Events, Verisoph

1880 For instance, Great Britain’s support for Turkey i... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For instance, Great Britain’s support for Turkey in the 1870s ended abruptly when Gladstone, who regarded the Turks as morally reprehensible, defeated ●●

1880 Gladstone defeats Disraeli in general election ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But the most striking example of the vital new role of public opinion was in Great Britain, when Gladstone defeated Disraeli in 1880 in the only Briti ●●

1880 1880, the French had represented 15.7 percent of E... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1880, the French had represented 15.7 percent of Europe’s population. ●●

1880 1880: because Herman Hollerith, an employee of the U.S. Census Bureau, was a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story because Herman Hollerith, an employee of the U.S. Census Bureau, was appalled that it took close to eight years to manually tabulate the 1880 census. ●●

1880 Information history in 1880 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ments came from those who focused on the exponential power of interconnection. Scientific American assessed “The Future of the Telephone” as early as 1880 and emphasized the forming of “little cluster ●●

1880 Event of 1880 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Marital fertility rates in Denmark, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Germany, Belgium, Britain, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Austria had all peaked by 18 ●●

1880 James Duane Bolin, Bossism and Reform in a Southern City: Lexington, Kentucky, 1880–1940 (Lexington: rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story James Duane Bolin, Bossism and Reform in a Southern City: Lexington, Kentucky, 1880–1940 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2000), pp. ●●

1880 Bossism and Reform in a Southern City: Lexington, Kentucky, 1880–1940. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bossism and Reform in a Southern City: Lexington, Kentucky, 1880–1940. ●●

1880 The creation of a modern, centralized, merit-based bureaucracy capable of exercising jurisdiction ov rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The creation of a modern, centralized, merit-based bureaucracy capable of exercising jurisdiction over the whole territory of the country began only in the late 1880s, and the number of classified civil servants did not reach 80 percent until the tim ●●

1880 As in the 1880s, a reform coalition has to emerge that unites groups that don’t have a stake in the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As in the 1880s, a reform coalition has to emerge that unites groups that don’t have a stake in the current system. ●●

1880 The pioneering firms in the manufacturing of typewriters and cash registers whic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The pioneering firms in the manufacturing of typewriters and cash registers which set up their sales forces in the 1880s relied more heavily on canvas ●●

1880 Again, it was the decade of the 1880s when enterprises in these industries began rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Again, it was the decade of the 1880s when enterprises in these industries began to build or rationalize their national and global sales forces ●●

1880 Railroad track construction peaks in the 1880s ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the 1880s more miles of track were built than in any other decade in American history, and in the 1890s more mileage was in bankruptcy than in ●●

1880 System-building in the 1880s As the decade of the 1880s opened, Jay Gould was em rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story System-building in the 1880s As the decade of the 1880s opened, Jay Gould was embarked on a venture in railroad combination that dwarfed his attempt o ●●

1880 By the early 1880s, such associations had been formed for nearly every major rai rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the early 1880s, such associations had been formed for nearly every major railroad activity ●●

1880 First, and most significant, the large enterprises that were to operate the Amer rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story First, and most significant, the large enterprises that were to operate the American railroad network throughout the twentieth century took their mode ●●

1880 During the 1880s, 75,000 miles of track had been laid down in the United States, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the 1880s, 75,000 miles of track had been laid down in the United States, by far the greatest amount of railroad mileage ever built in any deca ●●

1880 In the 1880s railroad men employed two alternative structures for the management rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the 1880s railroad men employed two alternative structures for the management of the huge new consolidated megacorps ●●

1880 In the 1880s most of the firms that grew large followed the first path rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the 1880s most of the firms that grew large followed the first path ●●

1880 In the 1880s and early 1890s, Swift & Company built new packing plants in six ci candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the 1880s and early 1890s, Swift & Company built new packing plants in six cities along the cattle frontier ●●

1880 For these reasons the long-lived mergers came to cluster in the same industries rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For these reasons the long-lived mergers came to cluster in the same industries in which the first large integrated enterprise appeared in the 1880s ●●

1880 For the 1880s and 1890s, when the multiunit industrial corporation was new, the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For the 1880s and 1890s, when the multiunit industrial corporation was new, the few individual pioneering enterprises provide the information necessar ●●

1880 At General Electric, therefore, the practices of middle management first develop rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At General Electric, therefore, the practices of middle management first developed in the entrepreneurial firms of the 1880s were married to the metho ●●

1880 12 Managers in the auditing and accounting departments of railroads had formed t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 12 Managers in the auditing and accounting departments of railroads had formed their own national association in the 1880s ●●

1880 Like the early machinery companies, most insurance firms began in the 1880s and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Like the early machinery companies, most insurance firms began in the 1880s and 1890s to replace large sales agencies with branch offices operated and ●●

1880 The greatest weakness in Kolko’s pioneering study is his failure to recognize th rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The greatest weakness in Kolko’s pioneering study is his failure to recognize the importance of system-building as an alternative to pooling in railro ●●

1880 Before 1880, Western Union and Montgomery Ward were among the few large firms to... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Before 1880, Western Union and Montgomery Ward were among the few large firms to operate on a national scale ●●

1880 These changes can be traced in the Annual Reports of the president of the Wester... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story These changes can be traced in the Annual Reports of the president of the Western Union Company for 1880 through 1883 ●●

1880 First Anglo-Boer War 0 cit. Between 1880 and 1881, Boer forces in the Transvaal rose against British annexation of the republic, decisively defeating British troops at the Battle of Majuba Hill in February 1881. The defeat led Britain to restore self-government to the Transvaal under the Pretoria Convention. The war was a humiliating setback for British imperial prestige in the region and left unresolved tensions that resurfaced two decades later. war ●●

1880 Kimberley Central Diamond Mining Company formed 0 cit. Barney Barnato merged several claims he had acquired into the Kimberley Central Diamond Mining Company, consolidating his hold on the Kimberley mine. It became the dominant company at the Kimberley pit and Rhodes's main obstacle to full monopoly. economy ●●

1 April 1880 De Beers Mining Company founded by Cecil Rhodes 0 cit. Cecil Rhodes and Charles Rudd formed the De Beers Mining Company, named after the De Beers brothers whose farm sat atop the diamond deposits, to consolidate claims at the De Beers mine. It became the vehicle Rhodes used over the next eight years to buy out rival claim holders. economy ●●●

1880 England founds its institute of chartered accountants 0 cit. Several regional bodies merged by royal charter into the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, setting entrance exams and standards of conduct. The move turned accountancy into a gatekept profession with a controlled qualification, a model soon copied across the English-speaking world. economy / society ●●

1880 George Pullman builds a company town near Chicago 0 cit. The railcar maker George Pullman built an entire town where his company owned the houses, shops, church, and utilities and set the rents his workers paid. It was a place where a corporation ran the functions of local government. When Pullman cut wages but not rents in 1894, the resulting strike showed the dangers of a firm doubling as a landlord and ruler. economy / society ●●

1880 Bastille Day invented as a French national festival ai_extracted 1 cit. The French Third Republic invented public ceremonies to bind citizens to the state. The most important, Bastille Day, dates precisely to 1880. It combined official display with popular festivity in an annual assertion of France as the nation of 1789. ●●

1880 American flag ritual spreads through US schools ai_extracted 1 cit. The United States invented traditions to turn a mass of immigrants into Americans. From the 1880s the school system was turned into a machine for political socialization, spreading the daily ritual of worshipping the American flag and framing a matching idea of "un-Americanism". ●●

c. 1880 British dominance of world shipping 0 cit. British-registered vessels carried a large share of the world's seaborne trade, and at times owned roughly half of the world's merchant tonnage. British shipyards built ships for much of the world, and British firms ran the liner routes and cargo services that linked the continents. Merchant shipping and naval power reinforced each other, one carrying the trade and the other guarding it. economy / technology ●●●

December 1880 The First Boer War and Majuba Hill 0 cit. The Transvaal Boers rise against British annexation and fight a short, sharp war. At Majuba Hill in February 1881 Boer marksmen rout a British force holding the summit, killing the commander and inflicting a humiliating defeat. Britain grants the Transvaal self-government under the Pretoria and London Conventions, and the memory of Majuba hardens attitudes on both sides for a generation. politics / war ●●●

c. 1880 Mugo wa Kibiru foretells the strangers contested 0 cit. Kikuyu tradition remembers a seer named Mugo wa Kibiru who warned that pale strangers would come from the east, that an iron snake breathing fire would cross the land, and that resistance would be futile. The tale is often read as a prophecy of the settlers and the Uganda Railway. Because it was written down only after those things arrived, scholars treat it as a memory shaped in hindsight rather than a firm forecast. politics / religion ●●

c. 1880 Rabai becomes a haven for freed slaves 0 cit. The CMS mission at Rabai, founded by Johann Ludwig Krapf in 1846 in the hills behind Mombasa, drew in freed and runaway slaves. Alongside Frere Town it became a settlement where former slaves could build a life outside their owners' control. The mission stations gave abolition a foothold on the ground, not just on paper. religion / society ●●

1881 to 1896 Fifth cholera pandemic wikidata 0 cit. no story fifth major international outbreak of cholera in the 19th century ●●●

June 1881 to November 1899 Mahdist War 0 cit. no story Muhammad Ahmad declares himself the Mahdi and drives Egypt and Britain from Sudan, taking Khartoum in 1885. Britain reconquers Sudan at Omdurman in 1898 in a war that costs millions of lives through fighting and famine. religion / war ●●●

c. 1881 Vaudeville dominates the American stage 0 cit. Vaudeville bills strung together singers, comics, dancers, and acrobats for a broad family audience. It was the most popular live entertainment in America until film and radio took over. culture ●●

13 March 1881 Assassination of Alexander II 0 cit. The reforming tsar was killed by a bomb thrown by members of the revolutionary group People's Will. His death led his successors to abandon reform for repression and tighter autocratic control. politics / society ●●●

1881 Anti-Jewish Pogroms in the Russian Empire 0 cit. A wave of violent pogroms swept the Russian Empire after 1881, killing and displacing many Jews. The violence pushed mass emigration to the West and the first Zionist settlement. religion / society ●●●

1881 to 1903 The First Aliyah 0 cit. Between 1881 and 1903 waves of mostly Eastern European Jews immigrated to Ottoman Palestine and founded farming settlements. This first aliyah laid groundwork for later Zionist immigration. politics / society ●●●

c. 1881 to c. 1914 The Scramble for Africa 0 cit. In a few decades European powers seized almost the entire African continent, competing for land, minerals and prestige. By 1914 only Ethiopia and Liberia remained outside colonial rule. politics / war ●●●●●

1881 to 1882 France passes the Jules Ferry laws 0 cit. The Jules Ferry laws of 1881 and 1882 made primary education free, secular, and compulsory in France. They aimed to build loyal republican citizens through a common national schooling. politics / society ●●●

1881 to 1882 The Jules Ferry laws make French schooling free and secular 0 cit. Between 1881 and 1882 the Ferry laws made primary education free, compulsory and laic, removing the church from public classrooms. They defined the centralized French model of state schooling. politics / religion ●●●●

1881 Assassination of Tsar Alexander II, 1881 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Anarchist terror produced the assassinations of Tsar Alexander II in 1881, King Humbert of Italy in 1900, and President McKinley in 1901. ●●

1881 French protectorate over Tunis, 1881 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story France, occupying Algeria since 1830, established a protectorate over Tunis in 1881, which triggered the British occupation of Egypt the following year. ●●

1881 First Japanese political parties founded (1881-1882) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Opposition to the Sat-Cho oligarchy led to the first real political parties, Itagaki's Liberal Party (1881) and Okuma's Progressive Party (1882), whose leaders often traded support for office. ●●

1881 Russian pogroms against Jews ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Russian pogroms against Jews ●●

1881 Vacuum employees found Buffalo Lubricating Oil ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1881, a trio of Vacuum employees—J. Scott Wilson, Charles B. Matthews, and Albert Miller—defected to start a rival refinery, the Buffalo Lubricating Oil Company. ●●

1881 Oil Industry Development rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Senate in 1881 and held that seat for the next thirty years, winding up as chairman of the Senate Finance Committee. A confirmed protectionist and devoted servant of the trusts, he used public offi... ●●

1881 Decree of Muharrem places Ottoman debt under control ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Ottoman Sultan issued the Decree of Muharrem on December 20, 1881, reducing foreign debt obligations and establishing an international administration to manage Ottoman public debt. This gave European creditors formal control over Turkish finances. ●●

1881 1881, a new tsar, Alexander III, came to the thron... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1881, a new tsar, Alexander III, came to the throne in St. ●●

1881 by lobbing a hail of small bombs into his open carriage in broad daylight on a main street of St. candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story by lobbing a hail of small bombs into his open carriage in broad daylight on a main street of St. ●●

1881 Information history in 1881 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story lectric Telegraph. ♦ COUNT MIOT DE MELITO CLAIMED: Memoirs of Count Miot de Melito, vol. ●●

1881 Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity (London, 1881; first published 1841), 12 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity (London, 1881; first published 1841), 12 ●●

1881 In 1881, four enterprises using the most efficient match-making machines combine candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1881, four enterprises using the most efficient match-making machines combined to produce a machine that made matches by the billions and also auto ●●

1881 25 Between 1881 and 1894 company built thirty more branches in every part of the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 25 Between 1881 and 1894 company built thirty more branches in every part of the country ●●

1881 Duke begins producing cigarettes in Durham ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Duke, a manufacturer of smoking tobacco in Durham, North Carolina, had decided in 1881 to produce cigarettes because he was having difficulty in compe ●●

1881 Diamond Match Company formed by merger ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After a brief period of competition for the national market, these four combined in 1881 to form the Diamond Match Company ●●

1881 T.S. Hunt reads his Celestial Chemistry paper ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 28, 1881, Dr. T.S. Hunt read a paper titled Celestial Chemistry, from the time of Newton, bringing attention to long-neglected passages in Newton's works that described his beliefs in a universal ethereal medium. ●●

1881 Modern refrigerated railroad car appears ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Then, in 1881 the modern refrigerated car made its appearance ●●

1881 Swift builds national branch-house distribution network ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the dozen or so years after 1881, when Swift began to build a national branch-house distributing network, six integrated packers dominated the trade—two giants, Armour and Swift, and four smaller firms, Hammond, Morris, Cudahy, and Schwartzchild & Sulzberger ●●

1881 Russian Okhrana established as tsarist secret police 0 cit. Following the assassination of Tsar Alexander II, the Russian government formally organized the Okhrana as a secret police agency to surveil and suppress revolutionary and dissident movements. The Okhrana used networks of informants, agents provocateurs, and forged documents, including a role in circulating the fabricated antisemitic text the Protocols of the Elders of Zion. It was dissolved in 1917 after the February Revolution. politics ●●●

22 February 1881 Cleopatra's Needle Erected in New York 0 cit. A twin obelisk to the one in London was erected in Central Park, a gift from the Khedive of Egypt to the United States. Its transport from Alexandria and re-erection was a major public spectacle, funded by newspaper publisher William H. Vanderbilt. Freemasons took part in the dedication ceremony, consistent with the era's practice of using Masonic ritual for major public monument dedications. The obelisk still stands behind the Metropolitan Museum of Art today. culture / diplomacy ●●

1881 to 1882 Pogroms sweep the south after the tsar's murder 0 cit. After revolutionaries assassinated Tsar Alexander II in 1881, a wave of anti-Jewish riots called pogroms broke out across the south of the empire. Mobs looted and burned Jewish homes and shops in more than two hundred towns while the authorities often stood aside. The violence shattered any hope of integration and pushed hundreds of thousands of Jews to think of leaving. politics / society / war ●●●

1881 to 1914 Over two million Jews emigrate from Eastern Europe 0 cit. Fleeing pogroms, poverty, and legal oppression, more than two million Jews left the Russian Empire and neighboring lands between 1881 and the First World War. Most sailed to the United States, with others going to Britain, Argentina, Palestine, and elsewhere. The exodus created the great Ashkenazi communities of North America and transformed cities like New York. economy / politics / society ●●●

20 May 1882 Triple Alliance (1882) 0 cit. Secret alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy pledging mutual support in case of attack, renewed repeatedly until 1914. Italy's secret reservations meant it stayed neutral, then switched sides, in the First World War. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●

10 October 1882 Founding of the Bank of Japan 0 cit. The Meiji government establishes the Bank of Japan to centralize note issue and stabilize the currency after inflationary war finance. It becomes the model-driven central bank of Asia's first industrial economy. economy / politics ●●●●

1882 Central electric power station 0 cit. Edison's Pearl Street Station began supplying electricity to customers over a distribution grid. Central power stations made electricity a public utility and powered homes, industry and cities. science / technology ●●●●●

13 September 1882 The British Occupation of Egypt 0 cit. Britain invaded Egypt to protect its financial interests and the Suez Canal, defeating a nationalist revolt at Tel el-Kebir. The occupation lasted decades and drew Britain deep into Middle Eastern affairs. politics / war ●●●●

4 September 1882 Edison opens the Pearl Street power station 0 cit. Edison's Pearl Street station supplied electricity to customers in lower Manhattan from a central plant. It launched the electric power utility as a business. economy / technology ●●●●

2 January 1882 Standard Oil Trust is formed 0 cit. In January 1882 the Standard Oil Trust pooled the many Standard companies under a single board of trustees. It became the model for the American business trust and a target of antitrust reformers. economy ●●●●

1882 Society for Psychical Research founded by the Balfour circle ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley calls the Society for Psychical Research an enduring creation of the Cecil Bloc. It was founded in 1882 by the Balfour family with Lord Rayleigh and Professor Sidgwick. ●●

1882 Milner's Whitechapel socialism lectures (1882) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Milner delivered six lectures on socialism in Whitechapel in 1882, later published in 1931. Quigley cites this as evidence of the Group's early, undemocratic socialistic leanings. ●●

1882 Appleton School Reader for fifth graders ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that in 1882 fifth graders read authors such as Shakespeare, Thoreau, Scott, and Franklin in their Appleton School Reader. ●●

1882 Grand dinner honors Herbert Spencer in New York ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes an early 1882 dinner held in Herbert Spencer's honor, where the powerful gathered to hear scientific proof of Anglo-Saxon fitness for rule. He says it set a standard for twentieth-century management. ●●

1882 Atlantic Monthly writer warns of immigrant threat to homogeneity ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites an 1882 Atlantic Monthly writer who predicted a coming struggle to preserve the American social order against European immigration. ●●

1882 Elite boarding schools founded after Spencer's 1882 visit ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto argues that over 90 percent of the great American private boarding schools were founded in the short period just after Herbert Spencer's 1882 American visit. ●●

1882 In this case, the agents of reconfigured imperial rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In this case, the agents of reconfigured imperial ism were the accountant and the banker-something like 1 , 300 of them by 1882-who ensured that state... ●●

1882 Drexel, Morgan offices wired for Edison's electricity ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Downtown, Drexel, Morgan hosted early meetings of the Edison company and in 1882 became the first Wall Street office to draw electricity from Edison’s generating station at Pearl Street. Edison himsel... ●●

1882 In 1882, he visited Palestine rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1882, he visited Palestine. Deeply moved, he wrote Fanny about the sensations he experienced before the doorway of Christ’s sepulcher: “There is the slab on which He was laid. ●●

1882 Senior’s interest in southern black education antedated this rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Senior’s interest in southern black education antedated this junket by two decades, going back to 1882 when Spelman Seminary was still operating from a leaky church basement. In his own travels through the South, he often attended black Baptist churches on Sunday mornings. ●●

1882 Oil Industry Development rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In his testimony, Rockefeller supplied for the first time the Standard Oil trust agreement that had been drawn up in 1882; named the eight current trustees; revealed that the trust now had seven hu... ●●

1882 Marianne Warburg dies; Sara's grief rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Marianne, Sara's eldest daughter, died in December after hiding her illness. Sara's grief was boundless as she blamed herself for Marianne's disastrous marriage decades earlier. ●●

1882 Above all, he had removed the incentives that migh... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Above all, he had removed the incentives that might have turned a local crisis into a general war. In 1882, the year following the second Three Empero ●●

1882 Event of 1882 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 44 Ironically, after Congress acted to exclude Chinese immigration in 1882, many thousands continued to secure admission by compelling courts to recog ●●

1882 It is not supported by evidence,’ he responded to uncourteously persistent questioning rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It is not supported by evidence,’ he responded to uncourteously persistent questioning a few months before his death in 1882 ●●

1882 47 In 1882, in retaliation for Gould’s move into Iowa, Perkins built his own lin rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 47 In 1882, in retaliation for Gould’s move into Iowa, Perkins built his own line to Denver, paralleling that of the Union Pacific (and also that of t ●●

1882 11 So, too, did a comparable mill built in 1882 by the oatmeal producer, Henry P rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 11 So, too, did a comparable mill built in 1882 by the oatmeal producer, Henry P ●●

1882 Libby and Wilson begin canned meat production ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In 1882 two of the smaller meat packers, Libby, McNeil & Libby and Wilson & Company, began volume production of canned meat in Chicago ●●

1882 Standard Oil Trust formed by shareholder agreement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the agreement signed on January 2, 1882, the shareholders of the forty companies exchanged their stock for certificates in the new Standard Oil Trust ●●

1882 16 Between 1882 and 1885 the trust reduced the number of refineries it operated... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 16 Between 1882 and 1885 the trust reduced the number of refineries it operated from fifty-three to twenty-two ●●

18 August 1882 Married Women's Property Act lets British wives own property 0 cit. The law let married women in England own and control their own property and earnings, which a husband had previously absorbed. It was a major step toward women's legal and economic independence. economy / politics ●●

c. 1882 Stanley's treaties build a private claim 0 cit. Working for Leopold's newly renamed International Association of the Congo, Henry Morton Stanley signed hundreds of treaties with local chiefs along the river. Many chiefs did not grasp that the marked papers signed away sovereignty and land for token goods. Leopold assembled these agreements into a legal claim over a huge territory that he intended to hold not as Belgium's colony but as his own personal possession. diplomacy / politics ●●

13 September 1882 Britain occupies Egypt 0 cit. After a nationalist uprising threatened European financial control and the Suez route, a British army defeated Egyptian forces at Tel el-Kebir and seized the country. Britain called the occupation temporary, but it lasted for decades. Control of Egypt drew Britain deeper into Sudan and the wider contest for the Nile. economy / politics / war ●●

c. 1882 Samori Ture's long resistance 0 cit. Samori Ture built the Wassoulou Empire and fought the French advance for some sixteen years, using well-drilled troops, locally made rifles, and a scorched-earth retreat. His skill made him one of the most effective African commanders of the era. The French finally captured him in 1898 and exiled him to Gabon, where he died. politics / war ●●