Events, Verisoph

1820 These services were developed so swiftly and so effectively for the cotton trade rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story These services were developed so swiftly and so effectively for the cotton trade that by the 1820s the leading mercantile firms handling the flow of c ●●

1820 Robert Albion estimates that the packet boats were built in the 1820s at about $ rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Robert Albion estimates that the packet boats were built in the 1820s at about $30,000 apiece ●●

1820 Owners of coal lands first began to build canals into the anthracite regions in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Owners of coal lands first began to build canals into the anthracite regions in the 1820s ●●

1820 Max Müller on the rediscovery of Vedic texts rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Blavatsky cites Max Müller's observation that around 1820, the sacred books of the Brahmans (Vedas), Zoroastrians (Zend Avesta), and Buddhists (Tripitaka) were nearly unknown and virtually untranslatable by any scholar. ●●

c. 1820 Oorlam Nama groups migrate north from the Cape 0 cit. Nama groups of mixed Khoikhoi and Cape Dutch descent, known as Oorlam, moved north across the Orange River into Namibia bringing horses and firearms acquired from Cape Colony trade networks. Their military advantage let them dominate other Nama and Damara groups and clash with the expanding Herero. Leaders such as Jonker Afrikaner became powerful regional rulers. war ●●

c. 1820 British opium floods Qing China 0 cit. British-run Indian opium pours into China through Canton in defiance of Qing bans, sold by private traders who bought it at Company auctions. Silver drained out of China to pay for the drug, and addiction spread through the coastal cities, setting up a collision between London's balance sheet and Beijing's law. economy / politics ●●

c. 1820 The adakar and the ere 5 cit. Turkana families lived in the ere, or ereet, the homestead of a man, his wives, and their herds, which broke apart and regrouped as grazing demanded. For defense and better use of scattered pasture, homesteads joined into an adakar, a mobile cluster that camped and moved together under a respected senior man. This flexible, herd-driven organization let the Turkana hold and use one of Kenya's harshest lands. economy / society ●●

c. 1820 Cloves come to Zanzibar and Pemba 0 cit. Clove cultivation took hold on Zanzibar and Pemba in the early 19th century and grew fast under Seyyid Said. The trees needed heavy labour at planting and harvest, which the plantations met with enslaved workers bought from the mainland trade. By mid-century the islands were the world's leading clove producer, and the crop and the slave trade grew together. economy ●●●

c. 1820 Ilchamus develop indigenous irrigation farming 0 cit. Unusually for a Maa-speaking people, the Ilchamus built a system of channel irrigation to grow grain on the dry land around Lake Baringo. In the nineteenth century this indigenous, large-scale irrigation was the norm and was flexible enough to adjust to shifting water and floods. The farming sat alongside fishing and livestock in a mixed livelihood. economy / technology ●●

15 September 1821 Independence of Costa Rica 0 cit. no story Central America declares independence from Spain; Costa Rica later left the Central American federation to become a fully separate republic. politics ●●●

15 September 1821 Independence of El Salvador 0 cit. no story Central America declares independence from Spain; El Salvador became a separate republic after the Central American federation dissolved. politics ●●●

c. 25 March 1821 Independence of Greece 0 cit. no story The Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire begins; an independent Greek state was recognized in 1830. politics / war ●●●●

15 September 1821 Independence of Guatemala 0 cit. no story The Act of Independence of Central America is signed in Guatemala City, ending Spanish rule over the region. politics ●●●

15 September 1821 Independence of Honduras 0 cit. no story Central America declares independence from Spain; Honduras became a separate republic after the federation dissolved in 1838. politics ●●●

27 September 1821 Independence of Mexico 0 cit. no story The Army of the Three Guarantees enters Mexico City, completing the independence war begun with Hidalgo's Grito de Dolores in 1810. politics / war ●●●●

15 September 1821 Independence of Nicaragua 0 cit. no story Central America declares independence from Spain; Nicaragua became a separate republic after the federation dissolved in 1838. politics ●●●

28 July 1821 Independence of Peru 0 cit. no story Jose de San Martin proclaims Peru's independence in Lima; Spanish forces were finally defeated at Ayacucho in 1824. politics / war ●●●

March 1821 to September 1829 Greek War of Independence 0 cit. Greeks revolt against four centuries of Ottoman rule, eventually winning independence with British, French, and Russian intervention at Navarino. It is the first successful national independence movement against the Ottomans. politics / war ●●●●

1821 Britain adopts the classical gold standard 0 cit. Britain formally tied the pound to a fixed quantity of gold and made banknotes redeemable in gold coin. This anchored the currency and set the pattern other nations would follow. economy / politics ●●●●

c. 1821 Carl Rothschild founds the Naples bank 0 cit. Carl Mayer von Rothschild set up the Naples house around 1821 to serve southern Italian states and the Papacy. It was the smallest of the five branches. economy ●●●

5 May 1821 Death of Napoleon 0 cit. Napoleon died in exile on Saint Helena on 5 May 1821, closing the life of one of history's most influential military and political figures. politics ●●●●

1821 Greek War of Independence, 1821-1830 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Greek struggle for independence from the sultan (1821-1830) was an early expression of Balkan nationalism, ending with a guaranteed constitutional monarchy. ●●

1821 Britain returns to the gold standard in 1821 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the Napoleonic Wars, the Bank of England nearly halved the paper money supply, driving prices down by 50 percent. Despite years of riots and agricultural distress, Britain went back on gold in 1821. ●●

1821 John Quincy Adams, then Secretary of State, summed... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Quincy Adams, then Secretary of State, summed up this attitude in 1821: Wherever the standard of freedom and independence has been or shall be un ●●

1821 Wilson produced the League of Nations; Carteret fl... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wilson produced the League of Nations; Carteret flirted with permanent engagements on the Continent; Castlereagh, Foreign Secretary from 1812 to 1821, ●●

1821 During the Greek Revolution of 1821, England inter... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the Greek Revolution of 1821, England interpreted the Tsar’s desire to protect the Christian population of the collapsing Ottoman Empire as the ●●

1821 1821, the year before he succeeded Castlereagh, Ca... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1821, the year before he succeeded Castlereagh, Canning had called for a policy of “neutrality in word a ●●

1821 1821: ogarithms Herschel replied, “It is quite possible.” 28 In 1821 Babbage rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ogarithms Herschel replied, “It is quite possible.” 28 In 1821 Babbage turned his attention to building such a machine. Over the years, many had fiddl ●●

1821 Event of 1821 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story precursor of the United Nations Security Council. Its conferences acted on a series of crises, attempting to distill a common course: the revolutions in Naples in 1820 and in Spain in 1820–23 (quelled by the Holy Alliance and France, respectively) an ●●

1821 Greeks declare independence and revolt against Turkish rule ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Greeks, inspired in part by the ideals of the French Revolution, declared independence in 1821 and began a revolt against Turkish rule. ●●

1821 Archbishop Laurence translates the Book of Enoch ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Archbishop Laurence translated the Book of Enoch from Ethiopic texts discovered by James Bruce in Abyssinia and held in the Bodleian Library, Oxford ●●

27 September 1821 Mexico achieves independence from Spain 0 cit. After eleven years of war, Mexico won independence from Spain as royalist and rebel factions united behind the Plan of Iguala. The long conflict had begun with Hidalgo and continued through leaders like Morelos. Independence ended three centuries of Spanish colonial rule. politics / war ●●

6 August 1822 to 8 August 1822 Battle of Dervenakia wikidata 0 cit. no story 1822 battle in the Greek War of Independence ●●

7 September 1822 Independence of Brazil 0 cit. no story Prince Pedro declares Brazil independent from Portugal with the Cry of Ipiranga and becomes Emperor Pedro I. politics / war ●●●●

1822 Rothschild brothers raised to Austrian nobility 0 cit. The Austrian Emperor granted the five Rothschild brothers the hereditary title of baron in 1822. It marked their acceptance among the European financial elite. economy / society ●●

1822 Information history in 1822 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story zing the time,” Babbage wrote ruefully. By 1820 he had settled on a design. ●●

7 September 1822 Brazil declares independence from Portugal 0 cit. Pedro, heir to the Portuguese throne, declared Brazil independent and became its emperor. Unlike Spanish America, Brazil's break was relatively peaceful and kept a monarchy. It became the only large American nation to gain independence as an empire rather than a republic. politics / society ●●

7 September 1822 Brazil's peaceful independence 0 cit. Rather than break away through war, Brazil becomes independent when Pedro, the heir to the Portuguese throne then resident in Brazil, declares it a separate empire and is crowned its emperor. The result is a relatively bloodless split and, unusually for the Americas, a monarchy that lasts until 1889. Slavery, however, continued for decades after independence. politics ●●

July 1822 The meeting at Guayaquil 0 cit. The two great liberators, Bolivar from the north and San Martin from the south, meet privately at Guayaquil to settle the future of the independence struggle. What passed between them is not recorded, but soon afterward San Martin withdraws from public life and leaves the final campaign to Bolivar's forces. The meeting remains one of the most debated moments of the era. diplomacy / politics ●

7 September 1822 Brazilian independence 0 cit. Pedro, the prince regent left in Brazil, breaks with Lisbon and declares the country independent, becoming its first emperor. Portugal lost its largest and richest colony and, with it, the core of the Atlantic empire built over three centuries. politics ●●●

1822 Differentiated clan tartans devised for a royal pageant ai_extracted 1 cit. The idea that each clan had its own distinct tartan was not old but was worked up by manufacturers and antiquaries for George IV's 1822 visit to Edinburgh, a pageant staged by Sir Walter Scott. Tartans were sold from the loom and assigned to clans; one chief received a pattern previously labelled "No. 155" and sold to clothe West Indian slaves. ●●

18 September 1823 Treaty of Moultrie Creek wikidata 0 cit. no story 1823 treaty between the United States and several Seminole leaders in Florida ●●●

2 December 1823 The Monroe Doctrine 0 cit. In his annual message President James Monroe warned European powers against new colonies in the Americas. The doctrine became a lasting basis for US influence over the hemisphere. politics / war ●●●●

c. 1823 The Lowell mills open in Massachusetts 1 cit. Investors built large integrated cotton mills at Lowell that combined spinning and weaving under one roof. They employed young women workers and became a model of American industry. economy / society ●●●

1823 The Emulation Ritual standardized 0 cit. The Emulation Lodge of Improvement, formed in 1823, fixed a widely used and carefully preserved form of English Craft ritual. Emulation working became one of the most influential ritual styles in England and the wider English-speaking Masonic world. culture / society ●●●

1823 1823: tish government was impressed, at least initially. In 1823 it gave him rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story tish government was impressed, at least initially. In 1823 it gave him seed money of £1,700 and would eventually sink more than £17,000, twice the cos ●●

1823 Event of 1823 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The United States soon set out to expand this maxim to all of the Americas. A tacit accommodation with Britain, the premier naval power, allowed the United States to declare in the Monroe Doctrine of 1823 its entire hemisphere off-limits for foreign ●●

1823 Parliament funds Babbage's Difference Engine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story c-industrial project “at the expense of the nation, to be held as national property,”♦ financed by the Treasury for almost twenty years, beginning in 1823 with a Parliamentary appropriation of £1,500 ●●

1823 Stephen F. Austin organizes the first rangers 0 cit. Stephen F. Austin hired ten men to "range" the frontier of his colony and protect settlers, an informal arrangement usually cited as the origin point of the Texas Rangers. There was no organized force, uniform, or state authority behind them; they were paid colonists doing frontier patrol work. The popular legend treats this as the founding of an institution, but historians such as Doug Swanson note the Rangers had no continuous organizational existence from this date. society ●●

7 May 1824 Beethoven's Ninth Symphony premieres 0 cit. Ludwig van Beethoven, by then deaf, unveiled his Ninth Symphony with a full choir singing the Ode to Joy. It pushed the symphony to a new scale and remains a symbol of shared hope. culture ●●●●

c. 1824 Founding of the Second Saudi State 0 cit. Turki ibn Abdullah recaptured Riyadh and re-established Saudi rule in Najd. Riyadh became the capital of a revived but smaller Saudi state. politics ●●●

1824 Parliament repeals the Combination Acts 0 cit. Workers regained the legal right to form unions when the Combination Acts were repealed. A wave of union activity followed, though the law was tightened again the next year. politics / society ●●●

1824 1824: is doctor’s decision to treat him by bloodletting. On April 19, 1824, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story is doctor’s decision to treat him by bloodletting. On April 19, 1824, he died. According to his valet, among his final words wer ●●

1824 Phase three began with the Anglo-Burmese War of 1824 and culminated in the “scramble for Africa” tha rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Phase three began with the Anglo-Burmese War of 1824 and culminated in the “scramble for Africa” that began in the last decades of the century. ●●

9 December 1824 Battle of Ayacucho ends Spanish rule in South America 0 cit. Forces under Antonio Jose de Sucre defeated the main Spanish army in the highlands of Peru. The victory effectively ended Spanish colonial rule on the South American mainland. It completed the independence wars begun more than a decade earlier. politics / war ●●●

c. 1824 Moffat builds the Kuruman mission station 0 cit. The LMS missionary Robert Moffat established a mission station at Kuruman on the edge of the Kalahari, translating the Bible into Tswana and drawing converts and traders. Stations like Kuruman became fixed footholds where mission, commerce, and later colonial authority gathered. Moffat's daughter married David Livingstone, who began his African career from this station. economy / religion / society ●

1824 Carnot lays the ground for thermodynamics 0 cit. Sadi Carnot analyzed the ideal steam engine and found deep limits on how much work heat can do, seeding the science of thermodynamics. He still thought of heat as a fluid, a picture later abandoned, yet his core result survived. His work was largely ignored until Clausius and Kelvin built the first and second laws on it decades later. science ●●

9 December 1824 The Battle of Ayacucho 0 cit. Forces under Bolivar's general Antonio Jose de Sucre defeat the main royalist army in the highlands of Peru. The victory effectively ends Spanish rule in South America and secures the independence of Peru and the new republic of Bolivia. It closes nearly two decades of continental warfare. politics / war ●●●

6 August 1825 Independence of Bolivia 0 cit. no story Bolivia declares independence from Spain after the wars of liberation led by Simon Bolivar and Antonio Jose de Sucre. politics / war ●●●

25 August 1825 Independence of Uruguay 0 cit. no story Uruguay declares independence from Brazil; full sovereignty was secured by the 1828 treaty ending the Cisplatine War. politics / war ●●●

July 1825 to March 1830 Java War 0 cit. Prince Diponegoro leads a mass uprising against Dutch colonial rule in Java, killing some 200,000 Javanese through war and famine. The Dutch victory consolidates their control of Indonesia. war ●●

December 1825 to August 1828 Cisplatine War 0 cit. no story Brazil and the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata fight over the Banda Oriental. British mediation ends the war by creating the independent state of Uruguay. politics / war ●●

1825 The public railway 0 cit. The Stockton and Darlington Railway opened as the first public line to use steam locomotives, followed in 1830 by the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Railways moved people and goods faster and cheaper than ever and reshaped cities and economies. technology ●●●●●

26 December 1825 Decembrist Revolt 0 cit. A group of reform-minded army officers staged an uprising demanding a constitution during the disputed succession to the throne. The revolt was quickly crushed by Nicholas I, and its leaders were executed or exiled. politics / society ●●●

27 September 1825 The Stockton and Darlington Railway opens 0 cit. The Stockton and Darlington was the first public railway to use steam locomotives to haul goods. It showed that rail could move heavy freight over distance at low cost. economy / technology ●●●●●

1825 Saint-Simon publishes New Christianity ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Henri de Saint-Simon set out his religious views in his 1825 work New Christianity, calling for social organization to relieve poverty as the main aim of religion. ●●

1825 France recognizes Haiti in exchange for an indemnity ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Only in 1825 did France give Haiti conditional recognition as a sovereign state, and then only after Haiti agreed to pay compensation for France's sup... ●●

1825 James Rothschild rescues Nathan in the 1825 panic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The multinational Rothschild structure enabled the houses to support each other during crises; James in Paris was able to bail out Nathan in London during the 1825 financial panic. ●●

1825 Gerson Warburg dies, forcing succession crisis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The death of Gerson forced Moses Marcus to confront a banking succession crisis, resolved through marriage arrangement with Sara. ●●

1825 It was an enchantingly beautiful summer night rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was an enchantingly beautiful summer night.”1825 Pathfinders started dropping yellow markers and bombs at fifty-five minutes past midnight on July 28. ●●

1825 Pathfinders started dropping yellow markers and bombs at fifty-five minutes past midnight on July 28 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pathfinders started dropping yellow markers and bombs at fifty-five minutes past midnight on July 28. ●●

17 June 1825 Bunker Hill Monument Cornerstone Laid 0 cit. The Marquis de Lafayette, a Freemason and hero of the American Revolution, laid the cornerstone of the Bunker Hill Monument on the fiftieth anniversary of the battle. Daniel Webster, also a Mason, gave the dedication address to a huge crowd. The ceremony followed Masonic ritual under the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts. The monument, a granite obelisk, took nearly two decades to finish because of funding troubles. culture / politics ●●

17 April 1825 France's Haiti independence indemnity 0 cit. King Charles X recognized Haitian independence only if Haiti paid France 150 million francs to compensate former slaveholders for lost property, backed by French warships anchored off Port-au-Prince. Haiti had to borrow the first installment from French banks at high interest, locking the new nation into decades of debt to the power it had just defeated. The sum was later reduced to 90 million francs in 1838 but the repayments, and the loans taken to make them, continued into the 20th century. diplomacy / economy ●●●

c. 1825 Infrastructure and logistics 0 cit. Railways, roads, ports, shipping, warehouses, telegraphs, pipelines, and the systems that move people and goods. Infrastructure turns power into reach and makes territory governable and profitable. economy / pillar / technology ●●●●●

18 November 1826 to 24 November 1826 Battle of Arachova wikidata 0 cit. no story battle in 1826 between Ottoman Empire and Greek rebels ●●

11 September 1826 The Morgan affair 0 cit. William Morgan, a New York man who threatened to publish masonic secrets, was abducted in 1826 and never seen again. The scandal and suspicion of a cover-up triggered a wave of anti-masonic feeling. politics / religion / society ●●●●

1826 Alfred Krupp takes over the family firm 0 cit. Alfred Krupp inherited the near-bankrupt works at age fourteen when his father died in 1826. He rebuilt it into a leading steel producer over the following decades. economy / technology ●●●

c. 1826 Freemason World Domination Myth unproven 0 cit. Claims that Freemasons secretly control governments and finance recur from the anti-Masonic movement of the 1800s to the present. Freemasonry is a real fraternal order, but the idea of a Masonic plot to rule the world is unproven conspiracy theory. politics / society ●●

1826 The Last of the Mohicans published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that Cooper's demanding 1826 novel The Last of the Mohicans sold so well that a modern equivalent would have to sell 10 million copies, evidence of a broadly literate public. ●●

1826 Bank of England abandons tally-stick accounting ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Bank of England kept its own internal accounts using notched tally sticks well into the modern era. It only gave up the practice in 1826. ●●

1826 Among them are the world’s first photograph, which was printed rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Among them are the world’s first photograph, which was printed on a pewter plate in 1826; a Gutenberg Bible, one of five in the United States; and a c (1826) ●●

1826 Bank of England note-issue monopoly reaffirmed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Bank of England's monopoly on note issue was reaffirmed by regulation, establishing it as the central bank authority. ●●

1826 Information history in 1826 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story cal form of a machine but its more elusive properties: its timing and its logic. It was an extraordinary ambition, as Babbage himself appreciated. ●●

1826 “original people” or “Men of Men” rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story —James Fenimore Cooper, 1826 PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY, in summer has been described as “like the inside of a dog’s mouth.” The area’s original inhabitan ●●

15 June 1826 Auspicious Incident: Ottoman Sultan abolishes the Janissary corps 0 cit. After centuries of Janissary revolts, corruption, and resistance to military reform, Sultan Mahmud II provoked a Janissary uprising and then crushed it with loyal troops and artillery, killing thousands of Janissaries in Constantinople. He formally abolished the corps afterward, ending an institution that had repeatedly deposed and even executed sultans. The event, known as the Auspicious Incident, cleared the way for the sultan to build a modern, Western-style army. politics / war ●●●

11 September 1826 Disappearance of William Morgan 0 cit. William Morgan, a Freemason in western New York, was arrested on minor pretexts after announcing plans to publish a book exposing Masonic rituals, then vanished and was presumed murdered by fellow Masons. The affair ignited the Anti-Masonic movement across the region where the young Joseph Smith was growing up. The Anti-Masonic Party, formed in response, became the first significant third party in American politics. politics / society ●●

15 June 1826 The Auspicious Incident abolishes the Janissaries 0 cit. Sultan Mahmud II crushes a Janissary revolt with artillery and disbands the corps, killing thousands. Once an elite fighting force, the Janissaries had become a conservative bloc blocking military and state reform. Their destruction cleared the way for a modern army and the reforms that followed. politics / society / war ●●

6 May 1827 Battle of Phaleron wikidata 0 cit. no story 1827 battle during the Greek War of Independence ●●

1827 Owego Academy founded in New York rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Owego Academy, which would become unquestionably the finest secondary school in that part of New York, is founded. It later becomes the setting for John D. Rockefeller and his brother William's education. ●●

1827 Robert Brown observes Brownian motion ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Robert Brown observes that pollen grains suspended in water exhibit constant jittering motion when viewed under a microscope. This phenomenon is eventually explained by molecular motion theory, becoming key evidence for atomic theory. ●●

1827 I had never seen a fire like that before and was never to see its like again rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story I had never seen a fire like that before and was never to see its like again.1827 The summer heat and low humidity, the mix of high-explosive and incendiary bombs that made kindling and then ignited it and the absence of firefighting equipment in the bombed districts conspired to assemble a new horror. ●●

1827 The summer heat and low humidity, the mix of high-explosive and incendiary bombs that made kindling rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The summer heat and low humidity, the mix of high-explosive and incendiary bombs that made kindling and then ignited it and the absence of firefighting equipment in the bombed districts conspired to assemble a new horror. ●●

1827 of Alessandro Volta, the Como-born Italian physicist who invented the electric battery and after who rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story of Alessandro Volta, the Como-born Italian physicist who invented the electric battery and after whom the standard unit of electrical potential, the volt, is named. ●●

1827 Information history in 1827 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ly too much to assert that he believes nothing he hears, and only half of what he sees,”♦ Babbage wrote his friend Herschel. When his father died, in 1827, Babbage inherited a fortune of £100,000. ●●

1827 103 Shortly after Smith’s marriage in 1827, he had the first of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 103 Shortly after Smith’s marriage in 1827, he had the first of a series of visits from a heavenly being in white, Moroni, who, according to Smith, was a former inhabitant of the Americas ●●

c. 1828 to c. 1838 The Anti-Masonic Party 0 cit. Public anger after the Morgan affair fueled the Anti-Masonic Party, the first significant third party in United States history. It held the first national nominating convention in 1831 and ran William Wirt for president in 1832. politics / religion / society ●●●

1828 Ram Mohan Roy founds Brahma Samaj Society (1828) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ram Mohan Roy is described as an early figure in a synthesis of Hinduism, Christianity, and Islam, founding the Brahma Samaj Society in 1828. ●●

1828 Robert Brown observes Brownian motion in pollen ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Scottish botanist Robert Brown published detailed observations of how minuscule pollen particles suspended in water wiggle and wander under microscope examination, phenomenon later called Brownian motion. ●●

1828 Information history in 1828 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story mming. ” The idea is an old one, Turing says, and he cites Charles Babbage, whom he identifies as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge from 1828 to 1839—once so famous, now almost forgotten. ●●

1828 History textbooks traditionally date the rise of the patronage system from the election of Andrew Ja candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story History textbooks traditionally date the rise of the patronage system from the election of Andrew Jackson in 1828. ●●