Events, Verisoph

1760 Russian troops occupy Berlin ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The ferocity and frightening doggedness of the Russian troops during the Seven Years War, and their temporary occupation of Berlin in 1760, quite changed Frederick the Great’s view of his neighbor. Fo ●●

1760 The second form of British aid was financial rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Frederick the Great, for example, received from the British the substantial sum of £675,000 each year from 1757 to 1760; and in the closing stages of the Napoleonic War the flow of British funds reach ●●

1760 Frederick the Great wins the Battle of Liegnitz ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 22 July during the Silesian campaign of 1761, Frederick the Great stole a march on Laudon and moved to Nossen near Neisse. The battle of Liegnitz in 1760 resulted from Frederick's night move to a better position, catching Laudon by complete surprise and resulting in Austrian losses of 70 cannon and 10,000 men. ●●

1760 History of Suffrage, 1760–1867 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story History of Suffrage, 1760–1867. ●●

1760 Paul Revere is initiated a Freemason 0 cit. Paul Revere was initiated into St. Andrew's Lodge in Boston in 1760. He later served as Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts from 1794 to 1797. His Masonic career is well documented in Massachusetts lodge records alongside his revolutionary activities. society ●●

c. 1760 Due-guard: the sign of a degree 0 cit. A due-guard is a hand sign given in the lodge that recalls the position a candidate took while making his obligation. The term is especially common in American Masonic ritual from the later eighteenth century onward. Its origin is uncertain; it is often traced to a French phrase meaning gesture of guard or duly guard, but that is an explanation rather than a settled etymology, and the word remains confined to Masonic use. culture / society ●

1760 Macpherson forges an ancient Highland literature and history ai_extracted 1 cit. James Macpherson and the Rev. John Macpherson manufactured a fake indigenous literature and past for Celtic Scotland in the 1760s. Macpherson's "Ossian" transferred Irish ballads to Scotland and dismissed the genuine Irish originals, creating what was later called a chain of error in Scottish history. ●●

15 February 1761 Battle of Langensalza wikidata 0 cit. no story 1761 battle ●●

13 October 1761 Battle of Ölper wikidata 0 cit. no story 1761 battle ●●

July 1761 The Bridgewater Canal opens 0 cit. The Duke of Bridgewater's canal carried coal from Worsley to Manchester and halved the price of coal in the city. Its success launched a wave of canal building across Britain. economy / technology ●●●●

1761 Maratha defeat at the Battle of Panipat ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Marathas suffered a catastrophic defeat at Panipat. The talented generation of leaders who rose after that battle had, by 1800, all died, leaving the Confederacy without capable direction. ●●

October 1762 to November 1762 Siege of Cassel wikidata 0 cit. no story 1762 siege ●●

30 August 1762 Battle of Nauheim wikidata 0 cit. no story 1762 battle of the Seven Years' War ●●

3 November 1762 Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762) 0 cit. Secret agreement in which France ceded Louisiana west of the Mississippi to Spain to compensate its ally for losses in the Seven Years' War. The transfer was concealed from Britain during peace negotiations. diplomacy / politics ●●

1762 Founding of Barings Bank 0 cit. Francis Baring and his brother John found a merchant house in London that becomes Britain's oldest merchant bank. Barings finances the Louisiana Purchase and grows so powerful it is called the sixth great power of Europe. economy ●●●

July 1762 Accession of Catherine the Great 0 cit. Catherine II took the throne after a palace coup against her husband and went on to rule for over three decades. Her reign expanded the empire, promoted Enlightenment-influenced administration, and strengthened the power of the nobility. culture / politics ●●●●

c. 1762 The pillars Jachin and Boaz 0 cit. The two bronze pillars named Jachin and Boaz, described in the Bible as standing at the porch of Solomon's Temple, appear in Craft symbolism and in early exposures such as the 1762 pamphlet Jachin and Boaz. They stand at the entrance of the symbolic lodge and carry lessons of establishment and strength. culture / religion ●●

October 1762 John Hancock joins St. Andrew's Lodge 0 cit. John Hancock became a member of St. Andrew's Lodge in October 1762, a tie that connected him with many of Boston's influential merchants. His Masonic membership is documented, unlike that of several other prominent Patriots. politics / society ●

1762 Rousseau's Emile and permissive education, 1762 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley traces the doctrine that a child's maturation should be left free to unfold, the basis of permissive education, back to Rousseau's Emile of 1762, which idealized the state of nature. ●●

1762 Rousseau publishes Emile, 1762 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto identifies Rousseau's 1762 book Emile as a blueprint for the psychological molding of children, a rival to Frederick Taylor's Scientific Management. ●●

1762 Spain enters the war and loses its colonies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Spain foolishly entered the war in 1762, the same fate befell its colonies in the Caribbean and Philippines. Meanwhile, the House of Brandenburg had already seen its share of “miracles,” and in t ●●

10 February 1763 Treaty of Paris (1763) 0 cit. Peace ending the Seven Years' War, with France ceding Canada and lands east of the Mississippi to Britain and Florida passing from Spain to Britain. It made Britain the leading colonial power in North America and India. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●●

May 1763 to July 1766 Pontiac's War 0 cit. no story Native nations led by the Odawa chief Pontiac rise against British rule after the French defeat. The war prompts the Royal Proclamation of 1763 limiting colonial settlement, a grievance on the road to American revolution. war ●●

10 February 1763 The Treaty of Paris Ends the Seven Years War 0 cit. France ceded Canada and its lands east of the Mississippi to Britain and withdrew from India. The settlement confirmed Britain as the leading global empire. politics ●●●●

1763 Prussia makes schooling compulsory 0 cit. Frederick the Great's school regulation of 1763 required children to attend school between the ages of five and thirteen. The Prussian model of state-run compulsory education became a template that many nations later copied. politics / society ●●●●

1763 Prussia makes primary schooling compulsory 0 cit. Frederick II issued the Generallandschulreglement, requiring all children aged 5 to 13 or 14 to attend school. It built on a 1717 decree and became the template for state-run compulsory education copied across the world. politics / society ●●●●●

1763 Corning soon after the victory over their French rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Corning soon after the victory over their French imperial rival in 1763, defeat at the hands of colonial rebels forced British leaders to come to grip... ●●

1763 The Winning of Wars, 1763–1815 The “breathing space” of wel rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Winning of Wars, 1763–1815 The “breathing space” of well over a decade which occurred before the next stage in the Anglo-French struggle gave only a few hints of the turnaround which would occur ●●

1763 Indeed, Choiseul and his successors, smarting from the defea rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Indeed, Choiseul and his successors, smarting from the defeat of 1763, were taking measures to strengthen France’s position for the future. The French navy was steadily built up, despite the pressing ●●

1763 Although Britain’s concessions at the 1783 Peace of Versaill rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Although Britain’s concessions at the 1783 Peace of Versailles (Minorca, Florida, Tobago) were hardly a reversal of the great imperial gains of 1763, the French could proclaim themselves well satisfie ●●

1763 In eastern Europe, by contrast, the strategical balances wer rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In eastern Europe, by contrast, the strategical balances were not greatly distorted by the maneuvers of the three great monarchies during the decades after 1763.72 This was chiefly due to the triangul ●●

1763 The Winning of Wars, 1660–1763 When Louis XIV rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Winning of Wars, 1660–1763 When Louis XIV took over full direction of the French government in March 1661, the European scene was particularly favorable to a monarch determined to impose his views ●●

1763 Britain wins New France in the Seven Years War ai_extracted 1 cit. no story British victory in Seven Years War delivers New France (Canada) to British control in 1763. ●●

c. 1764 The spinning jenny 0 cit. James Hargreaves invented a machine that let one worker spin many threads at once. It was a key trigger of the mechanized textile industry. economy / technology ●●●●

c. 1764 Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny 0 cit. James Hargreaves built a machine that let one worker spin several threads at once. The spinning jenny sharply raised the output of yarn and helped mechanize the cotton industry. economy / technology ●●●●

c. 1764 The Green Dragon Tavern, meeting place of St. Andrew's Lodge 0 cit. St. Andrew's Lodge bought the Green Dragon Tavern in Boston's North End, where the lodge met and where groups like the Sons of Liberty also gathered. The overlap of members made the building a hub of Patriot activity, later dubbed the headquarters of the Revolution. politics / society ●●

1764 The Club, an elite dining society, founded in 1764 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley describes two dining clubs that symbolized the early Cecil Bloc. The Club was founded in 1764 and counted famous figures such as Johnson and Burke among past members. ●●

1765 to 1783 American Revolution wikidata 0 cit. no story revolution establishing the United States of America ●●●

1765 Founding of Lloyds Bank 0 cit. Button maker John Taylor and iron dealer Sampson Lloyd found Taylors and Lloyds, a private bank serving Birmingham's growing industry. It becomes Lloyds Bank, one of Britain's big clearing banks. economy ●●

12 August 1765 The Company Gains the Diwani of Bengal 0 cit. After victory at Buxar, the East India Company won the right to collect taxes across Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa from the Mughal emperor. It turned a trading firm into the ruler of millions. economy / politics ●●●●

1765 1 767 CHINA Empire, Nation, and Citizenship Territories rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1 767 CHINA Empire, Nation, and Citizenship Territories of British East I nd i a Company Ill I nd i a n states a l l ied with G reat Brita i n 241 Wi... ●●

12 August 1765 The Company is granted the Diwani of Bengal 0 cit. By the Treaty of Allahabad, the Mughal emperor granted the East India Company the Diwani, the right to collect taxes and administer revenue across Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. A private company now held the fiscal powers of a state over tens of millions of people. This is the clearest single step in the company becoming a territorial sovereign rather than a trader. economy / politics ●●●

12 August 1765 East India Company takes the Diwani of Bengal 0 cit. After winning at Buxar, the English East India Company obtained the Diwani, the right to collect taxes across Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa, from the Mughal emperor. A trading firm now held the revenue and administration of one of the richest regions on earth. From this point the Company governed millions of people as a business enterprise backed by its own private army. economy / politics / war ●●●

1767 to May 1799 Anglo-Mysore Wars 0 cit. no story The Kingdom of Mysore under Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan fights four wars against the British East India Company. Tipu's death at Seringapatam in 1799 removes the last major obstacle to British dominance in southern India. war ●●●

April 1767 Fall of the Ayutthaya Kingdom 0 cit. In April 1767 a Burmese army captured and burned the Siamese capital Ayutthaya after a long siege. The centuries-old kingdom fell, though a new Siamese state soon rose under Taksin. politics / war ●●●

1767 Catherine convenes the Legislative Commission ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1767, she called a "Legislative Commission" of delegates from various ranks nobles, townspeople, peasants, Cossacks, representatives from Ukrainian... ●●

1767 Information history in 1767 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ad hoc computation. “Computers” and “calculators” existed: they were people with special skills, and all in all, computing was costly. ●●

1767 Spain expels the Jesuits and the reductions collapse 0 cit. King Charles III expelled the Jesuit order from all Spanish territories, part of a wider European move against the Jesuits. The Paraguay reductions were handed to other orders and civil administrators and quickly declined, their populations scattered or absorbed into the colonial labor system. The collapse showed how dependent the mission network was on state backing. politics / religion ●●

1767 The Jesuits are expelled from the Americas 0 cit. Portugal expelled the Jesuits from its empire in 1759 and Spain followed in 1767, part of a wider drive by Catholic monarchs to curb the order's wealth and independent power. The expulsion ended the Guarani reductions and reshaped education and mission work across the continent. It also removed a check some historians credit with having limited the enslavement of indigenous people. politics / religion ●

1768 to 1774 Sixth Russo-Turkish War wikidata 0 cit. no story 1768-1774 part of the Russo-Turkish Wars ●●●●

c. 25 September 1768 Unification of Nepal 0 cit. no story Prithvi Narayan Shah conquers Kathmandu, unifying the hill kingdoms into the modern state of Nepal, which was never colonized. politics / war ●●●

1768 Astley invents the modern circus 0 cit. Philip Astley staged trick riding in a round ring and added acrobats and clowns between acts. His format became the modern circus. culture ●●●

1768 From the time of the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-74, the victorious Russian rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From the time of the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-74, the victorious Russian tsars claimed to be protectors of all Orthodox Christians under the sultan’s rule, and Catherine the Great extended Russian control over the kingdom of Georgia in the 1780s, ta ●●

5 January 1769 Watt patents the separate condenser 0 cit. James Watt patents the separate condenser, the improvement that makes steam power efficient and practical. The engine becomes the driving force of the Industrial Revolution, which transforms how humanity works, travels, and lives. economy / technology ●●●●●

1769 Watt's improved steam engine 0 cit. James Watt added a separate condenser that made the steam engine far more efficient and fuel saving. His engines powered factories, mines and later transport and drove the Industrial Revolution. science / technology ●●●●●

1769 Arkwright patents the water frame 0 cit. Richard Arkwright patented a water-powered spinning frame that produced strong cotton thread. The machine needed a mill and a workforce, pointing toward the factory system. economy / technology ●●●●●

c. 1769 Mayer Amschel Rothschild establishes his firm in Frankfurt 0 cit. Mayer Amschel Rothschild built a coin, antiques and banking business in the Frankfurt Judengasse during the 1760s. He was appointed a court factor to Landgrave William IX of Hesse-Kassel in 1769, which grew his lending business. economy ●●●●

c. 1769 The Mark degree 0 cit. The Mark degree develops the theme of the individual craftsman's mark and the rejected stone that becomes the headstone of the corner. A documented conferral took place at Portsmouth in 1769, and the degree was later organized under its own governing bodies. religion / society ●●

1769 Joseph Warren appointed Provincial Grand Master of Massachusetts 0 cit. Joseph Warren, master of St. Andrew's Lodge, was appointed Provincial Grand Master over Scottish Freemasonry in the colonies. He was killed at the Battle of Bunker Hill in June 1775, becoming an early martyr of the Revolution. society / war ●●

1769 to 1770 The Bengal famine of 1770 0 cit. Drought combined with the East India Company's rigid revenue demands to produce a famine that killed roughly a third of Bengal's population. The Company kept collecting taxes as millions starved. economy / environment ●●●

1769 D nmnpy (1769) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ; Jacob Emden in n12D nmnpy (1769). 100 Cf. Abraham Zaccuto }'0m1) 1D (1857) p. 88, quoting from Isa ●●

16 July 1769 Serra founds the first California mission at San Diego 0 cit. The Franciscan Junipero Serra founded Mission San Diego de Alcala, first of twenty-one California missions built along the coast. The missions aimed to convert and settle native Californians and to secure the frontier for Spain. Native people were gathered into the missions to work the fields and workshops, and disease and forced discipline caused heavy mortality. politics / religion / society ●●

c. 1769 Mayer Amschel Rothschild founds a banking house 0 cit. Mayer Amschel Rothschild built a coin-dealing and banking business in the Frankfurt Jewish ghetto, serving the Landgrave of Hesse. From these modest beginnings he laid the foundation of the family firm. The Rothschilds were a genuinely successful banking family, but they started as one house among many in a crowded, mostly Christian European finance industry. economy ●●

c. 1770 Haydn shapes the symphony 0 cit. Joseph Haydn wrote over a hundred symphonies and dozens of string quartets in the service of the Esterházy court. His work set the form for the Classical era that Mozart and Beethoven built on. culture ●●●

April 1770 Cook Charts the East Coast of Australia 0 cit. James Cook mapped the eastern coast of Australia and claimed it for Britain. The voyage opened the way for later settlement of the continent. exploration ●●●●

c. 1770 The esoteric and exoteric layers of Masonic teaching 0 cit. Masonic writers have long distinguished a plain moral surface meaning of the ritual from deeper esoteric readings drawn from alchemy, Kabbalah, and mythology. This layering is a genuine feature of Masonic literature and reflects varied interpretation, not a single hidden doctrine or conspiracy. culture / religion ●●●

22 August 1770 Cook claims eastern Australia 0 cit. James Cook charted the east coast of Australia and claimed it for Britain as New South Wales. The claim ignored the Aboriginal peoples who had lived on the continent for tens of thousands of years. exploration / politics ●●●

c. 1770 Marine insurance and the trade 0 cit. Slaving voyages were underwritten by marine insurers, with enslaved people treated as insured cargo. London's insurance market, including Lloyd's, grew alongside the trade it covered. economy ●●●

1770 Prussian civil service reform introduces exams ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The groundwork for a modern state had already begun in the years before the Battle of Jena, with the 1770 civil service reform that introduced examinations as the basis for promotion. ●●

c. 1770 Blackball: voting a candidate down 0 cit. To blackball someone is to vote to exclude them, from the practice of secret ballots dropped as white balls for yes and black balls or cubes for no. Masonic lodges use this ballot to admit members, and a single black ball can reject a candidate. Gentlemen's clubs of the same period used the same method, so the word is shared club-and-lodge vocabulary rather than exclusively Masonic, but the lodge ballot is one of its clearest and best-preserved homes. culture / society ●●●

c. 1770 Famine in Bengal under Company rule 0 cit. A famine killed an estimated several million people in Bengal, with contemporary figures often cited around a third of the population. Critics then and since argued the East India Company worsened the disaster by keeping up heavy tax demands and by traders hoarding grain for profit. The scale of the catastrophe under company government fed a long debate in Britain over whether a profit-seeking firm should rule a country. economy / society ●●

1771 to 1802 Tay Son Wars 0 cit. no story The Tay Son brothers overthrow Vietnam's ruling families and repel a Chinese invasion before falling to Nguyen Anh. The three decades of war end with Vietnam unified under the Nguyen dynasty. politics / war ●●●

1771 Arkwright's factory system 0 cit. Richard Arkwright gathered water powered spinning machines and workers under one roof at Cromford Mill. This factory model of centralized, powered, wage labor production spread across industry. economy / technology ●●●●

1771 Arkwright opens Cromford Mill 0 cit. Richard Arkwright built a water-powered cotton mill at Cromford, often called the first modern factory. It gathered machines and workers under one roof on shift work, a model widely copied. economy / technology ●●●●●

1771 But it was Russian expansion into the Caucasus, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But it was Russian expansion into the Caucasus, the steppe regions to the north of the Black Sea, and the Crimea-conquered in 1771 and annexed in 1783... ●●

5 August 1772 First Partition of Poland 0 cit. Conventions among Russia, Prussia, and Austria annexing about a third of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth's territory. It began the process that erased Poland from the map by 1795. diplomacy / politics ●●●

1772 to 1795 Partitions of Poland 0 cit. Between 1772 and 1795 Russia, Prussia, and Austria divided the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth among themselves in three partitions. By 1795 Poland had vanished from the map for over a century. politics / war ●●●●

1772 The Vilna Gaon opposes Hasidism 0 cit. The Vilna Gaon, himself a serious student of Kabbalah, led rabbinic opposition to the Hasidic movement over concerns about its practices and leadership. The conflict between Hasidim and their opponents shaped Eastern European Jewry for generations. religion / society ●●

c. 1772 Freemasonry spreads across Africa 0 cit. The first lodge in southern Africa, Lodge de Goede Hoop, opened at the Cape in 1772, and District Grand Lodges later spread under English, Scottish, and Irish authority across the continent. Lodges took root in South Africa, Nigeria, Ghana, and East Africa. exploration / religion / society ●●

22 June 1772 Somerset v. Stewart limits slavery in England 0 cit. An English court ruled that an enslaved man, James Somerset, could not be forcibly removed from England, a decision widely read as saying slavery had no basis in English law. It became a rallying point for the abolition movement. politics / society ●●

22 June 1772 The Somerset case limits slavery in England 0 cit. An English court ruled that an enslaved man named James Somerset could not be forcibly removed from England. The judgment was widely read as meaning slavery had no basis in English law itself. politics / society ●●●

1772 Shah Alam's departure from Allahabad recalled ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wellesley opened secret negotiations to bring the Mughal emperor back under Company protection, the first such move since Shah Alam left Allahabad thirty years earlier. He offered the emperor asylum. ●●

1772 first, from 1772 to 1774, arose from tensions candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first, from 1772 to 1774, arose from tensions created by imperial management strategies applied in the middle Volga region-playing diverse groups... ●●

1772 Lavoisier deposits sealed note on combustion ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lavoisier deposits a sealed note with the Secretary of the French Academy stating his conviction that something is wrong with phlogiston theory and that burning bodies absorb part of the atmosphere. ●●

1772 1772-1833), who travelled across the oceans to Britain to defend the reforms rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1772-1833), who travelled across the oceans to Britain to defend the reforms of Hindu customs like widow-burning promoted by his former employees the East India Company; he died in Bristol, where the grand classical chapel built by prosperous Unitari ●●

c. 1772 Lodge de Goede Hoop founded at the Cape of Good Hope 0 cit. A Masonic lodge, De Goede Hoop, was established at the Cape of Good Hope, becoming one of the oldest lodges in southern Africa. It served the Dutch and later British colonial administrators and merchants who passed through the Cape on the sea route to India. The lodge helped link the Cape colony into the wider network of Masonic contacts spanning the British and Dutch empires. society ●

c. 4 May 1772 Lodge de Goede Hoop founded at the Cape 0 cit. Abraham van der Weijden, Deputy Grand Master Abroad under the Grand Orient of the Netherlands, reached the Cape on 24 April 1772 and issued a warrant days later founding Lodge de Goede Hoop, ratified by the Grand Orient on 1 September 1772. It is the oldest lodge in South Africa and the founding institution of Cape Masonry. The exact day of the warrant is reconstructed from the arrival date and is treated here as approximate. society ●●●

1772 First lodge at the Cape of Good Hope 0 cit. Lodge de Goede Hoop was constituted at the Cape under the Grand Lodge of the Netherlands, the first Masonic lodge in southern Africa. It served officials and merchants of the Dutch East India Company at the strategic refreshment station. Freemasonry took root at the Cape decades before the British takeover, carried by the colonial administration. economy / society ●

1772 The Vilna Gaon leads the Mitnagdim against Hasidism 0 cit. Elijah ben Solomon of Vilna, revered as the Vilna Gaon, was the towering scholar of Lithuanian Jewry and a fierce critic of Hasidism. In 1772 the rabbis of Vilna issued a herem, a ban, against the new movement, fearing its emotionalism undercut Torah study. Their followers were called Mitnagdim, the opponents, and the split between Hasidim and Mitnagdim shaped Ashkenazi religious life for generations. religion / society ●●

1772 The Vilna Gaon and the Mitnagdim oppose Hasidism 0 cit. Elijah of Vilna, the Vilna Gaon, led the rabbinic opposition, the Mitnagdim, who issued bans against the Hasidim over fears about their leaders, ecstatic worship, and neglect of rigorous study. The Gaon was himself a devoted Kabbalist, so the fight was less reason against mysticism than a clash over discipline, learning, and authority within a shared tradition. religion / society ●●●

c. 1772 Wedgwood turns cost accounting into a weapon 0 cit. During a slump the potter Josiah Wedgwood dug into his own books and worked out the true cost of making each item, separating fixed overhead from the cost of materials and labor. The numbers showed him where to cut prices to win markets and where he was losing money. It is an early case of accounting used not just to record the past but to manage and direct a business. economy / technology ●●

1773 Grand Orient de France established 0 cit. French lodges reorganized in 1773 into the Grand Orient de France, which became continental Europe's most influential masonic body. It later took a more liberal and secular direction than English Freemasonry. politics / religion / society ●●●

16 December 1773 Boston Tea Party and St. Andrew's Lodge 0 cit. Some participants in the Boston Tea Party belonged to St. Andrew's Lodge, which met at the Green Dragon Tavern. The lodge did not organize the protest as a body, though its members were active patriots. economy / politics / religion ●●

c. 1773 to c. 1775 Pugachev's Rebellion 0 cit. Yemelyan Pugachev led a huge revolt of Cossacks, serfs, and non-Russian peoples that briefly threatened Catherine the Great's rule. The rising was crushed and led to tighter control over the frontier and the serfs. society / war ●●●

21 July 1773 Suppression of the Society of Jesus 0 cit. Under pressure from Catholic monarchies, Pope Clement XIV suppressed the Society of Jesus with the brief Dominus ac Redemptor. The order was dissolved across most of the Catholic world for four decades. politics / religion ●●●●

1773 Grand Orient de France founded 0 cit. The Grand Orient de France was organized in 1773 as the central Masonic authority for France. It became the largest body of Continental Freemasonry and a center of the liberal, socially engaged tradition. politics / society ●●●

16 December 1773 The Boston Tea Party and its link to St. Andrew's Lodge 0 cit. St. Andrew's Lodge adjourned its meeting on the night of the Tea Party on account of the few brethren present, and several participants were lodge members including Paul Revere. The association is documented, but there is no record that the lodge planned or ordered the raid as an organization. politics / society ●●●

21 July 1773 Suppression of the Jesuits 0 cit. Under pressure from Catholic monarchs who feared Jesuit power, Pope Clement XIV dissolved the Society of Jesus. The suppression removed the Church's most influential order for over forty years. politics / religion ●●●

1773 It was in 1773 that reference was first candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was in 1773 that reference was first made to "this vast empire on which the sun never sets." Some English writers saw themselves as the inheritors... ●●

1773 Catherine issues a decree of religious toleration ai_extracted 1 cit. no story She closed Orthodox missionary efforts in the Volga area, encouraged the con struction of mosques, and in 1773 issued a decree declaring "toleration o... ●●