Events, Verisoph

1882 Koch pins diseases to specific microbes 0 cit. Robert Koch identified the microbes that cause tuberculosis and other diseases and set out rules, now called Koch's postulates, for proving a germ causes an illness. His rigorous methods turned germ theory into a working science of specific diseases. The bitter rivalry between his German school and Pasteur's French one drove much of the era's progress. science ●●

May 1882 The May Laws tighten the screws on Russian Jews 0 cit. Tsar Alexander III issued the temporary May Laws, which barred Jews from settling in villages, buying rural property, or trading on Sundays and Christian holidays. Presented as a response to the pogroms, they in fact punished the victims and deepened Jewish poverty. The laws stayed in force for decades and were among the causes of mass emigration. economy / politics / society ●●

1882 The Standard Oil Trust corners American oil 0 cit. Standard Oil binds its many companies into a single trust that controls roughly 90 percent of US refining. It became the model for the American monopoly and the target of a generation of reformers. economy / politics ●●●

2 January 1882 The Standard Oil Trust builds a global oil empire 0 cit. John D. Rockefeller consolidated his companies into the Standard Oil Trust, a structure that controlled most of America's refining and reached deep into foreign markets from Europe to Asia. Its scale, secrecy, and pricing power made it the model of the giant firm that outgrew any single government's easy control. The oil industry it shaped would produce the cross-border majors that dominate the century to come. economy / politics ●●

29 March 1882 Knights of Columbus founded as a Catholic order 0 cit. The parish priest Michael McGivney founded the Knights of Columbus in New Haven, Connecticut, to provide insurance and mutual aid to Catholic working men and their families. It gave Catholics, often shut out of Protestant-dominated fraternal orders, their own benefit society and social network. The Knights grew into a large Catholic fraternal and charitable organization and still sell life insurance to members. economy / religion / society ●●

c. 1882 Nabongo Mumia rules the Wanga from his capital at Mumias 4 cit. Nabongo Mumia took the Wanga throne around 1882 and made his capital, Elureko, a hub on the caravan route where Swahili-Arab traders bought ivory and slaves and hired his warriors. His kingdom's central authority, backed by allied Maasai mercenaries, made it unusually strong for the region. Mumias town still carries his name. economy / politics ●●●

20 March 1883 Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property wikidata 0 cit. no story treaty ●●●

20 March 1883 Founding of the Paris Union for the Protection of Industrial Property 0 cit. Eleven states sign the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, creating the first international union for patents and trademarks, an ancestor of today's WIPO. diplomacy / economy / technology ●●

August 1883 to April 1885 Sino-French War 0 cit. no story France and Qing China fight over control of northern Vietnam. France wins a protectorate over Vietnam, extending French Indochina. war ●●

1 October 1883 Founding of Benz & Cie 0 cit. Karl Benz founds Benz & Cie in Mannheim and two years later builds the Patent-Motorwagen, the first practical automobile. The company later merges with Daimler to form Mercedes-Benz. economy / technology ●●●●

16 January 1883 Pendleton Civil Service Act 0 cit. Passed after a disappointed office seeker assassinated President Garfield, the act requires competitive exams for many federal jobs and bars firing for political reasons. It begins the shift from patronage to a professional civil service. politics / society ●●●

1883 Galton coins the term "eugenics" 1 cit. Francis Galton coined "eugenics" in his book Inquiries into Human Faculty, proposing that human breeding be controlled to favor supposedly superior traits. The idea would later be used to justify forced sterilization and mass murder. science / society ●●●

c. 1883 to c. 1996 Canada expands the Indian residential school system 0 cit. From the 1880s Canada funded church-run residential schools that took Indigenous children from their families to force assimilation. A later national inquiry documented widespread abuse and called the system cultural genocide. politics / religion ●●●

c. 1883 to c. 1996 Canada's residential schools separate Indigenous children 0 cit. For over a century Canada ran church-operated residential schools that removed Indigenous children from their families to force assimilation. The system caused lasting harm later recognized as cultural genocide. politics / society ●●●

1883 Francis Galton coins the term eugenics 0 cit. British scientist Francis Galton coined the word eugenics in 1883, proposing that human reproduction be guided to increase desirable traits and reduce undesirable ones. The idea became the intellectual root of later movements to control who was allowed to reproduce. science / society ●●●●

1883 Pendleton civil service reform, 1883 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues that the 1883 Pendleton Bill introducing civil service reform was pushed by business interests to cut off the patronage income that made party machines independent of business money. ●●

1883 Mahdist revolt and the fall of Khartoum, 1883 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Mahdi Muhammad Ahmed led a Sudanese revolt against Egyptian control in 1883, wiped out a British force under General Charles Gordon at Khartoum, and held an independent Sudan for fifteen years. ●●

1883 German law regulating stock promotion ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the promotion excesses of 1870-1874, a government investigation led to a strict 1883 law regulating promotion. Quigley argues this pushed German bankers toward long-term control of industry rather than short-term speculation. ●●

1883 Milner establishes Toynbee Hall in memory of Arnold Toynbee ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Arnold Toynbee, Milner's closest friend at Balliol, died young in 1883. Milner then helped found Toynbee Hall, a settlement house in London, and chaired its governing board for years. ●●

1883 Maguire obtains the Lobengula mining concession ai_extracted 1 cit. no story J. Rochfort Maguire, Rhodes's close college friend, obtained the original mining concession from Lobengula in 1883. Quigley notes it became the basis of the British South Africa Company. ●●

1883 Standard Oil assembles Manhattan headquarters site ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In late 1883, Standard Oil began assembling real estate in Manhattan for new headquarters overlooking Broadway at Bowling Green. ●●

1883 Nietzsche revives the name of Zarathustra 0 cit. Friedrich Nietzsche borrows the prophet's name for Thus Spoke Zarathustra, using the founder of the first good-and-evil religion as the mouthpiece for a philosophy beyond good and evil. The ancient name re-entered Western culture, if not the ancient faith. culture / religion ●●

1883 The Army had contracted with Tennessee Eastman, a manufacturing subsidiary of Ea rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Army had contracted with Tennessee Eastman, a manufacturing subsidiary of Eastman Kodak, to operate the electromagnetic separation plant.1883 By late October 1943, when Stone & Webster finished installing the first Alpha racetrack, the company had assembled a work force of 4,800 men and women. ●●

1883 BIRTH OF BUREAUCRACY Prior to the landmark 1883 Pendleton Act, there were a number of efforts at pu rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story BIRTH OF BUREAUCRACY Prior to the landmark 1883 Pendleton Act, there were a number of efforts at public-sector reform. ●●

1883 Pendleton Act creates merit-based civil service ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Pendleton Act was passed in 1883, but it was not until the 1920s that a large majority of public servants were put under the merit classification system. ●●

1883 Pendleton Act reforms the US civil service ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Prior to passage of the 1883 Pendleton Act and the spread of merit-based bureaucracy, American government was a cli-entelistic system in which public offices were allocated by the political parties on the basis of patronage. ●●

1883 In the United States, the Tidewater Company, the consolidation of crude oil prod candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the United States, the Tidewater Company, the consolidation of crude oil producers that built the long-distance pipeline, had made a deal as early ●●

1883 London Metropolitan Police create the Special Irish Branch 0 cit. The Metropolitan Police formed the Special Irish Branch to counter Fenian bombing campaigns in Britain, later dropping 'Irish' from its name to become the Special Branch responsible for broader political policing and intelligence gathering. It became Britain's primary domestic political surveillance unit, later working alongside MI5. Special Branch officers monitored trade unionists, suffragettes, and anti-colonial activists over the following century. politics ●●

15 October 1883 Civil Rights Cases strike down 1875 act 0 cit. The Supreme Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment did not give Congress power to ban discrimination by private individuals and businesses, only by state governments. This decision gutted the Civil Rights Act of 1875 and removed a key legal barrier to segregation in restaurants, theaters, hotels, and transportation. It cleared the way for the Jim Crow laws that followed in the coming decades. politics ●●

May 1883 Adolf Lüderitz buys land at Angra Pequena 0 cit. German merchant Adolf Lüderitz purchased coastal land and mineral rights from a Nama chief at Angra Pequena on the southern Namibian coast, using an agent to secure a bay and a wide surrounding strip of territory. The deal, negotiated with unfamiliar English mile measurements, gave Lüderitz far more land than the local ruler understood he was granting. It became the foothold for German colonial claims in the region. economy ●●

c. 1883 Rangers help break up the Fence Cutting War 0 cit. As barbed wire enclosed the open range, Rangers were deployed to suppress vigilante fence-cutting by ranchers who had lost access to water and grazing land. The Legislature made fence cutting a felony, and Ranger enforcement helped end the conflict, an example of the force's routine use for property and civil-order enforcement in the late frontier period. economy / politics ●

c. 1 March 1883 Special Irish Branch founded at Scotland Yard 0 cit. The Metropolitan Police formed the Special Irish Branch as a small section of its Criminal Investigation Department, in direct response to the Fenian dynamite campaign of 1881-1885. It was the first dedicated political policing unit in Britain, tasked with monitoring Irish republican activity in London. The exact founding date within March 1883 is not precisely recorded. politics / war ●●●

1883 Bertillon anthropometric identification system adopted by Paris police 0 cit. Alphonse Bertillon's system of measuring body dimensions to identify repeat offenders was formally adopted by the Paris police prefecture. It was the first systematic method used by a police force to identify individuals, and it spread to other countries over the following two decades. Bertillonage was later displaced by fingerprinting, which proved more reliable and easier to apply. science ●●

c. 1883 to c. 1996 Canada's Indian residential schools 0 cit. For more than a century the Canadian government funded a system of residential schools, most of them run by the Catholic Church, that removed roughly 150,000 Indigenous children from their families to strip them of their languages and cultures. Many suffered abuse and neglect, and thousands died. A 2015 truth commission called the system a cultural genocide. politics / religion / society ●●●

1883 Special Branch grows into Britain's political police 0 cit. Founded in 1883 as the Special Irish Branch to counter Fenian bombings, Special Branch became the political-police arm of the state at home and a model exported across the empire. It gathered intelligence on radicals, surveilled meetings and ran informers. Colonial Special Branches copied its methods to monitor anti-colonial organising. politics / society ●●

1883 Fuladoyo and the watoro communities 0 cit. Runaway slaves, the watoro, formed their own settlements in the hinterland behind Mombasa, growing food and defending themselves outside the reach of their former owners. Fuladoyo was the best known, a colony of several hundred people that took in Christian converts and fugitives alike. Mazrui slaveholders attacked it in 1883 and killed the freed-slave teacher David Koi, but such communities kept forming and undercut the slave system from below. society / war ●●●

c. 1883 Bovine pleuropneumonia reaches the Maasai herds 0 cit. In the early 1880s contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, a lung disease of cattle, spread through Maasailand and began killing animals in large numbers. It was the first of the linked disasters the Maasai later remembered as the Emutai, the wiping out. The sickness struck a society whose whole economy and diet rested on healthy herds. economy / environment ●●●

15 November 1884 to 26 February 1885 Berlin Conference 0 cit. Conference of European powers and the United States that set rules for claiming African territory and recognized King Leopold's Congo Free State. It accelerated the Scramble for Africa without any African participation. diplomacy / economy / exploration / politics ●●●●

20 April 1884 Later papal condemnations of Freemasonry 0 cit. The Church repeated its ban in bulls such as Providas in 1751 and Leo XIII's Humanum Genus in 1884, which cast Freemasonry as a threat to religion and society. The Catholic prohibition on membership remains in force. religion ●●

15 November 1884 to 1885 The Berlin Conference and the Scramble for Africa 0 cit. European powers met to set rules for carving up Africa among themselves, without a single African present. Britain used the framework to seize vast territories across the continent. politics ●●●●●

October 1884 Greenwich Mean Time and Global Standardization 0 cit. An international conference adopted the Greenwich meridian as the world's prime meridian and basis for global time. British maritime and commercial dominance placed the center of world time at London. science / technology ●●●●

15 November 1884 to 1885 Berlin Conference partitions Africa 0 cit. European powers met to set rules for claiming African territory and drew borders without African representation. The conference formalized the Scramble for Africa and Leopold's private control of the Congo. politics ●●●●●

1884 Formation of the Comité des Forges ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Comité des Forges was formed in 1884 as an association of all French metallurgical industries, using a single joint selling agency (comptoir) to prevent price competition. ●●

1884 Toynbee Hall founded as a settlement house (1884) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes that Toynbee and Milner's mildly socialistic social-service work led to the founding of Toynbee Hall as a settlement house in 1884. He uses this to argue the Group was not driven by capitalist motives. ●●

1884 Rosebery uses 'commonwealth' at Adelaide (1884) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes the older Cecil Bloc imperialists used the term commonwealth for the Empire as early as 1884, when Rosebery did so in a speech at Adelaide. He argues the Group popularized rather than invented it. ●●

1884 IEEE founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers was founded in 1884 and has set electricity standards since Thomas Edison's era. Wood argues the IEEE, with hundreds of thousands of members, is positioned to lead the global Smart Grid standards effort. ●●

1884 Fabian Society comes into existence ai_extracted 1 cit. Gatto dates the founding of Fabianism to around 1884, named for the Roman general Fabius. He argues the Fabians became a potent force behind the modern welfare state and dumbed-down schooling. ●●

1884 Berlin Conference partitions Africa ai_extracted 1 cit. Following on a series of congresses that since 1 8 1 5 had tried to regulate the political order of Europe (chapters 8 and n), the Berlin Confer ence... ●●

1884 Sara Warburg, banking matriarch, dies at 79 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sara, the formidable matriarch of the Warburg banking dynasty, died abruptly of a heart attack or stroke. Hamburg had never seen so many mourners at a funeral. ●●

1884 Japan creates a civil service career track ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A civil service career track was created in 1884 with a pension system that rewarded long service. ●●

1884 Franchise expansion stretched out over three major reform bills in 1832, 1867, and 1884 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Franchise expansion stretched out over three major reform bills in 1832, 1867, and 1884. ●●

1884 Death of Gregor Mendel and burning of his notes debunked ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gregor Mendel died in 1884, with his monastery burning all his scientific notes. His work remained obscure until 1900 when William Bateson rediscovered it, allowing American eugenicists to misapply his plant heredity laws to justify racial pseudoscience. ●●

1884 Huntington combines rail and steamship lines ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1884 Huntington and his associates combined all these rail and steamship lines into a single system headed by a holding and operating concern, the ●●

1884 Patterson of National Cash Register attributed the swift growth of his innovativ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Patterson of National Cash Register attributed the swift growth of his innovative enterprise after 1884—and with it the expansion of the industry as a whole—to the strength of his canvassing force, the training and competence of his salesmen, and the ability of his marketing organization to provide credit and service ●●

15 November 1884 to February 1885 Berlin Conference divides Africa 0 cit. European powers met in Berlin to set rules for dividing Africa into colonial spheres, with no African representatives present. Britain used the conference to secure claims across large parts of East, West, and Southern Africa. The agreement accelerated the Scramble for Africa, in which colonial borders were drawn with little regard for existing African societies. diplomacy / politics ●●●

24 April 1884 Germany declares a protectorate over South-West Africa 0 cit. The German government placed Lüderitz's coastal holdings under official protection, formally launching German South-West Africa as a colony. This was Germany's first African colonial claim under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. German traders, settlers, and troops steadily expanded inland from this coastal base over the following two decades. politics ●●●

15 November 1884 Berlin Conference partitions Africa among European powers 0 cit. European powers met in Berlin to set rules for colonial claims in Africa, and the conference confirmed Germany's protectorate over South-West Africa alongside its other African claims. No African representatives took part in the negotiations, which ran until February 1885. The conference formalized the wider Scramble for Africa that shaped Namibia's borders and colonial status. diplomacy ●●●

c. 1884 Pass laws formalized for African mineworkers in Kimberley 0 cit. Colonial authorities and mine owners in Griqualand West extended pass-law requirements to control the movement of African laborers to and from the diamond mines. Workers had to carry documents identifying their employer and permission to travel, restricting their freedom outside the compounds. politics / society ●●

5 August 1884 Statue of Liberty Pedestal Cornerstone Laid 0 cit. William A. Brodie, Grand Master of Masons in New York State, laid the cornerstone of the Statue of Liberty's pedestal in a driving rainstorm. About 100 members of the Grand Lodge of New York crossed to Bedloe's Island for the ceremony, joined by French and American officials. A copy of the Constitution, George Washington's Farewell Address, and portraits of past presidents, several of them Freemasons, were sealed inside the stone. The ceremony reflected the routine Masonic role in dedicating major American public monuments in the 19th century. culture / diplomacy ●●

6 December 1884 Washington Monument Completed 0 cit. Workers set the aluminum capstone on the Washington Monument, completing construction 36 years after the cornerstone was laid. At 555 feet, it became the tallest structure in the world, a title it held briefly until the Eiffel Tower surpassed it in 1889. It remains the tallest stone obelisk ever built. Its scale made it the most visible symbol of 19th-century America's Egyptian Revival taste, though its construction was overseen by the US Army Corps of Engineers, not by any Masonic body. culture / technology ●●●

6 December 1884 The Third Reform Act extends the vote to rural workers 0 cit. The Third Reform Act extends the household franchise from towns to the counties, giving most male agricultural laborers the vote on similar terms to their urban counterparts. About two in three adult men in the United Kingdom can now vote, though property and residency rules still exclude many, and no women can vote. politics ●●

7 August 1884 Germany declares South-West Africa a protectorate 0 cit. Otto von Bismarck's government places the territory later known as German South-West Africa (present-day Namibia) under German protection, following claims staked by the trader Adolf Lüderitz. The declaration opens the region to German settlement, land companies, and colonial administration. politics ●●

15 November 1884 Berlin Conference carves up Africa 0 cit. European powers met in Berlin to set rules for claiming African territory, formalizing the Scramble for Africa. The conference recognized Leopold II's International Association of the Congo, clearing the way for his control of the Congo basin. African rulers and peoples had no representation in the partition of their continent. diplomacy / politics ●●●

15 November 1884 Berlin Conference convenes 0 cit. Called by German chancellor Otto von Bismarck, fourteen states met in Berlin to set rules for claiming African territory and to avoid war among themselves. No African rulers were invited or consulted. The conference did not itself partition the continent, but it laid the ground rules that let Europe carve it up peacefully among the colonizers. diplomacy / politics ●●●

c. 1884 The Maxim gun and the firepower gap 0 cit. Hiram Maxim's recoil-operated machine gun could fire hundreds of rounds a minute and was in colonial service by the mid-1880s. Combined with breech-loading rifles and artillery, it let small European columns cut down far larger African armies. Hilaire Belloc's often-quoted lines, "Whatever happens, we have got the Maxim gun, and they have not," captured the deadly imbalance. technology / war ●●●

c. 1884 Bismarck declares German protectorates 0 cit. In 1884 Germany suddenly claimed protectorates over Togoland, Kamerun, South West Africa, and later East Africa. Bismarck had long doubted colonies were worth the cost, but domestic politics and merchant pressure changed his stance. Germany's late arrival sharpened the competition and helped prompt the Berlin Conference. diplomacy / politics ●●

1884 The Gaelic revival 0 cit. A cultural revival sought to renew Irish language, sport and literature. The Gaelic Athletic Association, founded in 1884, promoted hurling and Gaelic football, and the Gaelic League, founded in 1893, worked to revive the Irish language. Alongside a literary revival led by writers such as W. B. Yeats, this cultural nationalism fed the political drive for independence. culture / society ●●

c. 1884 Britain establishes the British Somaliland protectorate 0 cit. Britain signed a series of protection treaties with northern Somali clans between 1884 and 1887, formalizing the British Somaliland protectorate along the Gulf of Aden. London's main interest was securing meat and supplies for its garrison across the water at Aden, rather than deep settlement. The territory was governed lightly and cheaply, a pattern that shaped its later development. diplomacy / politics ●●

15 November 1884 The Berlin Conference sets the rules for the Scramble for Africa 0 cit. European powers meeting in Berlin agree the ground rules for partitioning Africa, including the principle that a claim needs 'effective occupation'. The borders that followed were drawn to suit European interests and cut across existing peoples and polities. Many of today's states inherited those arbitrary lines. diplomacy / politics ●●●

1884 Germany claims South-West Africa 0 cit. Germany declared a protectorate over the coast around Luderitz and pushed inland to create the colony of German South-West Africa. Settlers arrived to take farmland and mining rights in the territory that is now Namibia, seizing grazing land from the Herero and Nama peoples. Colonial officials treated the land as open for German settlement, setting up the conflict over cattle and territory that followed. economy / exploration / politics ●●

28 December 1885 Founding of the Indian National Congress 0 cit. Indian lawyers, journalists, and reformers found the Indian National Congress to seek a greater voice in British rule. It grows into the mass movement that leads India to independence. politics ●●●

1885 The automobile and internal combustion engine 0 cit. Karl Benz built the Patent Motorwagen, the first practical car driven by an internal combustion engine. The car reshaped transport, cities and daily life in the century that followed. technology ●●●●●

1885 to 1897 The Taxil hoax debunked 0 cit. Leo Taxil spent years spreading lurid fabrications about satanic masonic rituals, which anti-masonic and church audiences believed. In 1897 he publicly confessed the whole affair was a hoax invented to mock his critics. culture / religion ●●●

November 1885 Annexation of Upper Burma 0 cit. Britain deposed the Burmese king and absorbed the remainder of Burma into British India. The conquest extended imperial control across mainland Southeast Asia. war ●●●

1885 Benz builds the first petrol motor car 0 cit. Karl Benz built a three-wheeled vehicle driven by an internal combustion engine and patented it in 1886. It is widely regarded as the first practical automobile. technology ●●●●●

1885 Morgan brokers peace between rival railroads 0 cit. In 1885 Morgan mediated a truce between the New York Central and Pennsylvania railroads aboard his yacht. Such deals began the practice of Morganization, in which he reorganised and controlled major railroads. economy ●●●

1885 to 1897 The Leo Taxil hoax exposed as a fabrication 0 cit. From 1885 the French writer Gabriel Jogand-Pages, using the name Leo Taxil, published sensational fake revelations of Satanic Masonic rites, including an invented cult and a fictional priestess named Diana Vaughan. In April 1897 he publicly confessed the whole affair was a deliberate hoax mocking anti-Masonic credulity. culture / religion ●●●●

1885 to 1908 Congo Free State atrocities 1 cit. King Leopold II of Belgium ran the Congo as his private property, forcing villages to collect rubber under a brutal quota system. Killings, mutilation, famine and disease caused millions of deaths before international outcry forced Belgium to annex it. economy / society ●●●●●

c. 1885 Arbitrary colonial borders 0 cit. Colonial powers drew straight-line borders that cut through peoples and lumped rivals together with little regard for local realities. These frontiers became the borders of new nations and a source of later conflict. politics / society ●●●

1885 Indian National Congress established (1885) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A British official who foresaw violent nationalism sought to channel it constructively by establishing the Indian National Congress in 1885, hoping to train Indians in representative institutions. ●●

1885 Cattell claims people read whole words ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto recounts that in 1885 James McKeen Cattell, trained under Wundt at Leipzig, used the tachistoscope to claim people read whole words rather than letters, a finding later shown to be wrong. ●●

1885 Vienna University bars Jews from membership ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Vienna University bars Jews from membership ●●

1885 Morgan brokers the Corsair Compact railroad treaty ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The newspapers lionized the author of this Great Railroad Treaty of 1885, also known as the Corsair Compact.23 Pierpont had pulled off such a masterly feat that even Junius—so stingy with compliments—... ●●

1885 Penjdeh crisis threatens Anglo-Russian war ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Russian forces defeat Afghan troops at Penjdeh, precipitating serious diplomatic crisis over Central Asian boundaries. Natty Rothschild negotiates with Russian ambassador to achieve peaceful compromise. ●●

1885 Conclusions With the important exception of the American Ci rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Conclusions With the important exception of the American Civil War, the period 1815–1885 had not witnessed any lengthy, mutually exhausting military struggles. The lesser campaigns of this age, like ●●

1885 5The Coming of a Bipolar World and the Crisis of the “Middle rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 5The Coming of a Bipolar World and the Crisis of the “Middle Powers”: Part One, 1885–1918 In the winter of 1884–1885, the Great Powers of the world, joined by a few smaller states, met in Berlin in a ●●

1885 While it is obvious that no one in 1885 could accurately for rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While it is obvious that no one in 1885 could accurately forecast the ruin and desolation which prevailed in Europe sixty years later, it was the case that many acute observers in the late nineteenth ●●

1885 The multipolar world of 1885 was replaced by a bipolar world rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The multipolar world of 1885 was replaced by a bipolar world as early as 1943. The international struggle intensified, and broke into wars totally different from the limited clashes of nineteenth-cent ●●

1885 The Position of the Powers, 1885–1914 In the face of such u rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Position of the Powers, 1885–1914 In the face of such unnervingly specific figures, that a certain power possessed 2.7 percent of world manufacturing production in 1913, or that another had an in ●●

1885 The Tsar’s suspicions were reinforced by his Danis... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Tsar’s suspicions were reinforced by his Danish wife, who could not forgive Bismarck for taking Schleswig-Holstein from her native country. The Bu ●●

1885 Event of 1885 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story it, reducing a force of more than one million men to roughly 65,000. In 1890, the American army ranked fourteenth in the world, after Bulgaria’s, and the American navy was smaller than Italy’s, a country with one-thirteenth of America’s industrial st ●●

1885 Information history in 1885 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story say, four messages of five words each and bundle them into a fixed-price telegram of twenty words. The code books got bigger and they got smaller. ●●

1885 Event of 1885 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Be- tween 1872 and 1885, nearly all of the European states plus Japan adopted military conscription ●●

1885 Methodist schism sparks persecution in Tonga ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Schism with Conference loyalists resulted, and between 1885 and 1887 there followed a brutal persecution of Methodists by Methodists, until the British High Commissioner intervened ●●

1885 When one young liberal Catholic Belgian academic in 1956 published a work rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When one young liberal Catholic Belgian academic in 1956 published a work proposing that the Belgian Congo might suitably be given independence on the centenary of its cession to King Leopold in 1885, his book provoked a storm of ridicule and fury in ●●

1885 Thus, at the June 1885 meeting of the Master Car Builders Association, its presi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thus, at the June 1885 meeting of the Master Car Builders Association, its president, Leander Garvey, opened the session, the Railroad Gazette reporte ●●

1885 By 1885, the company had constructed Ivorydale, a model industrial plant, which rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1885, the company had constructed Ivorydale, a model industrial plant, which became a Cincinnati showplace ●●

1885 Before Duke made his gamble in 1885 on Bonsack’s continuous-process cigarette ma... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Before Duke made his gamble in 1885 on Bonsack’s continuous-process cigarette machine, he and his four major competitors were still basically single-function manufacturing enterprises ●●

1885 Before 1885 none had set up branch sales offices operated by their own salaried... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Before 1885 none had set up branch sales offices operated by their own salaried personnel and managers ●●

1885 Duke signs Bonsack cigarette machine contract ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Even before he had signed the contract with James Bonsack in June 1885 to use his machine to make all his cigarettes, expensive as well as cheap, he began to set up selling and distributing offices in the leading American commercial centers ●●