Events, Verisoph

c. 1743 The Royal Arch degree 0 cit. The Holy Royal Arch is a further degree that continues the Temple narrative and is regarded by many Masons as the completion of the Master Mason degree. The earliest known references to it date from the 1740s in Ireland and England. religion / society ●●●

1743 The Rothschild banking dynasty ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts that the greatest of the international banking dynasties descended from Meyer Amschel Rothschild (1743-1812) of Frankfurt, whose sons ran coordinated branches across Europe. ●●

1743 Prussia was joined by France, Spain, Bavaria, and ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In it, Prussia was joined by France, Spain, Bavaria, and Saxony—which in 1743 switched sides—while Great Britain supported Austria. ●●

1743 Council of Berne proscribes Freemasonry ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pike notes that in 1743 the Council of Berne proscribed Masonry, continuing the ecclesiastical suppression initiated by the papal bull five years earlier. ●●

c. 1744 Founding of the Al Said Sultanate 0 cit. no story Ahmad bin Said is elected imam of Oman, founding the Al Said dynasty that still rules the sultanate; Oman was never colonized. politics ●●●

c. 1744 Wahhabi movement founded 0 cit. Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab allies with Muhammad ibn Saud, pairing a strict revivalist interpretation of Islam with Saudi political power. The pact shapes the religious character of the later Saudi state. politics / religion ●●●

c. 1744 The Diriyah Pact 0 cit. Muhammad ibn Saud, ruler of the oasis town of Diriyah, formed an alliance with the religious reformer Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. The pact joined Saudi political power to Wahhabi religious doctrine and founded the First Saudi State. politics / religion ●●●●●

1746 to 1763 Carnatic Wars 0 cit. no story Britain and France fight through Indian proxies for influence in the Carnatic. British victory drives France from serious contention in India and opens the way for Company rule. politics / war ●●●

1747 Nadir Shah assassinated, Qajar dynasty rises ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nadir Shah is assassinated, and after a series of power struggles lasting nearly fifty years, the Qajar dynasty comes to power. ●●

1747 2 The trade taught him discipline, and formed the setting for his rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2 The trade taught him discipline, and formed the setting for his Evangelical Calvinist conversion in 1747, after which happy experience he continued to pass on his new-found discipline to his unruly charges by applying thumbscrews to them when neces ●●

1748 Montesquieu argues for separation of powers 0 cit. In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu argued that liberty is protected when legislative, executive, and judicial powers are held by different bodies that check one another. The idea deeply shaped later constitutions. culture / politics ●●●●●

1748 Franklin sells his business to pursue study ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that in 1748 Franklin, then wealthy at forty-two, sold his printing business to devote himself to study, soon earning a scientific reputation in Europe. ●●

1748 La Mettrie takes refuge with Frederick of Prussia, 1748 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that the materialist writer La Mettrie fled the Netherlands in 1748 and accepted the protection of Frederick of Prussia. ●●

1748 War of the Austrian Succession ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first was the War of the Austrian Succession, from 1740 to 1748. ●●

c. 1748 Trooping the Colour formalized as the sovereign's official birthday parade 0 cit. Trooping the Colour, a military parade combining the ceremony of trooping a regiment's colours with a celebration of the monarch's official birthday, became an annual fixture under George II. It visibly displays the sovereign's constitutional position as head of the armed forces. The exact year the birthday parade and colour ceremony merged is not precisely fixed in the historical record, so it is treated here as approximate. culture / war ●

c. 1748 Euler reshapes mathematics and its notation 0 cit. Leonhard Euler was among the most productive mathematicians ever, working across analysis, number theory, mechanics, and graph theory even after losing his sight. He standardized much of the notation still in use, including the symbols for e, for the function, and for the imaginary unit. His identity linking five fundamental constants is often called the most beautiful equation in mathematics. science ●●●

1749 Bow Street Runners founded by Henry Fielding 0 cit. Magistrate and novelist Henry Fielding organized a small group of paid, non-uniformed constables based at his Bow Street office to investigate crimes and pursue offenders across London. Known as the Bow Street Runners, they are widely considered England's first professional police force, predating the Metropolitan Police by 80 years. Fielding's half-brother John continued and expanded the force after Henry's death in 1754. politics ●●

30 July 1749 Spain's Great Round-up of the Roma 0 cit. On 30 July 1749 the Spanish state, under the Marquis of Ensenada and King Ferdinand VI, carried out a coordinated mass arrest of Roma known as the Gran Redada, or Great Round-up. Estimates of those seized range from roughly nine thousand to twelve thousand people, split up by sex to prevent them having children and put to forced labor. It was one of the most systematic anti-Roma actions before the 20th century. politics / society ●●●

c. 1750 to c. 1830 Turnpike trusts improve the roads 0 cit. Turnpike trusts built and maintained better roads and charged tolls, with engineers like Telford and McAdam improving surfaces. Faster coaches and carts cut journey times before the railways. economy / technology ●●●

c. 1750 Nantes dominates the French slave trade 0 cit. Nantes was the busiest French slaving port, fitting out expeditions that carried hundreds of thousands of captives to the Caribbean. Its wealth built grand quays and townhouses that still stand. economy ●●●

1750 But by 1750, the number of Euro-Americans and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But by 1750, the number of Euro-Americans and Afro-Americans east of the Mississippi had reached around r . ●●

1750 For all the talk about a European “Pentarchy,” however, it i rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For all the talk about a European “Pentarchy,” however, it is important to recall that the five Great Powers were not in the same relationship to one another as they had been in 1750 or even in 1789. ●●

1750 World Power Centers in the Sixteenth Century 2 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1750 7. Europe at the Height of Napoleon’s Power, 1810 8. The Chief Possessions, Naval Bases, and Submarine Cables of the British Empire, c. ●●

1750 Event of 1750 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story from My Life ALI SOUFAN, The Black Banners: Inside the Hunt for Al Qaeda JASON BURKE, The 9/11 Wars TIMOTHY D. WILSON, Redirect: The Surprising New Science of Psychological Change IAN KERSHAW, The End: Hitler’s Germany, 1944-45 T M DEVINE, To the End ●●

1750 Information history in 1750 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ifferent ways, could denote numbers and weights. A more systematic approach to the writing of numbers did not take shape until the time of Hammurabi, 1750 BCE, when Mesopotamia was unified around the ●●

1750 Event of 1750 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story i n t r o d u c t i o n 3 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 2 4 6 8 10 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Annual increments (millions) Population size (billions) Po ●●

1750 Hasidism emerges in Eastern Europe ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Popular Hasidic movement emerges in Eastern Europe, transforming Kabbalah into mass movement centered on Zaddik leaders ●●

1750 Colonial Price Inflation from Fiat Money rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin reports that by the late 1750s, excessive printing of colonial fiat money caused massive inflation: Connecticut 800%, the Carolinas 900%, Massachusetts 1000%, Rhode Island 2300%. ●●

c. 1750 Masonic and fraternal orders adopt Templar names and symbols 0 cit. Starting in the 1700s, Freemasonry and related fraternal movements created honorary degrees and orders using Templar names and imagery, such as the York Rite's Knights Templar degree. These groups are documented fraternal and charitable organizations, but historians find no proven organizational link between them and the medieval Knights Templar, which had been dissolved four centuries earlier. Claims of an unbroken secret lineage are a romantic invention, not established history. society ●

c. 1750 Profane: the one outside the temple 0 cit. In Masonic speech a profane is simply a person who has not been initiated, said without insult. The word comes from Latin profanus, literally before or outside the temple (pro fanum), the ground where the uninitiated stood. Masonry kept that old sense of outside the sacred enclosure while everyday English drifted toward profane meaning irreverent or obscene. culture / religion ●

c. 1750 On the level: equality among brothers 0 cit. On the level plays on the mason's level, the tool that proves a surface is truly horizontal, and inside the lodge it stands for the equality of all brothers regardless of rank. In wider English it came to mean honest, fair and straight-dealing. The Masonic use of the level as a symbol of equality is well documented, and it is a plausible channel for the everyday phrase, though the honest sense may also draw on the plain builder's image. culture / society ●●●

c. 1750 The Maasai laibon as prophet and ritual leader 0 cit. The Maasai had no king, but the oloiboni, or laibon, was a ritual expert and prophet whose blessing, divination, and medicine were sought before raids and in times of crisis. Figures such as Mbatian, remembered in the nineteenth century, gained wide influence across Maasai sections without commanding a state. The laibon's authority was spiritual and personal rather than administrative. Much of the record is oral and later colonial testimony. politics / religion ●●

c. 1750 Kamba long-distance caravan traders 0 cit. The Kamba of the dry southeastern country became the great middlemen of the caravan trade, carrying ivory, cattle, and other goods between the interior and the coastal towns before Swahili and Arab caravans pushed inland. Their routes linked highland producers to Indian Ocean markets, and skilled Kamba traders grew wealthy and influential. This role peaked in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It faded as coastal caravans reached deeper inland. economy ●●

c. 1750 Movement and intermarriage blurred group boundaries 0 cit. People crossed between groups through marriage, adoption, trade, and shelter during drought or war, and whole families could be absorbed and reidentified over a generation. Maasai and Kikuyu communities intermarried and traded along the highland edge, and Kalenjin-speaking groups took in outsiders who became members in full. Lonsdale and Berman describe precolonial identity as real but porous, with boundaries that shaded into one another rather than fixed lines. The pattern is reconstructed from oral and linguistic evidence, so timing is approximate. economy / society ●●

c. 1750 The frontier with the Gumba and Athi contested 0 cit. As Kikuyu families pushed south into the Kiambu forests they met the Gumba, remembered as short forest cultivators and iron-workers, and the Athi, hunter-gatherers of the woodland. Kikuyu tradition insists the newcomers bought land and hunting rights from them with goats and other goods before the older peoples melted away or were absorbed. Historians dispute how peaceful this really was, and how far the language of purchase masks displacement. economy / society ●●●

c. 1750 The Kamba ivory caravans 3 cit. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the Kamba became the great long-distance traders of the region, moving ivory, cattle, and iron goods between the interior and the coast. Kamba caravans, led by big men such as Kivoi wa Mwendwa, opened routes that later coastal traders and the first European travellers followed. Their dry lands, poor for farming, pushed them into a trade that linked Mount Kenya to the ocean. economy / society ●●●

c. 1750 Kilumi and Kamba social life 2 cit. Kamba society ran on clans, age-sets, and councils of elders, with no chief above them. The kilumi was a dance and spirit ritual, often led by women, used to heal the sick and deal with the spirits of the dead. Ritual specialists and diviners held real influence, guiding families through sickness, drought, and disputes. culture / religion ●●

c. 1750 The Abagusii migrate into the southwestern highlands 0 cit. Oral tradition and linguistics trace the Abagusii from a homeland near the Lake, where they once lived among related Bantu, up into the cooler, defensible Gusii highlands. Pressure from expanding Luo settlement and Maasai cattle-raiders is remembered as the force that pushed them to their present hills, a staged movement over generations rather than a single trek. There they built dense farming settlements set apart from the plains. society / war ●●●

c. 1750 The Abakuria settle the Kenya-Tanzania borderland contested 0 cit. The Abakuria live astride the modern Kenya-Tanzania border, a Bantu people divided into clans such as the Abanyabasi, Abagumbe, Abakira and Abairege. Their origins are reconstructed from oral tradition and remain debated, with stories of movement from several directions and long mixing with Bantu and Nilotic neighbours. The border later cut their country in two without regard to clan lines. politics / society ●●

c. 1750 Precolonial trade with Luo and Nilotic neighbours 0 cit. The western Bantu did not live sealed off; they traded grain, iron, pottery, livestock and fish with Luo, Kalenjin and Maasai neighbours at recognised markets and border points. Exchange ran alongside raiding and intermarriage, so that goods, words and people crossed the ethnic lines that colonial maps later hardened. This web of trade and kinship shaped the region long before the British drew its boundaries. economy / society ●●

c. 1750 The Samburu of the northern highlands 0 cit. The Samburu are close kin of the Maasai, Maa-speakers who settled the dry highlands and plains south of Lake Turkana rather than moving on to the central Rift. They kept the same cattle-centered life, age-sets, and warrior grades, with their own dialect and customs. Their name for themselves is Loikop or Lokop, and they remained among the most cattle-devoted of the Maa peoples. economy / society ●●

c. 1750 The Nandi and Kipsigis cattle economy and raiding 4 cit. The Nandi and their southern cousins the Kipsigis built their wealth and pride on cattle, herding on the highland grasslands and measuring standing in stock. Warriors raided neighbors, above all the Luo, Luhya, and the Maasai, to seize herds and win reputation. Success at raiding fed a fierce military tradition that later made the Nandi one of the hardest peoples for the British to subdue. economy / war ●●

c. 1750 The Turkana split from the Jie and enter the basin contested 5 cit. The Turkana are among the most recent Nilotic arrivals in Kenya, an Eastern Nilotic people of the Ateker cluster who broke away from the Jie and Karamojong of northeastern Uganda. Over the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries they expanded into the harsh arid basin west of the lake that now bears their name. The exact timing is reconstructed from tradition and language and remains debated. society ●●●

c. 1750 Mijikenda trade with the Swahili towns 0 cit. The Mijikenda linked the coast to the interior, carrying grain, ivory, gum copal, and forest goods down to Swahili towns like Mombasa in exchange for cloth, beads, and metal. Giriama traders in particular grew prosperous as middlemen. The link tied the farming hinterland and the Muslim coast into one economy. economy / society ●●

c. 1750 The Iteso move into the Busia country 0 cit. Over the 18th and 19th centuries Iteso families pushed into eastern Uganda and across into the Busia area of western Kenya. They took up more farming as they went, settling among and beside Bantu Luhya neighbors. This left the Iteso as an Eastern Nilotic island in a largely Bantu corner of Kenya. economy / society ●●

c. 1750 Meru and Kamba land: the mwiriga and the drier commons 0 cit. Like the Kikuyu githaka, Meru land was held by clan and lineage, the nkuru and mwiriga, and overseen by the Njuri Ncheke elders who judged boundaries and disputes. The Kamba of the drier Ukambani held cultivated plots by family within clan (mbai) land, with wide communal grazing, so the land pressure and individual purchase seen among the Kikuyu were weaker. In all three, land was a lineage trust, not private property, until colonial titling remade it. economy / politics / society ●●●

c. 1750 The Ogiek and their honey economy of the Mau Forest 4 cit. Honey sits at the centre of Ogiek subsistence, ritual, and exchange. Families keep named beehive sites in the forest, tapping different flowering zones through the year, and honey served as both food and a form of currency. Hunting and gathering rounded out a livelihood tied closely to the forest's seasons. culture / economy / environment ●●

c. 1750 Bukusu emerge as a distinct group on the slopes of Mount Elgon contested 0 cit. The Bukusu are the largest sub-group of the Luhya, Bantu speakers who settled the southern and eastern foothills of Mount Elgon, which they call Masaba. Historians think they became distinct from the wider Luhya population only in the late 18th century, after successive waves of Bantu migration into the region. Bukusu oral tradition instead traces the people to a first ancestor, Mwambu, said to have been created at a place called Mumbo. culture / society ●●

c. 1750 Ilchamus settle as a small Maa-speaking people at Lake Baringo contested 0 cit. The Ilchamus, also called Njemps, are a small Maa-speaking people living south and southeast of Lake Baringo, closely related to the Samburu and Maasai. Oral tradition offers two accounts of their origin, one tracing them to a Samburu section that settled by the lake in the mid-eighteenth century, the other to remnants of defeated Iloikop or Kwavi Maasai. Both readings point to a community formed from Maa-speaking migrants who took up life by the water. culture / society ●●

c. 1750 Drought pushes the Keiyo up the escarpment 0 cit. The Keiyo first settled at the foot of the escarpment between the Kerio River and the high wall of rock. Drought and famine in the valley drove many to climb the escarpment and settle the cooler highland plateau toward Uasin Gishu. The result was a way of life spread across two zones, the dry valley floor and the wet highland above. environment / society ●

17 July 1751 The Antients and Moderns schism 0 cit. A rival Grand Lodge, the Antients, formed in 1751 and accused the original body, nicknamed the Moderns, of straying from tradition. The two competed for more than sixty years. religion / society ●●●

1751 The Antient Grand Lodge founded 0 cit. A rival Grand Lodge was established in 1751 by mainly Irish Masons who felt the older body had altered the ritual, and under Laurence Dermott they called themselves the Antients. They accused the senior body, the Moderns, of dropping older practices such as the Royal Arch. culture / society ●●●

1751 1751, Voltaire described a “Christian Europe” as “... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1751, Voltaire described a “Christian Europe” as “a sort of great republic divided into several states, ●●

1751 Event of 1751 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In what may be the first proposal for a policy to control world population, Benjamin Franklin noted in 1751 how rap- idly the colonies of North Americ ●●

1751 Legislative action rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The situation was so out of hand that, beginning in 1751, the British Parliament stepped in and, in one of those rare instances where interference fro ●●

1751 Antients Grand Lodge formed 0 cit. A rival Grand Lodge, later called the 'Antients,' was formed in London, largely by Irish Masons who felt excluded by the established Grand Lodge, which they derisively called the 'Moderns.' The Antients, under Grand Secretary Laurence Dermott, used older ritual forms and grew rapidly, especially through military lodges. The split lasted more than sixty years and split British Masonry into two competing systems. society ●●

4 November 1752 George Washington initiated into Freemasonry 0 cit. Washington was initiated as an Entered Apprentice at the lodge in Fredericksburg, Virginia, and became a Master Mason in 1753 at age twenty-one. He kept a lifelong but largely honorary connection to the fraternity. religion / society ●●

1752 1752: lica of the Analytical Engine. The Jacquard loom. Silk portrait of Jos rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story lica of the Analytical Engine. The Jacquard loom. Silk portrait of Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1752–1834) woven by a Jacquard loom. ●●

1752 Hume, ‘Of Commerce’ (1752), qu rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hume, ‘Of Commerce’ (1752), qu ●●

4 November 1752 George Washington initiated as a Freemason 0 cit. George Washington, then 20 years old, was initiated as an Entered Apprentice at Fredericksburg Lodge No. 4 in Virginia. He was raised to the rank of Master Mason there on August 4, 1753. Washington remained a nominal Mason for the rest of his life, and many other Founders, including Franklin, were also lodge members, though the degree of Masonic influence on the Revolution itself is often overstated in popular accounts. politics / society ●●●

4 November 1752 George Washington is initiated a Freemason 0 cit. George Washington was initiated as an Entered Apprentice at the Fredericksburg Lodge No. 4 in Virginia on November 4, 1752. He was passed to Fellow Craft on March 3, 1753, and raised to Master Mason on August 4, 1753. This progression is documented in the lodge's own minute book, which survives. politics / society ●●●

c. 1752 Franklin and the electric nature of lightning 0 cit. Benjamin Franklin's experiments argued that lightning is electrical and introduced ideas like positive and negative charge. The dramatic kite story is probably exaggerated, and flying a kite in a storm as usually pictured would be deadly. His real contribution was a clear theory of electricity and the practical lightning rod. science ●●

28 May 1754 to 7 October 1763 French and Indian War wikidata 0 cit. no story North American theatre of the worldwide Seven Years' War ●●●●

1754 A stroke, not any qualm of conscience about slavery, ended his career rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A stroke, not any qualm of conscience about slavery, ended his career at sea in 1754 ●●

1755 Braddock's defeat at the Monongahela ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto recounts General Edward Braddock's July 9, 1755 crossing of the Monongahela and the ambush that followed, a defeat he argues proved the British could be beaten. ●●

1755 Braddock's army defeated on the Monongahela, 1755 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto recounts Braddock's 1755 defeat, which drove frontier conflict and pushed wealthy Pennsylvania Quakers toward the Anglican camp. ●●

3 April 1755 Royal Marines given their permanent name 0 cit. The British Admiralty took direct administrative control of the marine companies and organized them as fifty independent companies, laying the groundwork for the modern Royal Marines. The corps was granted the title 'Royal' in 1802 for its service during the French Revolutionary Wars. Royal Marines went on to serve in nearly every major British naval and amphibious operation since. war ●

1 November 1755 The Lisbon earthquake 0 cit. A massive earthquake, then a tsunami and fires, level much of Lisbon on All Saints' Day and kill tens of thousands. The catastrophe shook Portuguese confidence and shocked Enlightenment Europe, and the rebuilding under the minister Pombal reshaped the capital and the state. science / society ●●

May 1756 to February 1763 Seven Years' War 0 cit. no story Often called the first world war, the conflict pits Britain and Prussia against France, Austria, and Russia across four continents. Britain wins Canada and India, while Prussia survives to confirm its great-power status. politics / war ●●●●●

c. 1756 Jacob Frank and the Frankist movement 0 cit. Jacob Frank led a radical offshoot of the Sabbatian tradition, eventually leading followers into a form of Christian conversion. Frankism pushed Kabbalistic messianism to its most transgressive extreme. religion / society ●●

1756 to 1763 The Seven Years War 0 cit. Britain and France fought a global conflict across Europe, North America, India, and the seas. Britain's victory made it the dominant colonial and naval power in the world. politics / war ●●●●●

1756 Had diplomats in 1756 been more cautious about rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Had diplomats in 1756 been more cautious about getting into an interempire war, the revolutions in the British, French, and Spanish empires might well... ●●

1756 Nawab of Bengal moves against the East India Company ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1756 the nawab <?f Bengal nearly threw the East India Company out; this became the occasion for the company to make use of its military capabilitie... ●●

1756 Frederick the Great launches preemptive war ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Frederick the Great, perceiving in 1756 that war was unavoidable and that he was lost unless he could forestall his enemies, became the first to initiate hostilities. This was an act of boldness, as few men in his position would have dared to act in this way. ●●

1756 Joseph Black identifies fixed air ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Joseph Black demonstrates that fixed air (carbon dioxide) is consistently distinguishable from normal air. This discovery marks a turning point in pneumatic chemistry and leads to the investigation of gases as distinct substances. ●●

1756 War or conflict rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It remained so even during the economic strain of the Seven-Years War (1756-1763) and during the period immediately prior to the Revolution ●●

1756 Economic Recovery After Fiat Money Ban rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin notes that after the ban on fiat money, prosperity occurred as colonists returned to using gold coins. The economy remained stable even during the Seven Years' War (1756-1763). ●●

1756 Voltaire's quip: neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire 0 cit. In his survey of world history, Voltaire wrote that the body called the Holy Roman Empire was in no way holy, nor Roman, nor an empire. The line is quoted as a witty verdict on how weak and fragmented the empire had become by his day. It is a rhetorical jab, not a legal description, and later writers repeated it endlessly. culture / politics ●●

18 June 1757 Battle of Kolín wikidata 0 cit. no story 1757 battle of the Third Silesian War ●●

23 June 1757 The Battle of Plassey 0 cit. Robert Clive's East India Company force defeated the Nawab of Bengal with the help of local defectors. The victory gave the company control of Bengal's revenues and began British territorial rule in India. economy / war ●●●●●

1757 Franklin sent to England over the Penns ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that in 1757 Franklin was sent to England to protest the influence of the Penns in Pennsylvania's government, remaining there five years. ●●

1757 The second form of British aid was financial rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Frederick the Great, for example, received from the British the substantial sum of £675,000 each year from 1757 to 1760; and in the closing stages of the Napoleonic War the flow of British funds reach ●●

23 June 1757 Battle of Plassey gives Britain control of Bengal 0 cit. The British East India Company, led by Robert Clive, defeated the Nawab of Bengal with the help of a bribed commander who withheld his troops from the fight. The victory gave the Company control of Bengal, one of the richest regions in India, and its revenues. It marked the turning point from Company trading post to territorial ruler in India. politics / war ●●●

23 June 1757 The East India Company wins at Plassey and takes Bengal 0 cit. At the Battle of Plassey, Robert Clive's East India Company forces defeated the Nawab of Bengal after bribing his commander to defect. The victory turned a trading company into the dominant military and political power in one of the richest regions of India. From here the company built a private army that would grow to several hundred thousand troops, larger than most national armies of the day. politics / war ●●●

1757 The Militia Act reorganises England's county militia 0 cit. Facing war with France, Parliament rebuilt the county militia as a part-time home force raised by ballot from the local population. Men served near home and could be called out in an emergency rather than sent abroad. The reformed militia set the pattern for later volunteer and reserve forces meant to defend the home ground. politics / war ●

1758 trian succession. In the same spirit, the philosop... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story trian succession. In the same spirit, the philosopher of history Emmerich de Vattel could write in 1758, the second year of the Seven Years’ War, that ●●

1758 Maria Theresa's forced assimilation decrees 0 cit. Beginning in 1758, Empress Maria Theresa issued decrees meant to erase the Roma as a distinct people in the Habsburg lands. They were forced to settle, barred from owning horses and wagons, forbidden to use the Romani language, and renamed New Hungarians or New settlers. The goal was assimilation by command rather than expulsion, but it was still coercion aimed at wiping out a culture. culture / politics / society ●●●

1 May 1759 Founding of Wedgwood 0 cit. Josiah Wedgwood opens his own pottery works in Staffordshire. His factory methods, marketing, and mass-produced fine ceramics make Wedgwood a pioneer of industrialized consumer goods. culture / economy ●●●

31 December 1759 Founding of Guinness 0 cit. Arthur Guinness signs a 9,000-year lease on the St. James's Gate brewery in Dublin. His porter brewery grows into the largest in the world by the late 19th century. culture / economy ●●

13 September 1759 The Fall of Quebec 0 cit. British forces under General Wolfe defeated the French on the Plains of Abraham. The battle sealed the conquest of Canada and ended French power in North America. war ●●●●

1759 Britain's annus mirabilis of 1759 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1759, the annus mirabilis, French colonies were falling into British hands right across the globe, nicely complementing the considerable victory of the Anglo-German troops over two French armies at ●●

1759 Nevertheless, the sheer costs of all this campaigning were s rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nevertheless, the sheer costs of all this campaigning were slowly grinding down Prussian power (60,000 soldiers lost in 1759 alone), and the Russian foe proved much more formidable—partly because of C ●●

1759 Portugal expels the Jesuits ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Accordingly, Catholic monarchs beginning with King José I of Portugal in 1759 brought mounting pressure on successive popes to dissolve the whole Society of Jesus, because they resented its vision of priorities wider than their own, including its loy ●●

7 June 1760 to 26 July 1760 Siege of Glatz wikidata 0 cit. no story 1760 battle ●●

c. 1760 Founding of the Rothschild Banking Dynasty 0 cit. Mayer Amschel Rothschild builds a coin and banking business in Frankfurt's Jewish quarter and sends his five sons to establish houses in London, Paris, Vienna, and Naples. The family network dominates European government finance in the 19th century. economy ●●●●

c. 1760 The Maggid of Mezeritch spreads Hasidism 0 cit. Dov Ber, the Maggid of Mezeritch, organized the young Hasidic movement and trained the disciples who carried it across Eastern Europe. He deepened its Kabbalistic teaching on the divine within all things. culture / religion ●●●

c. 1760 Qing territorial peak and the Ten Great Campaigns 0 cit. Through a series of military campaigns, the Qing brought Xinjiang, Tibet, and Mongolia under its control. The empire reached its greatest extent in the later eighteenth century. politics / war ●●●●

c. 1760 Masonic ritual catechisms and lodge lectures 0 cit. Craft instruction was transmitted through memorized question-and-answer catechisms and lectures explaining the symbols of each degree. Printed exposures and monitors from the 18th century preserve early versions of this oral teaching. culture / society ●●

4 September 1760 Paul Revere joins St. Andrew's Lodge in Boston 0 cit. Silversmith Paul Revere became a member of St. Andrew's Lodge, a body chartered by the Grand Lodge of Scotland. He was later elected Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts in 1794. politics / society ●●

c. 1760 Production and labor 0 cit. Factories, workers, wages, unions, and the organization of production. Industrialization turned labor into a managed system, with employers, schedules, skills, strikes, and class conflict shaping society at scale. economy / pillar ●●●●●