Events, Verisoph

1839 Ottoman Tanzimat reforms dismantle the millet system ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Earlier in the century, the Ottoman rulers’ pursuit of Tanzimat (‘reorganization’) brought modernizing reforms in edicts of 1839 and 1856 which dismantled the millet system of separate religious communities ●●

1839 Britain fought ostensibly to enforce that neutrality under guarantees that it had rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Britain fought ostensibly to enforce that neutrality under guarantees that it had made to Belgium in 1839 ●●

1839 Financial crisis or panic candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When a similar crisis with still more bank failures struck again in 1839, Parliament attempted to come to grips with the problem ●●

20 May 1839 Highgate Cemetery's Egyptian Avenue Opens 0 cit. Highgate Cemetery opened with its Egyptian Avenue, a colonnade of Egyptian-style pillars leading to a ring of family vaults called the Circle of Lebanon. Architect Stephen Geary designed the cemetery as one of London's new commercial burial grounds, part of a wave built to relieve overcrowded churchyards. Egyptian motifs were fashionable for cemetery architecture at the time because ancient Egypt was associated with permanence and the afterlife. The avenue remains one of the best-preserved examples of Egyptian Revival funerary design in Britain. culture ●

23 March 1839 OK: not a Masonic word 0 cit. A popular story says OK is Masonic, tracing it to a lodge phrase or a secret sign. Scholarship has settled the real origin: OK first appears in the Boston Morning Post on 23 March 1839 as a jokey abbreviation of oll korrect, a deliberate misspelling of all correct that was part of a craze for comic initialisms. The Masonic claim, like the many other pet theories, is unsupported. culture / society ●●

1839 Cell theory: all life is made of cells 0 cit. Schleiden and Schwann proposed that plants and animals are all built from cells, the basic unit of life. They got some details wrong, such as how new cells form, corrected later by Virchow's rule that cells come from cells. The core claim became a foundation of modern biology. science ●●

3 November 1839 Tanzimat reforms begin 0 cit. The Gülhane edict opens a decades-long push to modernize the empire: equal legal standing for all subjects regardless of religion, a reformed tax and conscription system, secular schools, and new law codes. The Tanzimat tried to hold the empire together by making it more centralized and modern. Results were mixed, and conservative resistance ran deep. economy / politics / society ●●

June 1839 Lin Zexu destroys the opium stocks at Humen 0 cit. The Qing commissioner Lin Zexu confiscates and destroys more than a thousand tons of British opium at Humen. His crackdown was a direct challenge to the trade and gave Britain the pretext for war. economy / politics ●●

1839 The First Opium War and the Treaty of Nanjing 0 cit. Britain goes to war to force China to keep its markets open to opium. The 1842 Treaty of Nanjing ceded Hong Kong, opened treaty ports, and imposed an indemnity, the first of the unequal treaties that pried China open at gunpoint. diplomacy / economy / war ●●●

c. 1839 A global chain of naval bases and coaling stations 0 cit. British forces seized Aden in 1839, one link in a network of bases that came to include Gibraltar, Malta, the Cape, Singapore, Hong Kong, Bermuda, and the Falklands. After steam replaced sail, these ports doubled as coaling stations that let warships and merchantmen refuel anywhere on the globe. The chain tied the empire together and gave the Royal Navy reach into every ocean. economy / technology / war ●●●

6 February 1840 Treaty of Waitangi 0 cit. Agreement between the British Crown and Maori chiefs that made New Zealand a British colony while promising Maori possession of their lands. Differences between the English and Maori texts remain central to New Zealand law and politics. diplomacy / politics / society ●●●

1840 Publication of What Is Property? 0 cit. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon publishes What Is Property?, answering that property is theft and calling himself an anarchist. It is the first major work of anarchist theory. politics ●●●

1840 The Damascus Affair 0 cit. A blood libel accusation against Jews in Damascus in 1840 drew international attention and intervention. It spurred early Jewish political organizing in Western Europe. politics / religion ●●

1840 Gatto cites high U.S. literacy by 1840 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto claims data show that by 1840 complex literacy in the United States ranged between 93 and 100 percent, before compulsory schooling existed. ●●

1840 Connecticut census records near-universal literacy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites the Connecticut census of 1840, which recorded only one illiterate citizen out of every 579, as evidence of high early American literacy. ●●

1840 Massachusetts School Committee holds secret schooling discussions ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto claims that beginning around 1840 a group calling itself the Massachusetts School Committee, often led by Horace Mann, held secret discussions with New England political and business leaders about universal schooling. ●●

1840 Mercein v. People asserts state sovereignty over children ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites the 1840 case Mercein v. People, in which Justice Paige wrote that a child owes allegiance to the government at birth. Gatto reads it as a strong-state, Hegelian claim on children. ●●

1840 Orestes Brownson publishes 'The Laboring Classes' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Orestes Brownson's 1840 article 'The Laboring Classes' in The Boston Quarterly Review, which charged that Horace Mann was trying to build a state church through schooling. He uses it as an early warning against compulsion schooling. ●●

1840 First Opium War shapes Chinese historical consciousness rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nineteenth-century conflict establishes historical narrative of humiliation that continues to influence Chinese worldview. ●●

1840 Information history in 1840 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story set about creating this dictionary himself, wasting many hours inscribing it on large folios. ♦♦ He claimed the idea in his first telegraph patent, in 1840: The dictionary or vocabulary consists of wo ●●

1840 83 Before the 1840s turnpikes and canals, even the largest of them, were built b rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 83 Before the 1840s turnpikes and canals, even the largest of them, were built by small contractors, who at first were local farmers, merchants, and e ●●

1840 The railroads did not begin to have a significant impact on American business in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The railroads did not begin to have a significant impact on American business institutions until the nation’s first railroad boom which began in the l ●●

1840 The first period extended from the beginning of the railroad boom in the late 18 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first period extended from the beginning of the railroad boom in the late 1840s to the coming of the economic depression of the 1870s ●●

1840 By the 1840s more full-time professional contractors began to make a career of r rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the 1840s more full-time professional contractors began to make a career of railroad and canal construction ●●

1840 Western Railroad connects Worcester and Albany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Except for the Western, which in 1840 became the first intersectional railroad in the country by connecting Worcester and Albany, no road before 1850 ●●

1840 The coming of the telegraph in the late 1840s, as well as the perfection of proc rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The coming of the telegraph in the late 1840s, as well as the perfection of procedures first developed on the Western, helped to make rail travel rela ●●

1840 In the late 1840s and the 1850s such pioneering firms as those headed by William rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the late 1840s and the 1850s such pioneering firms as those headed by William C ●●

1840 Of all the new types of business organizations to be formed in the United States rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Of all the new types of business organizations to be formed in the United States after 1840, none were more complex than those that integrated mass pr ●●

1840 A businessman of today would find himself at home in the business world of 1910,... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A businessman of today would find himself at home in the business world of 1910, but the business world of 1840 would be a strange, archaic, and arcane place ●●

1840 So, too, the American businessman of 1840 would find the environment of fifteent... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story So, too, the American businessman of 1840 would find the environment of fifteenth-century Italy more familiar than that of his own nation seventy years later ●●

1840 Psi Upsilon Beta chapter founded at Yale ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda notes that the second chapter of Psi Upsilon was founded at Yale University and became known as The Fence Club in 1934. ●●

6 February 1840 Treaty of Waitangi signed 0 cit. British officials and around 500 Maori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, establishing British sovereignty over New Zealand while promising Maori continued possession of their lands. The English and Maori versions of the text differed on key points, and later governments broke the treaty's land guarantees repeatedly. It remains New Zealand's founding constitutional document and a continuing source of legal claims. diplomacy / politics ●●

c. 1840 Jonker Afrikaner founds Windhoek as an Oorlam base 0 cit. Oorlam Nama leader Jonker Afrikaner settled at the warm springs known as Aigams and built it into his capital, renaming it Windhoek. From there he extended Oorlam Nama control over much of central Namibia and fought repeated wars with Herero groups over cattle and grazing land. Windhoek later became the capital of German South-West Africa and remains Namibia's capital today. politics ●●

6 February 1840 Treaty of Waitangi signed in New Zealand 0 cit. British Crown representatives and around 500 Maori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, establishing British sovereignty over New Zealand while nominally guaranteeing Maori rights to their lands. Discrepancies between the English and Maori-language versions of the treaty later fueled land confiscations and conflict. The treaty remains the founding legal document of modern New Zealand and a continuing source of Maori land claims. diplomacy / politics ●●

c. 1840 Jack Hays takes command on the Comanche frontier 0 cit. John Coffee "Jack" Hays led ranger companies in a series of running fights with Comanche bands in central Texas through the early 1840s, becoming the most celebrated ranger captain of the era. Hays adopted new tactics of mounted, close-range combat that later Ranger mythology built into a foundational legend. Historians treat Hays as a genuinely effective frontier commander, while noting that later accounts of his exploits were embellished for popular audiences. war ●●

c. 1 January 1840 1840 edition softens "white and delightsome" wording 0 cit. Joseph Smith revised the Book of Mormon text for a new edition, changing "a white and a delightsome people" to "a pure and a delightsome people" in 2 Nephi 30:6. Because later editions were printed from an earlier text base, this change did not carry forward into most copies used by the Church for the next 140 years. religion ●

1840 Zanzibari rule over the coastal strip 0 cit. Sultan Seyyid Said of Oman moved his capital to Zanzibar in 1840, building a commercial empire on cloves, ivory, and the East African slave trade that ran through coastal Kenya. The Sultan of Zanzibar claimed a ten-mile-deep coastal strip from Lamu to the south, a claim that outlasted the caravan trade and shaped Kenya's borders. Britain would later lease and then absorb this strip as it built its protectorate. economy / politics ●●

c. 1840 Zanzibar's sultans claim the coastal strip 5 cit. Sultan Seyyid Said of the Busaidi dynasty moved his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar in 1840, making the island the commercial and political heart of the coast. From there the sultanate claimed a strip of the mainland, including the Kenyan ports, and grew rich on cloves, ivory, and the trade in enslaved people. This claim later became the legal basis on which European powers negotiated the coast during the colonial partition. diplomacy / economy / politics ●●

1840 Seyyid Said moves the Omani capital to Zanzibar 0 cit. The Omani ruler Seyyid Said shifted his seat from Muscat to Zanzibar and built a plantation economy around cloves. Indian merchant houses advanced the credit that financed the plantations, the customs and the long-distance trade. Their capital made them indispensable to the island's rulers. economy / politics ●●

1840 Seyyid Said Moves His Capital to Zanzibar 0 cit. Sultan Seyyid Said of Oman moved his court from Muscat to Zanzibar in 1840, making the island the centre of an Indian Ocean empire. It was built on cloves, ivory, and slaves. economy / politics ●●

c. 1840 Zanzibar's Clove, Ivory, and Slave Economy 0 cit. Under the Busaidi sultans Zanzibar grew rich on clove plantations worked by slaves and on caravans that carried ivory and captives from the interior to the coast. Indian financiers, especially the customs-master firms, bankrolled the trade. economy / society ●●

c. 1840 Palmerston and gunboat diplomacy 0 cit. As foreign secretary and later prime minister, Lord Palmerston used the threat and use of naval force to open markets and protect British interests and subjects abroad. The practice of sending warships to coerce weaker states became known as gunboat diplomacy. Historians describe this as free-trade imperialism: prying markets open by force while preaching open commerce. diplomacy / economy / politics ●●●

6 February 1840 New Zealand's Treaty of Waitangi and the land wars 0 cit. The Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 was signed between the British Crown and many Maori chiefs, but its Maori and English texts differed sharply over who held sovereignty. Disputes over land led to the New Zealand Wars of the 1840s to 1870s and large confiscations of Maori territory. British settlers became the majority, though the treaty later gave Maori a legal footing to press claims that survives today. diplomacy / politics / war ●●

c. 1840 Kamba traders reach the Mombasa coast 5 cit. On the northern route the Akamba of the Kenyan interior were the key middlemen. From Kitui and the surrounding country they carried ivory, and at times captives, down to Mombasa to trade with the coastal merchants. Their networks linked the far interior to the port before European traders arrived in force. economy ●●

c. 1840 The age-set system and the making of the ilmurran 0 cit. Maasai men passed together through named age-sets, spending years as ilmurran, the warriors often called moran. Newly circumcised youths became junior warriors and lived apart in a manyatta, a warrior settlement without the usual thorn stockade, where they trained, raided and guarded the herds. Only later did they marry and become elders, bound throughout by loyalty to their age-mates. society / war ●●●

c. 1840 The Iloikop wars break out among the Maa sections 3 cit. From about the 1840s the Maa-speaking peoples fell into a long series of internal wars, usually called the Iloikop or Kwavi wars. The purely pastoral sections fought the sections that also farmed and kept fixed settlements. These were civil wars over cattle, grazing and water rather than a struggle against outsiders. society / war ●●●

1841 Collapse of the Second Bank of the United States 0 cit. After President Andrew Jackson vetoed its recharter in 1832 and withdrew federal deposits, the bank lost its federal charter in 1836 and continued as a Pennsylvania bank. It fails in 1841, ending America's early experiments with central banking. economy / politics ●●●

1841 Whitworth sets standard screw threads 0 cit. Joseph Whitworth proposed a uniform standard for screw threads that engineers widely adopted. Common standards let parts made in different workshops fit together. technology ●●●

9 March 1841 United States v The Amistad 0 cit. The US Supreme Court ruled that the Africans of the Amistad had been illegally enslaved and were free. The survivors were allowed to return to Sierra Leone. politics / society ●●●

1841 Spelmans move to Akron, Ohio rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Harvey and Lucy Spelman move to Akron, Ohio, in 1841 with their young family. They live humbly at first, with Mrs. Spelman taking in washing to extend their income. ●●

c. 1841 'Hypnosis' comes from the god Hypnos 0 cit. The trance state was named hypnosis after Hypnos, the Greek god of sleep. Even the science of the mind reached back to the old gods for its words. religion / science ●●

1841 generally did, nor did they feel concerned about i... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story s generally did, nor did they feel concerned about institutions different from their own. Thus, in 1841, Palmerston spelled out for the British ambass ●●

1841 Oppenheimer interviewed the man for the job in Washington and agreed. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Oppenheimer interviewed the man for the job in Washington and agreed. ●●

1841 1841: ly as it was applied to technology, intrigued her. “What is imaginatio rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ly as it was applied to technology, intrigued her. “What is imagination?” she asked in an 1841 essay. “It is the Combining faculty. It brings together ●●

1841 1841: ratic woman and mother in the early Victorian age. “I believe myself t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ratic woman and mother in the early Victorian age. “I believe myself to possess a most singular combination of qualities exactly fitted to make me pre ●●

1841 Event of 1841 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story er element of the equation, Britain’s role as a balancer became increasingly important. The hallmarks of Britain’s balancing role were its freedom of action and its proven determination to act. Britain’s Foreign Minister (later Prime Minister) Lord P ●●

1841 Information history in 1841 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the time Captain Allen discovered the talking drums in 1841, Samuel F. B. ●●

1841 It was not until 1841 that the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Howley, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was not until 1841 that the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Howley, an aged High Churchman of distinctly old-fashioned type, finally accepted an ex-officio relationship with the Church Missionary Society, thirteen years into his archiepiscopate ●●

1841 Among them had been an outstanding leader back in London, Henry Venn, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Among them had been an outstanding leader back in London, Henry Venn, grandson of one of the original ‘Clapham Sect’ and for more than thirty years from 1841 General Secretary of the Church Missionary Society ●●

1841 Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity (London, 1881; first published 1841), 12 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity (London, 1881; first published 1841), 12 ●●

15 October 1841 Nauvoo Lodge granted Masonic dispensation 0 cit. Illinois Grand Master Abraham Jonas granted a dispensation authorizing the formation of a Masonic lodge in Nauvoo, the Mormon settlement led by Joseph Smith. The dispensation specifically named Smith and Sidney Rigdon as men who could be balloted on for the three degrees of Ancient York Masonry as quickly as the rules allowed. This unusual arrangement set the stage for an extraordinarily rapid initiation the following spring. religion / society ●●

1841 Lovedale mission and African literacy 0 cit. Scottish Presbyterian missionaries founded the Lovedale institution, a mission school offering academic and industrial training to African and some white students together. Mission schools like Lovedale spread literacy in African languages and English and printed books and newspapers. They educated much of the first African professional and political class, an ambiguous legacy of empowerment and cultural reshaping. culture / religion / society ●●

29 August 1842 Treaty of Nanking 0 cit. Treaty ending the First Opium War, ceding Hong Kong to Britain, opening five ports, and imposing an indemnity on China. It was the first of the unequal treaties that defined China's century of humiliation. diplomacy / economy / politics / war ●●●●

1842 Treaty of Nanjing and the century of humiliation 0 cit. The 1842 Treaty of Nanjing ceded Hong Kong to Britain, opened treaty ports, and imposed indemnities. It was the first of the unequal treaties that Chinese later called the century of humiliation. politics ●●●●●

1842 Chadwick reports on the sanitary condition of the labouring population 0 cit. Edwin Chadwick's report linked disease and early death in the towns to filth, bad water, and poor drainage. It built the case for public spending on sanitation. science / society ●●●●

1842 Treaties of Nanking (1842) and Tientsin (1858) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Chinese destruction of illegal opium, Britain imposed the treaties of Nanking (1842) and Tientsin (1858), forcing China to cede Hong Kong and open ports to foreign trade. ●●

1842 British army destroyed retreating from Kabul ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A British-led military expedition of over 16,000 soldiers and camp followers was forced to flee Kabul in 1842 and was devastated en route to Jalalabad, with nearly all members killed. ●●

1842 1842 blood libel accusation in Nuremberg rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story An inflammatory tract revived the ancient blood libel, claiming ritual murder evidence in a Nuremberg synagogue basement. ●●

1842 Brande defines propaganda as term of reproach rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story British chemist William Thomas Brande defines propaganda in his dictionary as a term of reproach for secret associations spreading opinions viewed with horror by governments. ●●

1842 1 Spontaneous fission, a relatively rare nuclear event, differs from fission caused by neutron bomba rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1 Spontaneous fission, a relatively rare nuclear event, differs from fission caused by neutron bombardment; it occurs without outside stimulus as a natural consequence of the instability of heavy nuclei. ●●

1842 Grove demonstrates heat and light as affections of matter ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sir William Grove, in a lecture at the London Institution, was the first to demonstrate that heat and light may be considered as affections of matter itself, not of a distinct ethereal fluid. ●●

1842 Scotland Yard's Detective Branch founded 0 cit. The Metropolitan Police created a small Detective Branch of plainclothes officers to investigate crimes that uniformed patrol could not prevent, a break from the force's original prevention-only mandate. The branch later became the Criminal Investigation Department, or CID, in 1878 after a corruption scandal involving detectives taking bribes from swindlers. Scotland Yard became synonymous worldwide with criminal detection. politics ●●

1842 Rhenish Missionary Society establishes Namibian missions 0 cit. German Rhenish missionaries founded mission stations among Nama and Herero communities, including at Otjimbingwe and Windhoek, introducing literacy, Christianity, and European trade goods. The missions became entry points for later German commercial and political interest in the territory. Missionary reports and letters are a major documentary source for this period. religion ●

29 August 1842 First Opium War ends with Treaty of Nanking 0 cit. Britain defeated Qing China in the First Opium War, fought partly over China's efforts to stop British merchants from smuggling opium into the country. The resulting Treaty of Nanking ceded Hong Kong to Britain, opened five treaty ports to foreign trade, and forced China to pay a large indemnity. It was the first of the so-called unequal treaties that eroded Chinese sovereignty over the following decades. diplomacy / war ●●●

1842 Menabrea describes the Analytical Engine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Italian engineer Luigi Menabrea publishes, with Babbage's help, a detailed French account of the Analytical Engine that Ada Lovelace will later translate and annotate. ●●

15 March 1842 Joseph Smith initiated as a Freemason 0 cit. Grand Master Abraham Jonas came to Nauvoo, installed the new lodge's officers, and initiated Joseph Smith and Sidney Rigdon as Entered Apprentice Masons. The next day, March 16, both men were passed to Fellowcraft in the morning and raised to the rank of Master Mason that same afternoon, completing all three degrees within about 24 hours. This pace was highly irregular by ordinary Masonic practice, which normally required weeks or months between degrees. religion / society ●●●

c. 1842 Nauvoo Lodge becomes fastest-growing lodge in America 0 cit. Within months of its founding, Nauvoo Lodge initiated far more members than any other lodge in Illinois, reportedly surpassing a thousand Masons in its first year as converts to Mormonism sought initiation alongside their new faith. Other Illinois lodges complained that Nauvoo was conferring degrees too quickly and too cheaply, violating standard Masonic practice. The rapid growth alarmed the state Grand Lodge and became a recurring source of friction. religion / society ●●

4 May 1842 Introduction of the LDS temple endowment ceremony 0 cit. Joseph Smith introduced the temple endowment, a sacred ceremony of washings, anointings, and covenants, to a small group of Church leaders in the upper room of his Red Brick Store. This came less than eight weeks after Smith's own initiation into Freemasonry. Historians, including Mormon scholars, have documented close structural parallels between the new ceremony and Masonic ritual, including specific signs, tokens, grips, and penalties; Latter-day Saint tradition holds the endowment was received by revelation and represents a restoration of ancient temple ordinances rather than a copy of Masonry. religion ●●●

July 1842 Nauvoo Lodge first suspended by Illinois Grand Lodge 0 cit. The Illinois Grand Lodge suspended Nauvoo Lodge after other lodges complained that it was initiating far more members than any lodge in the state and doing so against standard Masonic policy. The suspension was lifted that November after negotiations, but the underlying tensions over Nauvoo's practices did not go away. It was the first of two suspensions the lodge would face in two years. religion / society ●

c. 1842 Endowment ceremony's ritual clothing and tokens established 0 cit. As the endowment ceremony was developed and extended to more participants through 1842 and 1843, it came to include distinctive ritual clothing, secret names, and specific handclasps or grips used to identify initiates, alongside the signs and tokens already given. Scholars on both sides of the debate agree these elements closely resemble Masonic degree ritual in form, while differing on whether this reflects borrowing, adaptation, or independent revelation restoring older practices. religion ●●

1 March 1842 Publication of the Book of Abraham 0 cit. The Book of Abraham was published in the Church periodical Times and Seasons as a purported translation by Joseph Smith. It describes the Egyptian pharaoh as a righteous man descended through Ham and Egyptus who was denied the priesthood by lineage. This became the primary scriptural text later cited by Church leaders to justify barring men of Black African descent from priesthood ordination. religion ●●●

c. 1842 The century of humiliation 0 cit. Chinese nationalists later named the era opened by the Opium Wars the century of humiliation, running from the unequal treaties to 1949. The memory of foreign powers forcing a drug and carving out concessions became a central story in modern Chinese politics and remains one today. politics / society ●●

1842 Sobieski Stuarts publish the forged Vestiarium Scoticum debunked ai_extracted 1 cit. The brothers who called themselves the Sobieski Stuarts published the Vestiarium Scoticum, presented as a sixteenth-century manuscript recording ancient clan tartans. It was a forgery, yet its invented patterns were taken up by the tartan industry and shaped the clan tartans worn ever since. ●●

c. 1843 to c. 1849 Conquest of Sindh and the Punjab 0 cit. British forces annexed Sindh and, after two wars with the Sikhs, the Punjab. The conquests extended British India to the mountains of the northwest frontier. war ●●●

19 July 1843 Brunel launches the SS Great Britain 0 cit. The SS Great Britain was the first large ship built of iron and driven by a screw propeller. It combined features that became standard in ocean-going steamships. technology ●●●●

1843 Horace Mann's Seventh Report praises Prussian schooling ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes Horace Mann's 1843 Seventh Report to the Boston School Committee, which ranked Prussia first among nations in schooling and recommended the Prussian whole-word reading method. ●●

1843 Children make up half of American coal miners ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto states that by 1843, when Horace Mann visited Prussia, boys and girls aged five to eight worked in every American coal mine and that half of all coal miners were children. ●●

1843 Grenadians say they live “just south of paradise, just north rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Grenadians say they live “just south of paradise, just north of frustration.” A British trader brought nutmeg to Grenada in 1843, and it thrived so we (1843) ●●

1843 Rockefellers move to Moravia, New York rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Rockefeller family relocates to Moravia, New York, 30 miles north of Richford. Bill Rockefeller purchases a 92-acre property with lake views that becomes a cherished memory for young John D. ●●

1843 Mary Ann Rockefeller born in Moravia rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mary Ann Rockefeller, sister of John D., is born in Moravia during one of Big Bill's absences from the family. She would later defend the family's financial status. ●●

1843 1843: 1843 Ada, Countess of Lovelace, publishes “Notes” on Babbage’s Analyti rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1843 Ada, Countess of Lovelace, publishes “Notes” on Babbage’s Analytical Engine. 1847 George Boole creates a system using algebr ●●

1843 1843: has declared this one of Ada’s historic legacies. “If we are looking a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story has declared this one of Ada’s historic legacies. “If we are looking and sifting history for that transition, then that transition was made explicitly ●●

1843 1843: umbers” and “my dear and much admired Interpreter.” That month, Septem rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story umbers” and “my dear and much admired Interpreter.” That month, September 1843, her translation and “Notes” finally appeared in Scientific Memoirs . F ●●

1843 1843: is the one that Turing attributed to Ada Lovelace. “The Analytical Eng rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story is the one that Turing attributed to Ada Lovelace. “The Analytical Engine has no pretensions whatever to originate anything,” she wrote in 1843. “It c ●●

1843 Event of 1843 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story pprehension a country whose territory and military forces dwarfed those of the rest of the Continent combined and whose elites’ polished manners seemed barely able to conceal a primitive force from before and beyond Western civilization. Russia, the ●●

1843 Information history in 1843 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the basis of her own knowledge. She did that on her own, without telling either Menabrea or Babbage. ●●

1843 ’ A search for solidarity against Catholicism was an important element in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ’ A search for solidarity against Catholicism was an important element in a successful Reunion of 1929 between the two halves of the Church of Scotland riven in the Disruption of 1843 (see p ●●

1843 Ada Lovelace's Notes on the Analytical Engine appear ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ada Lovelace's translation and extensive original notes on the Analytical Engine appear in Scientific Memoirs, laying out the concept of a general-purpose programmable machine. ●●

October 1843 Nauvoo Lodge suspended a second time 0 cit. At its annual meeting, the Illinois Grand Lodge under newly elected Grand Master Alexander Dunlap suspended Nauvoo Lodge for a second time, again citing irregular practices. When a Grand Lodge representative was sent to collect Nauvoo Lodge's dispensation, its members refused to relinquish it. On November 2, 1843, the Nauvoo Lodge voted to defy the suspension and continue meeting and conferring degrees. religion / society ●●

6 June 1844 Founding of the YMCA 0 cit. Draper George Williams and eleven friends found the Young Men's Christian Association in London to improve the lives of young workers. It spread into a worldwide movement and helped invent basketball and volleyball. diplomacy / religion / society ●●