banking heads whose goal is global empire’. ●●

1981 Du Pont acquires Conoco ai_extracted 1 cit. no story There was more bad news. About two years before, Morgan Stanley had set up a “risk arbitrage” department to speculate in takeover targets. As would become clear during the insider trading scandals of the 1980s, such operations were incompatible wi... ●●

1981 So in 1981, the Morgan chairman, Lew Preston, and president, Robert V rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER THIRTY-THREE TRADERS IN the early 1980s, as the final vestiges of fraternity among the Morgan houses disappeared and Morgan Guaranty abandoned wholesale lending to enter global investment banking, it ran into Morgan Stanley. It was also o... ●●

1981 In 1981, Morgan Stanley reigned as number one in underwriting, as i... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The force of 415 was swiftly revealed in its trial usage by AT&T in 1982. A year earlier, Morgan Stanley had mustered a traditional AT&T syndicate of 255 houses. Now, for a $100-million shelf issue, AT&T invited bids from twenty-one underwriters. ●●

1981 French Socialists move to nationalize Paribas ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1981, the French Socialists announced plans to nationalize the Paris-based bank. Moussa warned the new government that this move would... ●●

1981 China launches three satellites on one rocket ai_extracted 1 cit. no story China successfully launched three space satellites from a single rocket, demonstrating advanced multiple-warhead rocket technology for nuclear weapons delivery. ●●

1981 China conducts large-scale military maneuvers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story China conducted large-scale military maneuvers involving six to seven armies backed by aircraft, a significant improvement over the 1979 Vietnam war. ●●

1981 Reagan's Parade essay drawn from Manly P. Hall ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Ronald Reagan, in his first term, wrote an essay for Parade magazine on Independence Day published July 4, 1981. At Camp David, Reagan handwrote the essay on a yellow legal pad, incorporating ideas and phraseology directly from Manly P. Hall's The Secret Destiny of America. ●●

1981 remains were found facedown in a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story remains were found facedown in a field on June 1, 1981. ●●

1981 murders were committed by the Gecht rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story murders were committed by the Gecht crew between June 1981 and May 1982. ●●

1981 Dahmer was processed out of the service rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Dahmer was processed out of the service at Fort Jackson, South Carolina on March 26, 1981. ●●

1981 Jaruzelski suppresses Solidarity in Poland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Suppressed by General Jaruzelski in 1981, Solidarity had re-emerged as a political force, which Jaruzelski could not ignore. ●●

1981 1981: The IBM PC was unveiled, with a list price of $1,565, at New... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story uty. The IBM PC was unveiled, with a list price of $1,565, at New York’s Waldorf Astoria in August 1981. Allen, Gates, and their team were not invited to the event. “The weirdest thing of all,” Gates ●●

1981 1981: In fact, on the day that IBM launched its PC in August 1981,... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story icrosoft had a good relationship with Apple. In fact, on the day that IBM launched its PC in August 1981, Gates was visiting Jobs at Apple, which was a regular occurrence since Microsoft was making mo ●●

1981 1981: In 1981 Lawrence Landweber at the University of Wisconsin pu... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story disconnected from the rise of networks. The ARPANET of the 1970s was not open to ordinary folks. In 1981 Lawrence Landweber at the University of Wisconsin pulled together a consortium of universities ●●

1981 1981: His passion was to help companies that wanted to pioneer the... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story that wanted to pioneer the electronic frontier, so when his brother Dan joined Hambrecht & Quist in 1981, he began sending Steve business plans for interesting companies. One of them was for von Meist ●●

1981 1981: imes forget that simplicity is the soul of beauty. The IBM PC was unve rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story imes forget that simplicity is the soul of beauty. The IBM PC was unveiled, with a list price of $1,565, at New York’s Waldorf Astoria in August 1981. ●●

1981 1981: osh, Microsoft had a good relationship with Apple. In fact, on the day rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story osh, Microsoft had a good relationship with Apple. In fact, on the day that IBM launched its PC in August 1981, Gates was visiting Jobs at Apple, whic ●●

1981 1981: PANET of the 1970s was not open to ordinary folks. In 1981 Lawrence La rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story PANET of the 1970s was not open to ordinary folks. In 1981 Lawrence Landweber at the University of Wisconsin pulled together a consortium of universit ●●

1981 1981: ence forwarded to his little apartment in Wichita. His passion was to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ence forwarded to his little apartment in Wichita. His passion was to help companies that wanted to pioneer the electronic frontier, so when his broth ●●

1981 Event of 1981 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story aliphate in a world dominated by Islam), Nigeria’s Boko Haram, Syria’s extremist militia Jabhat al-Nusrah, and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, which erupted in a major military assault in mid-2014. They were the militant doctrine of the Egy ●●

1981 Information history in 1981 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story first to use the terms viral text and viral sentences seems to have been a reader of Dawkins named Stephen Walton of New York City, corresponding in 1981 with Douglas Hofstadter. Thinking logically—pe ●●

1981 Ware, interview with Nancy Stern, January 19, 1981, CBI, cal rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ware, interview with Nancy Stern, January 19, 1981, CBI, call no ●●

1981 police that at a meeting in Romania, the Warsaw Pact powers had decided to kill the pope. This was candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story police that at a meeting in Romania, the Warsaw Pact powers had decided to kill the pope. This was apparently a leak of the forged SISMI document of May 19, 1981, which had made this claim. Thus the hearsay recounting of the substance of a forgery i ●●

1981 , August 29, 1976. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story , August 29, 1976. 59. See below, note 67. 60. John Dinges, “Evidence Indicates Military Planned Missionaries’ Deaths,” National Catholic Reporter, July 17, 1981. 61. Stephen Kinzer, “Ex-Aide in Salvador Accuses Colleagues on Death Squads,” March ●●

1981 185. Louis Wiznitzer, Christian Science Monitor, November 6, 1981; Kamm, “In Mosaic of Southeast Asi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 185. Louis Wiznitzer, Christian Science Monitor, November 6, 1981; Kamm, “In Mosaic of Southeast Asia, Capitalist Lands Are Thriving,” New York Times, November 8, 1981. 186. See p. 174 and note 2. 187. For a point-by-point response, demonstrating t ●●

1981 85. Louis Wiznitzer, Christian Science Monitor, November 6, 1981; Kamm, “In Mosaic of Southeast Asia rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 85. Louis Wiznitzer, Christian Science Monitor, November 6, 1981; Kamm, “In Mosaic of Southeast Asia, Capitalist Lands Are Thriving,” New York Times, November 8, 1981. 186. See p. 174 and note 2. 187. For a point-by-point response, demonstrating th ●●

1981 Reagan fires 11,000 striking air traffic controllers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Reagan’s firing of 11,000 striking air-controllers in 1981 “put the government seal of approval on strike-breaking and a new era of industrial relations opened.”122 But you would hardly know ●●

1981 They would tend to stand alone in focusing on victims that from the st... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story They would tend to stand alone in focusing on victims that from the standpoint of dominant American interests were unworthy.118 In marked contrast, protest over political prisoners and the violation ●●

1981 gave a tiny, back-page, UPI account of the memorial service for Sister... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 8, 1981) gave a tiny, back-page, UPI account of the memorial service for Sister Dorothy Kazel, featuring the apolitical statement by Bishop Anthony M. ●●

1981 On September 30, 1981, Ambassador Deane Hinton stated with assurance t... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On September 30, 1981, Ambassador Deane Hinton stated with assurance that the local national guardsmen “were acting on their own,” although internal State Department documents of the time recognized t ●●

1981 As AI pointed out in 1981: The bodies of the victims have been found ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As AI pointed out in 1981: The bodies of the victims have been found piled up in ravines, dumped at roadsides or buried in mass graves. ●●

1981 Stanley Rother, the New York Times reported on August 5, 1981, in a ti... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Stanley Rother, the New York Times reported on August 5, 1981, in a tiny back-page article, that three men had been arrested for questioning in the shooting. ●●

1981 Neither did Duarte’s acknowledgment in 1981 that “the masses were with... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Neither did Duarte’s acknowledgment in 1981 that “the masses were with the guerrillas” when he joined the junta a year earlier (which would clearly make them a “main opposition”).99 Nor were the media ●●