Events, Verisoph

27 February 1844 Independence of the Dominican Republic 0 cit. no story Dominican rebels proclaim independence from Haiti, ending twenty-two years of Haitian rule over the eastern part of Hispaniola. politics / war ●●●

23 May 1844 Declaration of the Bab 0 cit. Sayyid Ali Muhammad declares himself the Bab, the gate to a promised divine messenger, founding the Babi movement. Baha'is count this night as the beginning of their faith's history. religion ●●●●●

24 May 1844 The electric telegraph 0 cit. Samuel Morse sent the message What hath God wrought over a line from Washington to Baltimore. The telegraph let information travel almost instantly over long distances for the first time. technology ●●●●●

24 May 1844 Morse sends first telegraph message 0 cit. Samuel Morse sent the message What hath God wrought from Washington to Baltimore on 24 May 1844, opening the first commercial telegraph line. The telegraph separated communication from physical transport for the first time. society / technology ●●●●

24 May 1844 Morse sends the first telegraph message 0 cit. Samuel Morse sent the message What hath God wrought over a line from Washington to Baltimore. The telegraph let news travel faster than any messenger and reshaped the press. culture / technology ●●●

c. 1844 to c. 1847 Railway mania sweeps Britain 0 cit. A frenzy of investment funded hundreds of new railway lines across the country. Many schemes collapsed when the bubble burst, but the boom built much of the national network. economy ●●●●

24 May 1844 Morse sends his first long-distance telegraph message 0 cit. Samuel Morse sent a message by telegraph from Washington to Baltimore using his code of dots and dashes. The system spread quickly and tied distant places into a communication network. technology ●●●●

1844 Horace Mann's European tour and Seventh Report ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes Horace Mann's 1843 European tour, which led to his 1844 Seventh Report to the Boston School Committee attacking the practice of beginning reading with the alphabet. ●●

1844 Bank of England granted currency monopoly ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Britain granted the Bank of England a monopoly of currency in 1844, though Scottish banks and some grandfathered English banks kept issuing notes. The last private English banknotes were issued in 1921. ●●

1844 (The Bank of England was granted suspension of the 1844 Bank Act, which imposed a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (The Bank of England was granted suspension of the 1844 Bank Act, which imposed a fixed relationship between the Bank’s reserve and note issue, but this was not equivalent to suspending specie payments, which could easily be maintained with a lower reserve. ●●

1844 Information history in 1844 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story elf, a relay might reverse the signal. And relays might combine signals from more than one source. ●●

1844 Earl of Zetland becomes Grand Master 0 cit. Following the Duke of Sussex's death in 1843, Thomas Dundas, Earl of Zetland, was elected Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of England, a post he held for over 25 years. His long tenure kept UGLE firmly under aristocratic leadership in the mid-Victorian period. The pattern of peers and royals heading English Freemasonry, set at the 1813 union, continued through his term. society ●

27 June 1844 Death of Joseph Smith at Carthage Jail 0 cit. A mob stormed the jail where Joseph and Hyrum Smith were held and shot them both dead. Eyewitness accounts by John Taylor and Willard Richards record Joseph Smith's final words as "O Lord, my God!", which some contemporaries, including Zina D. H. Young, believed was Smith giving the Masonic grand hailing sign of distress, a call for aid that any Mason present was bound by oath to answer. Many men in the mob and in Hancock County generally were themselves Masons, and the signal, if intended as such, was not heeded. religion / society ●●●

10 October 1844 Illinois Grand Lodge severs all fellowship with Nauvoo's Mormon lodges 0 cit. Months after Joseph Smith's death, the Grand Lodge of Illinois passed a resolution formally withdrawing all fellowship from Nauvoo Lodge and two related lodges, Helm Lodge and Nye Lodge, declaring their members clandestine Masons. This ended any formal recognition of Mormon Freemasonry in Illinois and closed the chapter on the Nauvoo lodges, though thousands of Latter-day Saints had already been initiated by that point. religion / society ●●

c. June 1844 Battle of Walker Creek and the Colt revolver 0 cit. Hays's rangers, armed with Samuel Colt's new five-shot revolving pistol, fought a mounted engagement against a larger Comanche force near present-day Kendall County and reportedly held their own where single-shot weapons would have left them defenseless after one volley. Accounts of the battle come mainly from ranger participants and later retellings, so exact numbers are uncertain, but the episode is credited with demonstrating the revolver's value in mounted combat. technology / war ●●

28 March 1844 The Guardia Civil founded in Spain 0 cit. Spain established the Guardia Civil by decree in 1844 as a militarized national force to police the countryside and roads, which had been plagued by banditry and unrest. Organized on military lines and housed in barracks called casas cuartel, its members lived apart from the communities they policed. The Guardia Civil became a lasting symbol of centralized armed order in Spain and a model cited across the Spanish-speaking world. politics / society ●●

1844 First steps toward abolishing Roma slavery 0 cit. Pressure from a reform-minded generation led the principalities to begin freeing Roma slaves in stages during the 1840s, starting with those owned by the state and the church. Writers and activists cast Roma slavery as a national shame that had to end. These partial measures set the ground for full abolition a decade later. economy / politics / society ●●

1844 Krapf reaches Mombasa for the Church Missionary Society 0 cit. The German Lutheran Johann Ludwig Krapf, working for the Anglican Church Missionary Society, landed at Mombasa in 1844 and became the first Protestant missionary to settle in what is now Kenya. His wife and infant daughter died of fever within months of arrival. Krapf studied Swahili and began the first Christian mission on the coast, opening a long era of European evangelism in the region. religion / society ●●●

21 December 1845 to 22 December 1845 Battle of Ferozeshah wikidata 0 cit. no story 1845 battle ●●

December 1845 to March 1849 Anglo-Sikh Wars 0 cit. no story The British East India Company defeats the Sikh Empire in two hard-fought wars. The victory annexes the Punjab, completing British control of India. war ●●●

10 October 1845 Founding of the Naval Academy at Annapolis 0 cit. Navy Secretary George Bancroft opens the Naval School at Fort Severn in Annapolis with 50 midshipmen. Renamed the United States Naval Academy in 1850, it becomes the Navy's officer training ground. war ●●

c. 1845 Manifest Destiny enters the national language 0 cit. Journalist John O'Sullivan wrote that it was the nation's manifest destiny to spread across the continent. The phrase gave a moral frame to westward expansion and conquest. culture / politics ●●●

c. 1845 to c. 1852 The Great Famine in Ireland 0 cit. A potato blight caused mass starvation while food was still exported and government relief fell short. Roughly a million people died and millions more emigrated, permanently scarring Ireland. environment / society ●●●●●

1845 Frederick Douglass's Narrative fuels abolition 0 cit. Frederick Douglass, who had escaped slavery, published a bestselling account of his life in bondage. His powerful testimony helped turn public opinion against slavery. culture / society ●●

1845 Engels publishes The Condition of the Working Class in England 0 cit. Friedrich Engels described the poverty, overcrowding, and disease he saw among workers in Manchester and other cities. The book became an influential indictment of industrial capitalism. politics / society ●●●●

c. 1845 Rothschilds finance European railways 0 cit. From the 1840s the family funded major railway companies, including the Compagnie du Chemin de fer du Nord in France founded in 1845. Railway finance became a core part of their business across Europe. economy / technology ●●●

1845 65 per cent in 1845 to just 2. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 65 per cent in 1845 to just 2. ●●

1845 10 By 1845, however – even before the mid-century slump in grain prices, in other rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 10 By 1845, however – even before the mid-century slump in grain prices, in other words – his debts were close to overwhelming him. ●●

1845 Disraeli laughingly confided to Queen Victoria, “I am of the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Disraeli laughingly confided to Queen Victoria, “I am of the opinion, Madame, that there never can be too many Rothschilds.”15 Besides bankrolling the Louisiana Purchase, Barings financed the French ... ●●

1845 Twin children born to William and Eliza Rockefeller rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Twins are born to William and Eliza Rockefeller in Moravia. The boy Frank is healthy, but sister Frances is sickly and dies before her second birthday, marking young John D.'s first encounter with death. ●●

1845 Texas annexed to the United States ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Following the war with Mexico, huge chunks of land including Texas are annexed to the United States, triggering expansion fever and investment speculation across America. ●●

1845 Information history in 1845 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story it was far from clear who, besides the police and the occasional chess player, would line up to pay the tariff. In Washington, where pricing began in 1845 at one-quarter cent per letter, total revenue ●●

1845 That was a difficult concept for Protestants after the Reformation’s monastic dissolutions, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story That was a difficult concept for Protestants after the Reformation’s monastic dissolutions, although from 1845 onwards a significant number of strong-minded women intimidated or nonplussed male leaders in the Anglican Communion by founding nunneries ●●

1845 Christianity in its various missionary forms offered more promising paths into adjusting rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Christianity in its various missionary forms offered more promising paths into adjusting to the European presence: by 1845, in under fifty years, at least half the Maori population was worshipping in Christian churches, far outnumbering European chur ●●

1845 Taufa'ahau crowned King George I of Tonga ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1845 Thomas had the satisfaction of adapting English coronation rites for Taufa’ahau’s enthronement as King George I, founding a royal dynasty which endures to this day ●●

May 1845 New York City establishes a full-time police department 0 cit. The New York Municipal Police was created, replacing the old night watch with a full-time, salaried, uniformed force modeled partly on London's Metropolitan Police. It was one of the first modern police departments in the United States, and other major American cities including Boston and Philadelphia soon followed with similar reforms. Political patronage and corruption plagued the department almost from the start, with officers frequently owing their jobs to Tammany Hall. politics ●●

c. September 1845 to c. 1852 Great Irish Famine 0 cit. A potato blight destroyed Ireland's staple crop, and roughly one million people died of starvation and disease while the British government's relief response was slow and limited by laissez-faire policy. Ireland continued exporting grain and livestock to Britain during the worst years of the famine. About a million more people emigrated, and Ireland's population fell by a quarter. economy / society ●●●

c. 1845 Grove Street Cemetery Egyptian Gate Built 0 cit. Architect Henry Austin designed an Egyptian Revival gateway for the entrance of Grove Street Cemetery in New Haven, built between 1845 and 1848. The sandstone gate features winged orbs, cobra carvings, and the inscription "The Dead Shall Be Raised." It is considered one of the finest American examples of Egyptian Revival cemetery architecture. Like similar gates in Europe, its Egyptian imagery reflected fashionable ideas about death and eternity, not fraternal symbolism. culture ●

September 1845 The Great Famine begins 0 cit. A potato blight arrived in autumn 1845 and destroyed the crop that millions of poor Irish depended on. Because a large share of the rural population relied almost entirely on the potato, repeated failures brought mass starvation and disease. The famine that followed became the defining catastrophe of nineteenth-century Ireland. economy / society ●●●

1846 to 1860 Third cholera pandemic wikidata 0 cit. no story 1846-1860 worldwide pandemic ●●●

15 June 1846 Oregon Treaty 0 cit. Treaty between Britain and the United States dividing the Oregon Country along the 49th parallel. It settled the last major boundary dispute between the two powers in North America. diplomacy / politics ●●●

25 April 1846 to 2 February 1848 Mexican-American War 0 cit. no story The United States defeats Mexico and takes its capital. The peace transfers roughly half of Mexico's territory, including California and the Southwest, to the United States. politics / war ●●●●

10 August 1846 Founding of the Smithsonian Institution 0 cit. Congress accepts the bequest of English scientist James Smithson to found an institution in Washington for the increase and diffusion of knowledge. The Smithsonian grows into the world's largest museum and research complex. culture / science ●●●

25 June 1846 Repeal of the Corn Laws 0 cit. Britain repeals the tariffs protecting domestic grain, splitting the Conservative Party under Robert Peel. The repeal marks the triumph of free-trade liberalism as British policy. economy / politics ●●●●

16 October 1846 Surgical anaesthesia 0 cit. William Morton publicly demonstrated ether that let a patient sleep painlessly through surgery. Anaesthesia removed the agony of operations and made complex surgery possible. science ●●●●

May 1846 Associated Press founded 0 cit. Five New York newspapers formed a cooperative in 1846 to share the cost of telegraphing news from the Mexican-American War, creating the Associated Press. Wire cooperatives standardized how news moved across distances. society / technology ●●●●

c. 1846 The Associated Press and the rise of wire services 0 cit. New York newspapers formed a cooperative to share the cost of gathering news by telegraph, an arrangement that became the Associated Press. Wire services standardized news across the country. culture / technology ●●●

c. 1846 Missionary schools bring Western education to Kenya 0 cit. Church Missionary Society missionaries open the first Western-style schools near Mombasa, beginning formal education in Kenya as an instrument of both literacy and Christian conversion. religion / society ●●

1846 From the late 1840s onwards, the combination of increasing grain production around the world, plu... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From the late 1840s onwards, the combination of increasing grain production around the world, plummeting transport costs and falling tariff barriers – exemplified by the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 – eroded the economic position of landowners. ●●

1846 Great Britain repeals the Corn Laws ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Great Britain begins the expansion of a global system of commerce organized around open trade by repealing the Corn Laws ●●

1846 1846: father got an administrative job with the Church. The centerpiece of t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story father got an administrative job with the Church. The centerpiece of the town was Grinnell College, founded in 1846 by a group of Congregationalists f ●●

1846 Information history in 1846 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story orne (1851)♦ THREE CLERKS IN A SMALL ROOM UPSTAIRS in the Ferry House of Jersey City handled the entire telegraph traffic of the city of New York in 1846 and did not have to work very hard. ♦ They adm ●●

1846 The youngest pope at election since Pius IX in 1846, and destined rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The youngest pope at election since Pius IX in 1846, and destined to have the second-longest pontificate in the papacy’s history so far, Karol Wojtyła was a heroic figure, survivor of struggles against two tyrannical regimes which were conscious enem ●●

1846 For example, Dogget’s Directory for New York City in 1846 indicates that the num rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For example, Dogget’s Directory for New York City in 1846 indicates that the number of specialized business enterprises was highest in dry goods and g ●●

1846 , 163 Doering, Otto, 232 Dogget’s Directory for New York City in 1846, 26 Domi... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story , 163 Doering, Otto, 232 Dogget’s Directory for New York City in 1846, 26 Dominion Telegraph, 199 Domino sugar, 329 Dorrance family, 295, 414 Douglass, Elisha P ●●

c. 1846 Nauvoo Temple completed with celestial and solar motifs 0 cit. The Nauvoo Temple, completed as Latter-day Saints were being driven from the city, incorporated sunstones, moonstones, and starstones on its exterior along with other symbolic carvings. These celestial motifs, along with the endowment ceremony performed inside, established a visual and ritual vocabulary that would reappear on later Utah temples, particularly the Salt Lake Temple decades afterward. culture / religion ●●

c. 1846 Rangers serve in the Mexican-American War 0 cit. Ranger units under Hays and others were mustered into U.S. service during the Mexican-American War, scouting and fighting alongside the regular army in northern Mexico. Mexican civilians came to call them "los diablos Tejanos" (the Texan devils) for the harshness of their conduct, including reprisal killings of civilians reported by U.S. Army officers at the time. This reputation for violence against Mexican civilians recurs throughout Ranger history and is documented well before the twentieth-century border violence. war ●●

c. 1846 Mass emigration and the global Irish diaspora 0 cit. The famine drove a huge wave of emigration, often on overcrowded and disease-ridden vessels remembered as coffin ships. Ireland's population fell from over eight million before the famine to around four million by the early twentieth century, through death and continued emigration. Large Irish communities took root in the United States, Britain, Canada and Australia, forming a diaspora that shaped Irish politics and identity for generations. economy / society ●●●

1846 Krapf and Rebmann found the Rabai mission 0 cit. Krapf was joined by fellow German missionary Johannes Rebmann, and together they established the Rabai station in the hills behind Mombasa, the first inland mission post of the Church Missionary Society. From Rabai the pair made long journeys into the interior, and Rebmann reported snow on Kilimanjaro in 1848 while Krapf sighted Mount Kenya in 1849. Their accounts, doubted at first in Europe, drew wider attention to the East African interior. religion / society ●●

26 July 1847 Independence of Liberia 0 cit. no story Liberia, founded as a settlement for freed African Americans, declares itself an independent republic, Africa's first. politics / society ●●●

12 October 1847 Founding of Siemens 0 cit. Werner von Siemens and Johann Georg Halske found a telegraph works in Berlin. The firm builds pioneering telegraph lines, dynamos, and electric railways, growing into Europe's largest electrical engineering company. economy / technology ●●●●

8 June 1847 The Ten Hours Act limits the working day 0 cit. The Factory Act of 1847 capped the working day for women and young people in textile mills at ten hours. It was a major win for the movement to shorten hours. politics / society ●●●

1847 'Best interest of the child' test entered in New York court ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes a second court authorization for intervention in family life. In 1847 Judge Oakley of the New York City Superior Court advanced the 'best interest of the child' test as governed by fixed rules. ●●

1847 George Lippard publishes Washington and his Generals ai_extracted 1 cit. no story American social reformer and muckraker George Lippard, a friend of Edgar Allan Poe, published 'Washington and his Generals, or Legends of the Revolution,' which included the story 'The Speech of the Unknown' about a mysterious robed orator at the Declaration of Independence signing. ●●

1847 1847: publishes “Notes” on Babbage’s Analytical Engine. 1847 George Boole cr rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story publishes “Notes” on Babbage’s Analytical Engine. 1847 George Boole creates a system using algebra for logical reasoning. 1890 The census is tabulated ●●

1847 Information history in 1847 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story with wax, the whole affair seemed public and insecure—the messages passing along those mysterious conduits, the electric wires. Vail himself wrote in 1847, “The great advantage which this telegraph po ●●

1847 Prussia, for example, put in place a universal franchise between 1847 and 1867, albeit with an open candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Prussia, for example, put in place a universal franchise between 1847 and 1867, albeit with an open ballot and tiered voting. ●●

1847 openness of locals to outsiders: Amoy had been one of the earliest rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story openness of locals to outsiders: Amoy had been one of the earliest entry points for Europeans three centuries before, and now it was one of the treaty ports opened up by the Nanjing Treaty in 1847 ●●

1847 Twenty-First (1847) Annual Report of the Baltimore & Ohio Rail-Road, p rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Twenty-First (1847) Annual Report of the Baltimore & Ohio Rail-Road, p ●●

1847 Steamship line opens New York to Bremen service ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1847 an American sponsored, German financed and owned line began services between New York and Bremen ●●

1847 Boole devises an algebra for logic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story George Boole develops a symbolic algebra for expressing logical statements, later used to design switching circuits. ●●

1 May 1847 Smithsonian Castle Cornerstone Ceremony 0 cit. The cornerstone of the Smithsonian Institution Building, later called the Castle, was laid before a crowd of several thousand people. Benjamin B. French, Grand Master of Masons for the District of Columbia, led the ceremony using the same gavel and apron George Washington had used at the Capitol in 1793. President James K. Polk and Smithsonian secretary Joseph Henry took part in the procession from the White House. The event tied the new scientific institution to the same civic-Masonic tradition used at the Capitol. culture / science ●●

1847 Samuel Walker helps design the Walker Colt 0 cit. Former ranger Samuel Walker worked with Samuel Colt to design a heavier, six-shot revolver for U.S. Mounted Rifles use in the Mexican-American War, produced as the Colt Walker. Texas Rangers serving in that war, including under Hays, carried the new revolvers and helped popularize them as cavalry and frontier weapons. The Walker Colt is often cited in Ranger lore as proof of a special bond between the Rangers and Colt, though the weapon was developed for the U.S. Army generally, not the Rangers alone. technology / war ●●

1847 Black '47 and the food export controversy contested 0 cit. 1847, remembered as Black '47, was the worst year of the famine, with deaths from starvation and fever at their peak. Roughly a million people died and a million more emigrated over the famine years. Records show food was still exported from Ireland while people starved, and the British government's laissez-faire response and cuts to relief are widely documented, though economic historians debate how much export volumes mattered against overall food shortfalls. economy / society ●●●

15 March 1848 to 4 October 1849 Hungarian Revolution of 1848 wikidata 0 cit. no story European Revolution of 1848 ●●●

22 February 1848 to 2 December 1848 French Revolution of 1848 wikidata 0 cit. no story one of a wave of revolutions in 1848 in Europe ●●●

1 March 1848 to November 1848 Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg empire wikidata 0 cit. no story bourgeois-democratic motivated revolutions ●●●

March 1848 March Revolution in Berlin wikidata 0 cit. no story revolution from 1848 till 1849 in Berlin ●●●

2 February 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 0 cit. Peace ending the Mexican-American War, with Mexico ceding roughly half its territory including California and the Southwest to the United States for 15 million dollars. It fixed the Rio Grande as the Texas border. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●●

c. 1848 Chicago as the capital of futures trading 0 cit. The Chicago Board of Trade, founded in 1848, standardizes grain futures contracts and makes the city the world center of commodity trading. Financial futures and options invented in the 1970s keep Chicago at the heart of global derivatives markets. economy ●●●

September 1848 to 13 August 1849 Hungarian War of Independence 0 cit. no story Hungary fights for independence from Habsburg Austria during the revolutions of 1848. Austria wins only after calling in a Russian army, and executes the rebel generals. politics / war ●●●

March 1848 to 1852 First Schleswig War 0 cit. no story Denmark and German nationalists backed by Prussia fight over the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. Denmark keeps the duchies, but the dispute reignites in 1864. politics / war ●●

c. 1848 to c. 1866 Wars of Italian Unification 0 cit. no story Piedmont, aided by France and by Garibaldi's volunteers, fights Austria and the Italian states in three wars of independence. The campaigns unite most of Italy under the House of Savoy by 1866, with Rome added in 1870. politics / war ●●●●

July 1848 Founding of Lazard 0 cit. Three Lazard brothers, immigrants from France, open a dry goods business in New Orleans. The firm follows the gold rush to San Francisco, moves into banking, and becomes a leading independent financial advisory house with branches in Paris, London, and New York. economy ●●●

c. 1848 to c. 1849 Revolutions of 1848 1 cit. Uprisings demanding constitutions, national unity, and social reform sweep across Europe from Paris to Vienna and Berlin. Most are crushed, but the ideas of liberalism, nationalism, and socialism they spread shape the next century. politics / society ●●●●

21 February 1848 Publication of the Communist Manifesto 0 cit. Marx and Engels publish the manifesto of the Communist League, setting out a theory of history driven by class struggle. It becomes the founding text of the communist movement. economy / politics ●●●●●

February 1848 to 1849 Springtime of Nations 0 cit. Revolutions sweep France, the German and Italian states, and the Habsburg Empire, demanding constitutions and national self-rule. Though nearly all are crushed, liberalism and nationalism emerge as the driving forces of European politics. politics ●●●●

19 July 1848 Seneca Falls Convention 0 cit. The first women's rights convention adopts the Declaration of Sentiments, modeled on the Declaration of Independence and demanding the vote. It launches the organized women's movement in the United States. politics / society ●●●●

2 February 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends the Mexican-American War 0 cit. The treaty ended the war with Mexico and transferred vast territory in the West and Southwest to the United States. The gains nearly completed the continental expansion of the country. politics / war ●●●

19 July 1848 Seneca Falls Convention launches U.S. women's movement 0 cit. The first women's rights convention in the United States issued a declaration demanding equality, including the right to vote. It marked the start of an organized American feminist movement. politics / society ●●●

31 August 1848 The Public Health Act of 1848 0 cit. The act set up local boards of health with power to improve water supply, drainage, and sewers. It marked the start of organized state action on public health in Britain. science / society ●●●●

4 July 1848 The Washington Monument cornerstone is laid with Masonic rites 0 cit. The cornerstone of the Washington Monument was laid in a public Masonic ceremony on Independence Day 1848. Stones donated by lodges and other groups were later set inside the shaft, an openly documented practice. culture / society ●

27 April 1848 France ends slavery for good 0 cit. The Second Republic abolished slavery in all French colonies, this time permanently. It freed around a quarter of a million people, mainly in the Caribbean and Indian Ocean. politics / society ●●●

c. March 1848 The Fox sisters and modern Spiritualism 0 cit. Reports of rapping noises around sisters Kate and Maggie Fox sparked the Spiritualist movement, which held that the living can communicate with the dead through mediums. The sisters later confessed to faking the raps, but Spiritualism grew into a mass movement that fed later esoteric and New Age currents. culture / religion ●●●

1848 Publication of the Communist Manifesto rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. The 1848 publication of the Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels marks the dividing line between the Utopian Socialists and the period of scientific Socialism. ●●

1848 Marx's Communist Manifesto, 1848 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley places the Romantic period as culminating in Marx's Communist Manifesto of 1848, which located the key to man's social position in past struggles. ●●

1848 Rules of the Stokes County School ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reproduces the November 10, 1848 disciplinary code of the Stokes County School under master William A. Chaffin, listing offenses and their prescribed lashes. ●●

1848 Massachusetts passes first modern formal adoption law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that four years before the 1852 compulsion law, the Massachusetts legislature passed an adoption act. He calls it the first formal adoption legislation anywhere since the Roman Empire. ●●

1848 Carl Schurz's first view of America ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes German immigrant Carl Schurz, who in 1848 remarked on first seeing America how little a people needs to be governed. Gatto uses it to contrast American liberty with heavy government. ●●

1848 In 1848 , when another spasm of political candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1848 , when another spasm of political uprisings broke out across the continent, Nicholas volunteered his services as the "gen darme of Europe." Hi... ●●