Events, Verisoph

1853 Holman Hunt paints The Light of the World ai_extracted 1 cit. no story One of the greatest successes was achieved by William Holman Hunt, an English ‘Pre-Raphaelite’ artist and a strenuously if unconventionally devout Anglican, who in 1853 created an endearingly intimate image of the Saviour bearing a lighted lamp, brin ●●

1853 F.D. Maurice dismissed from King's College London ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Maurice, a convert from Unitarianism to Anglicanism, lost his professorial chair at King’s College, London, in 1853 for a series of theological essays which suggested that the notion of eternal punishment was a misunderstanding of the biblical messag ●●

1853 Erie Canal lines consolidate into New York Central ai_extracted 1 cit. no story These threatened to become intolerable when, in the spring of 1853, the short lines along the Erie Canal consolidated to form a single enterprise, the ●●

1853 471–474; Sixth Annual Report of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, February 7, 1... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 471–474; Sixth Annual Report of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, February 7, 1853, pp ●●

14 February 1853 Groundbreaking of the Salt Lake Temple 0 cit. Brigham Young broke ground for the Salt Lake Temple, beginning a construction project that would take 40 years to complete. The building's eventual design incorporated an extensive program of symbolic carvings, including several elements that observers have long identified as Masonic in origin or parallel, alongside distinctly Latter-day Saint motifs. religion ●●

1853 to 1856 Crimean War and the 'sick man of Europe' 0 cit. Britain and France join the Ottomans against Russia and win, but the war leaves the empire deep in foreign debt. The Russian tsar's reported description of the Ottoman state as the 'sick man of Europe' captured the view that its collapse was only a matter of time and that the great powers were circling its lands. diplomacy / economy / war ●●

31 March 1854 Convention of Kanagawa 0 cit. Treaty concluded under pressure from Commodore Perry's squadron, opening two Japanese ports to American ships and ending two centuries of Japanese seclusion. It began Japan's forced opening to the West. diplomacy / economy / politics ●●●

c. 1854 Eliphas Levi links Kabbalah and the tarot 0 cit. The French writer Eliphas Levi presented Kabbalah as the key to a universal occult science and connected the twenty-two paths of the Tree of Life to the tarot trumps. His work shaped the modern Western magical revival. culture / religion ●●●●

1854 Types of Mankind gives slavery a scientific gloss 0 cit. Josiah Nott and George Gliddon argued in Types of Mankind that races were separate species, with whites at the top. The book was influential propaganda for slavery in the American South. science / society ●

1854 Crimean War and the Congress of Paris, 1854-1856 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Great Power intervention against Russia led to the Crimean War of 1854-1856 and the Congress of Paris of 1856, which sought to bar future Russian meddling in Turkish affairs. ●●

1854 India's modern postal, telegraph, and rail systems begin, 1854 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story India's modern postal, telegraphic, and railroad systems all began in 1854, eventually tying the subcontinent together under British rule. ●●

1854 but I have passed too many money panics, unscathed, not to h rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story but I have passed too many money panics, unscathed, not to have seen how often large Capitals are swept away, and that even with my own I must use caution.”15 Junius Morgan, who became Peabody’s part... ●●

1854 Junius Morgan moves to London ai_extracted 1 cit. no story WHEN Morgan moved to London in 1854, it was a more auspicious time for an American banker than it had been when Peabody was flogging the hated Maryland bonds in the 1830s. American grain prices soared... ●●

1854 Crimean War breaks out ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Crimean War began in March 1854 over disputes concerning religious rights in Jerusalem, marking the first major European conflict since 1815 and creating significant financial opportunities for Rothschild war lending. ●●

1854 John D. Rockefeller enters Central High School in Cleveland rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1854, at age 15, John D. Rockefeller enters Cleveland's Central High School (later called Central High), a progressive institution stressing composition and free education for boys and girls. ●●

1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act passes Congress ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Kansas-Nebraska Act is passed in May 1854, allowing territorial residents to decide slavery question by popular sovereignty. It intensely divides the nation and informs John D. Rockefeller's abolitionist essays. ●●

1854 Military expenditures, which even in peacetime took four-fif rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Military expenditures, which even in peacetime took four-fifths of the state revenue, rose from about 220 million rubles in 1853 to about 500 million in both war years 1854 and 1855. To cover part of ●●

1854 Commodore Perry forcibly opens Japan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For 500 years before it was forcibly opened by Commodore Matthew Perry in 1854, Japan did not even deign to balance the barbarians off against each ot ●●

1854 war at all took place among the Great Powers for f... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story No war at all took place among the Great Powers for forty years, and after the Crimean War of 1854, no general war for another sixty. ●●

1854 1854, the Great Powers were at war for the first t... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1854, the Great Powers were at war for the first time since the days of Napoleon. ●●

1854 1854, during the Crimean War, Bismarck urged that ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1854, during the Crimean War, Bismarck urged that Prussia exploit Austria’s break with Russia and attack ●●

1854 This had been true in the Crimean War of 1854, the... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This had been true in the Crimean War of 1854, the Balkan Wars of 1875–78, and prior to the Russo-Japanese War of 1904. One explanation for these tend ●●

1854 UK establishes the Meteorological Office ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This was a transformative idea. In 1854 the government established a Meteorological Office in the Board of Trade. ●●

1854 As early as 1854 the three railroads entering Troy, New York, had built and join rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As early as 1854 the three railroads entering Troy, New York, had built and jointly operated a belt line ●●

November 1854 Fernando Wood elected mayor with Tammany backing 0 cit. Fernando Wood, backed by Tammany Hall's Democratic organization, was elected mayor of New York City. His administration is widely cited by historians as an early example of systematic patronage and election fraud tied to the machine, including the use of city jobs and police to reward loyal voters. politics ●●

1854 Scotland charters the first accountants 0 cit. Societies of accountants in Edinburgh and Glasgow received royal charters, the first formal recognition of accountancy as a distinct profession and the origin of the title chartered accountant. Much early work came from bankruptcy and insolvency, untangling the books of failed businesses in an industrializing economy. economy / society ●●●

c. 1854 Health and medicine 0 cit. Hospitals, sanitation, vaccination, antibiotics, insurance, and the institutions that govern life and death. Medical systems shape productivity, longevity, birth outcomes, and state capacity just as much as they treat illness. pillar / science / society ●●●●●

c. 1855 to c. 1914 Vienna as the Habsburg financial center 0 cit. Banks such as the Creditanstalt, founded in 1855, make Vienna the financial hub of the Habsburg empire and much of central and southeastern Europe. The 1873 stock market crash and then the First World War end its wider role. economy ●●

c. 1855 to c. 1861 Albert Pike revises the Scottish Rite rituals 0 cit. Albert Pike, a leader of the Scottish Rite Southern Jurisdiction, rewrote and expanded the rite's degree rituals into their modern elaborate form. His revisions drew heavily on comparative mythology and world religions. culture / religion ●●●●

1855 John D. Rockefeller starts work at Hewitt and Tuttle ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On September 26, 1855, seventeen-year-old John D. Rockefeller begins working as an unpaid apprentice bookkeeper at Hewitt and Tuttle, a Cleveland commission house. He celebrates this day for the rest of his life as "Job Day." ●●

1855 Creditanstalt chartered in Vienna ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Austrian Credit Institute for Commerce and Industry is formally chartered on November 6. Rothschilds retain 40% of shares. ●●

1855 Military expenditures, which even in peacetime took four-fif rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Military expenditures, which even in peacetime took four-fifths of the state revenue, rose from about 220 million rubles in 1853 to about 500 million in both war years 1854 and 1855. To cover part of ●●

1855 Limited liability shields investors from ruin 0 cit. Britain's Limited Liability Act lets shareholders risk only what they invest, never their personal fortunes, in a company's failure. This single legal shield unleashed the modern corporation, letting vast capital be pooled for risky ventures. economy / pillar / politics ●●●●

1855 But it was also mentioned that there were special problems in which his co-opera rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But it was also mentioned that there were special problems in which his co-operation would be of considerable help.”1855 Bohr understood that Chadwick might be hinting about work on nuclear fission. ●●

1855 Bohr understood that Chadwick might be hinting about work on nuclear fission. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bohr understood that Chadwick might be hinting about work on nuclear fission. ●●

1855 Britain establishes Civil Service Commission ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1855, an Order of Council established a Civil Service Commission that authorized competition for a small number of jobs. ●●

1855 Civil Services of the United Kingdom, 1855–1970 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Civil Services of the United Kingdom, 1855–1970. ●●

15 May 1855 Exposition Universelle of 1855 0 cit. France's first world's fair, staged on the Champs-Élysées under Napoleon III, paired an industrial exhibition with a separate fine arts exhibition, a format later fairs copied. It was explicitly framed as a rival to London's 1851 exhibition, part of the France-Britain competition to demonstrate industrial and cultural leadership. culture / economy ●●

1855 Emperor Tewodros II reunifies Ethiopia 0 cit. After nearly a century of fragmentation known as the Era of the Princes, Kassa Hailu crowned himself Tewodros II and set out to pull the regional lords back under one throne. He tried to curb the power of the nobility and the church and to build a modern army, including a great cannon he had cast with the help of European missionaries. His reforms were harsh and often resisted, but he began the process that later emperors would complete. politics / war ●●

c. 1855 Cattle raiding and the tribute of fear 0 cit. The Maasai believed their god had given them all cattle, and raiding neighbours for herds was treated as recovery, not theft. Their reach let them tax caravans, demand hongo tribute and hold farming peoples in check. Early European travellers routinely paid to pass and described the Maasai as the terror of the caravan routes. economy / war ●●●

30 March 1856 Treaty of Paris (1856) 0 cit. Peace ending the Crimean War, neutralizing the Black Sea and admitting the Ottoman Empire to the European concert. It checked Russian expansion for a generation. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●

October 1856 to October 1860 Second Opium War 0 cit. Britain and France renew war on Qing China, occupying Beijing and burning the Summer Palace. The treaties legalize opium and force China further open to foreign trade and missionaries. economy / war ●●●

1856 to 1873 Panthay Rebellion 0 cit. no story Hui Muslims in Yunnan rebel against Qing rule and establish a separate sultanate at Dali. The suppression kills up to a million people. religion / war ●●●

5 July 1856 Founding of Credit Suisse 0 cit. Politician and businessman Alfred Escher founds Schweizerische Kreditanstalt to finance Switzerland's railway network. It grows into Credit Suisse, one of the world's major banks and a pillar of Swiss finance for 167 years. economy ●●●

1856 The Bessemer process for steel 0 cit. Henry Bessemer devised a way to mass produce cheap steel by blowing air through molten iron. Abundant steel built railways, bridges, ships and skyscrapers. economy / technology ●●●●

1856 Bessemer patents his steel converter 0 cit. Henry Bessemer devised a converter that blew air through molten iron to burn off impurities and make steel cheaply. Cheap steel transformed rails, ships, and building. economy / technology ●●●●●

1856 Perkin discovers the first synthetic dye 0 cit. William Perkin accidentally made mauveine, a bright purple dye, from coal tar. His find launched the synthetic dye and organic chemical industries. economy / science ●●●●

1856 to 1860 Second Opium War and the Convention of Peking 0 cit. Britain and France attacked China again, sacked the Summer Palace and imposed further concessions. The war deepened the semi-colonial carve-up of China and legalized the opium trade. economy / war ●●●

1856 The secret ballot spreads worldwide 0 cit. Colonies in Australia pioneered a state-printed ballot marked in private, later known as the Australian ballot. Secret voting reduced bribery and intimidation and became standard in democracies. politics / society ●●●●

1856 French government halts securities issues ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During a speculative frenzy in the early 1850s, losses to security buyers were so severe that on 9 March 1856 the French government temporarily prohibited any further issue of securities in Paris. ●●

1856 Bessemer process transforms steelmaking ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes the steel revolution that reshaped society. The 1856 Bessemer process allowed steel to be made directly from pig iron, enabling steel rails, structural steel, and large trusts. ●●

1856 Between 1856 and 1909, Rockefeller had given $157.5 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between 1856 and 1909, Rockefeller had given $157.5 million for charitable purposes. ●●

1856 Spelmans depart Cleveland for Burlington, Iowa rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1856, Harvey and Lucy Spelman leave Cleveland for Burlington, Iowa, reflecting renewed business hardships. They stay away for three years while their daughters Laura and Lucy seek teaching positions in Cleveland. ●●

1856 Rothschilds win Lombard and Italian railway concessions ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rothschilds defeat Pereires for Lombard and Central Italian railway concessions. ●●

1856 1856 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The politics and diplomacy of the peacemaking,21 in other words, was charged with background ideological and domestic-political elements to a degree unknown at the congresses of 18... ●●

1856 Aby Warburg dies; Sara takes sole control ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Aby wrote his will and died. Sara became sole authority over family and bank during the imperial era. ●●

1856 Emerson uses propagandist in favorable sense in English Traits rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ralph Waldo Emerson uses 'propagandist' as an adjective in positive context to describe British influence, demonstrating neutral usage of the term before its corruption. ●●

1856 ries or irrelevant. Palmerston explained the Briti... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ries or irrelevant. Palmerston explained the British definition of national interest as follows in 1856: “When people ask me… for what is called a pol ●●

1856 Crimean War was a dispatch from Bismarck analyzing... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Crimean War was a dispatch from Bismarck analyzing the situation upon the conclusion of the war in 1856. ●●

1856 Earlier in the century, the Ottoman rulers’ pursuit of Tanzimat (‘reorganization’) brought rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Earlier in the century, the Ottoman rulers’ pursuit of Tanzimat (‘reorganization’) brought modernizing reforms in edicts of 1839 and 1856 which dismantled the millet system of separate religious communities ●●

1856 Peires, The Dead Will Arise: Nongqawuse and the Great Xhosa Cattle Killing rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Peires, The Dead Will Arise: Nongqawuse and the Great Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement of 1856-57 (Johannesburg, 1989), esp ●●

1856 By 1856 Grover and Baker had already established such branch offices, as they we... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1856 Grover and Baker had already established such branch offices, as they were called, in ten cities ●●

1856 Eliphas Levi draws the Baphomet within an inverted pentagram 0 cit. French occultist Eliphas Levi publishes Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie with his famous drawing of the goat-headed Baphomet inscribed inside an inverted, two-point-up pentagram. Levi intended Baphomet as a symbol balancing opposites, not as a devil figure, but the image became the visual template later Satanist and occult groups drew on. culture / religion ●●●

c. 1856 Skull and Bones builds its windowless 'Tomb' 0 cit. The society constructed its own clubhouse near the Yale campus, a windowless building members call the Tomb, used for private meetings and rituals. Its existence and location are well documented, though the details of what happens inside are not publicly disclosed by members. society ●

1856 Abolition of Roma slavery in the principalities 0 cit. Moldavia in 1855 and Wallachia in 1856 abolished Roma slavery outright, ending roughly five centuries of legal bondage. Freed families often left with little land or means, and many stayed poor and marginal for generations. The abolition is a major event in European history that remains little known outside the region. economy / politics / society ●●●

1856 The Second Opium War and the burning of the Summer Palace 0 cit. Britain and France renew the war to widen their trade rights, and in 1860 their troops loot and burn the imperial Summer Palace in Beijing. The peace treaties legalized the opium trade outright and deepened foreign control over China's economy. diplomacy / economy / war ●●●

1856 to 1857 Nongqawuse and the Xhosa cattle-killing prophecy 0 cit. The young Xhosa prophetess Nongqawuse said the ancestors would rise, drive out the British, and renew the world if the people killed their cattle and destroyed their crops. Believers slaughtered herds and the resulting famine killed tens of thousands and broke Xhosa independence. Historians still debate the movement, reading it variously as a millenarian response to lungsickness and land loss or, in some contested accounts, as a plot; the record rests heavily on colonial and oral sources. politics / religion / society ●●

1856 Welsh national anthem "Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau" composed ai_extracted 1 cit. Wales had no national anthem until Evan and James James, father and son, wrote "Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau" ("Land of My Fathers") at Pontypridd in 1856. Within a few years it was widely accepted and sung on public occasions. ●●

10 May 1857 to 20 June 1858 Indian Mutiny of 1857 wikidata 0 cit. no story 1857-58 uprising against British Company rule ●●●●

10 May 1857 to 1 November 1858 Indian Rebellion of 1857 0 cit. Sepoys of the East India Company army revolt and are joined by princes and peasants across northern India. Britain crushes the rising with great brutality and replaces Company rule with direct Crown rule. politics / war ●●●●

15 May 1857 Founding of Banco Santander 0 cit. A royal decree authorizes a bank in the port city of Santander to finance trade with Latin America. Through 20th-century expansion and acquisitions it becomes the largest bank in the eurozone by market value. economy ●●●

1857 End of the Mughal Empire 0 cit. After the failed Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British deposed and exiled the last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II. The dynasty ended and the British Crown took direct control of India. politics / war ●●●●

1857 The Great Mutiny ends the Mogul Empire and East India Company, 1857-1858 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The violent Indian insurrection of 1857-1858 known as the Great Mutiny ended both the Mogul Empire and the East India Company, with the British government taking over their political role. ●●

1857 The Company's army rises in the Great Uprising ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The East India Company's own private army revolted against its employer. After crushing the rebellion, the Company hanged and killed tens of thousands of suspected rebels along the Ganges. ●●

1857 Britain acquires telegraph concession across Iran ai_extracted 2 cit. no story British officials, concerned about native uprisings in India, purchase a concession to build a telegraph line across Iran. ●●

1857 The 1857 panic made a deep impression on Morgan’s twenty-yea rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 1857 panic made a deep impression on Morgan’s twenty-year-old son, Pierpont, who had just started on Wall Street as an unsalaried apprentice at Duncan, Sherman and Company, New York agent for Peab... ●●

1857 And he began to lecture his son, often at wearisome length, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story And he began to lecture his son, often at wearisome length, on the need for conservative business practice; the 1857 panic would be the text of many sermons. ●●

1857 Where the largest of the textile mills had four or five sets of accounts to proc rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Where the largest of the textile mills had four or five sets of accounts to process and review, the Pennsylvania Railroad had, by 1857 (the year Thoms ●●

1857 Arnold Constable builds its Marble House store ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Arnold Constable built its Marble House in 1857 and a larger department store in 1877 ●●

1857 Meteorite falls at Argueil, France ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A meteorite fell at Argueil in southern France, found to contain water and turf—evidence of vegetable decomposition—supporting the theory of life beyond Earth. ●●

4 December 1857 Livingstone preaches Christianity, commerce and civilization 0 cit. In a famous address at Cambridge, the explorer-missionary David Livingstone urged Britain to open Africa through "commerce and Christianity," arguing that legitimate trade would undercut the slave trade. The motto "Christianity, commerce and civilization" became a slogan of the missionary movement. It also framed the mission as a partner of European commercial and imperial expansion. economy / politics / religion ●●

1857 The Indian Rebellion and the start of Crown rule 0 cit. A mutiny among East India Company troops in 1857 grew into a wide revolt across northern India. British forces suppressed it over the following year with heavy reprisals and loss of life on both sides. In 1858 the Company was abolished and India passed to direct rule by the British Crown. politics / society / war ●●●●

21 July 1858 Plombieres Agreement 0 cit. Secret verbal pact between Napoleon III and Cavour of Piedmont-Sardinia to provoke war with Austria and drive it from Italy, with France gaining Savoy and Nice. It set the stage for Italian unification. diplomacy / politics / war ●●

2 August 1858 The Crown Takes Control of India 0 cit. The Government of India Act transferred rule from the East India Company to the British Crown. This began the era of the Raj, with India governed directly from London through a viceroy. politics ●●●●●

c. 1858 The Indian Civil Service and Colonial Administration 0 cit. A small corps of British officials selected by examination governed hundreds of millions of Indians. The service became the model for colonial administration across the empire. politics / society ●●●●

16 August 1858 The first transatlantic telegraph cable carries messages 0 cit. A submarine cable briefly linked Britain and North America by telegraph before it failed. A durable cable laid in 1866 gave lasting instant communication across the ocean. exploration / technology ●●●●

1858 Lionel de Rothschild takes his seat in the House of Commons 0 cit. After repeated elections and a change in the law on oaths, Lionel de Rothschild became the first practising Jew to sit in the British House of Commons in 1858. His case was central to Jewish political emancipation in Britain. politics / society ●●●

2 August 1858 Crown rule replaces the East India Company 0 cit. After the 1857 rebellion, the Government of India Act transferred power from the East India Company to the British Crown. India became the centrepiece of the empire, governed by a viceroy and a professional bureaucracy. politics ●●●

1858 Between January 1858 and May 1867, partly as a result of the Civil War, the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between January 1858 and May 1867, partly as a result of the Civil War, the price of wheat soared from 55 cents to $2. ●●

1858 Britain lifts joint-stock banking restrictions ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Britain lifted restrictions on joint-stock banking, allowing the emergence of large commercial banks with deposits. ●●

1858 Clark and Rockefeller commission house founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On April 1, 1858, John D. Rockefeller, age 18, becomes a partner with Maurice B. Clark in a new produce commission house at 32 River Street in Cleveland with $4,000 capital. Rockefeller borrows $1,000 from his father at 10% interest. ●●

1858 South Austrian Railway Merger Planned rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story James considers ambitious merger of various Austrian railway lines. ●●

1858 Urgent Message at Alphonse's Dinner rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Urgent message arrives during dinner with Austrian ambassador. ●●

1858 1858, Napoleon told a Piedmontese diplomat: “Austr... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1858, Napoleon told a Piedmontese diplomat: “Austria is a cabinet for whom I have always felt, and still ●●

1858 Petersburg in 1858, Bismarck ascended to positions... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Petersburg in 1858, Bismarck ascended to positions which enabled him to advocate his policies. ●●

1858 Henry Knight helps found Connecticut School for Imbeciles ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ch as Dr. Henry M. Knight, his son Dr. George Knight, and other Knight family members in the medical profession, laid the foundation for the twentieth- century eugenics movement that would emerge. In 1858, the elder Henry Knight had helped found the Connecticut School for Imbeciles, arguing against ●●

1858 In 1858 Lord & Taylor was completing “a new and elegant marble structure,” and i candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1858 Lord & Taylor was completing “a new and elegant marble structure,” and in 1872 it too moved further uptown above 20th Street and built a still ●●

1858 Rowland Macy opens dry goods store in New York ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rowland Macy began as a retailer of fancy dry goods in New York in 1858 and expanded during the 1860s by taking over adjacent stores and adding new li ●●

1858 Only the east-west trunk lines set up an enforcing organization which was formed candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Only the east-west trunk lines set up an enforcing organization which was formed in 1858 after the panic of 1857 had reduced traffic and increased com ●●

1858 Eleventh Annual Report of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, February 1, 1858, p rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Eleventh Annual Report of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, February 1, 1858, p ●●