Events, Verisoph

1925 Italian dictatorship, lira stabilization, and corporative state ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley traces the resumed trend toward greater income disparity in Italy through the dictatorship of 1925, the stabilization of the lira in 1927, and the creation of the corporative state in 1934. ●●

1925 Milner dies (May 1925) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lord Milner died in May 1925. Quigley quotes The Times obituary crediting him with the Imperial War Cabinet and a lasting advance in the constitutional evolution of the Empire. ●●

1925 Stevenson endows the Survey and a London chair (1925) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From 1925 Sir Daniel Stevenson's endowment of 20,000 pounds financed the Survey of International Affairs and a Research Chair of International History at London. Toynbee held both the chair and the editorship. ●●

1925 Secret committee nominates Milner for Oxford Chancellor (April 1925) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley recounts that in April 1925 a secret, unofficial committee of Milner Group and Cecil Bloc members nominated Milner for Chancellor of Oxford University, drawing an angry protest from Birkenhead. ●●

1925 Austen Chamberlain rejects the Geneva Protocol ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Britain officially rejected the Geneva Protocol at the League Council. Quigley says Curtis, Kerr, and other Group members went to Geneva for the occasion, and that the rejection followed the Committee of Imperial Defence's advice. ●●

1925 Hitler publishes Mein Kampf ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Adolf Hitler declared his intentions in his 1925 book Mein Kampf, which was largely ignored at the time. Wood uses the arc of Hitler's rise as an analogy for how a technocratic dictatorship might be declared once its pieces are in place. ●●

1925 John Watson publishes Behaviorism, 1925 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes the closing appeal of John Watson's 1925 book Behaviorism, urging parents to raise children in 'behavioristic freedom.' ●●

1925 Institute of Pacific Relations created ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book asserts the Network created the Institute of Pacific Relations in 1925 and links its founding to the outbreak of the Chinese civil war. This is presented as the book's conjecture about Network motives. ●●

1925 Charles Dawes awarded the Nobel Peace Prize ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Dawes Plan catapulted Charles Dawes to fame; he was elected U.S. vice president in 1924. For buying time for Europe and creating the illusion that its money battles were over, he received the 1925 Nobel Peace Prize. ●●

1925 Beaverbrook lobbies Churchill against gold ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 28, 1925, press baron Lord Beaverbrook came to argue against returning to gold, but Treasury officials dismissed him. The next day he launched a front-page campaign against the gold standard in the Daily Express. ●●

1925 American credits pledged to support Britain's return to gold ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To ensure Britain had reserves to defend the pound on gold, Strong promised $200 million from the New York Fed and Morgan partners tentatively committed a further $300 million. The sole condition was that Norman remain governor. ●●

1925 Churchill's Downing Street dinner on the gold decision ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On March 17, 1925, Churchill convened a dinner at 11 Downing Street pitting gold standard advocates Niemeyer and Bradbury against opponents McKenna and Keynes. No one changed his mind, but the gold advocates prevailed. ●●

1925 Churchill announces Britain's return to the gold standard ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On April 28, 1925, Churchill rose in the Commons and announced Britain's return to the gold standard at the prewar parity. Norman watched from the gallery, savoring what London saw as his personal triumph. ●●

1925 The Banque de France 'faux bilans' scandal ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In April 1925 the French public learned that Banque de France and Treasury officials had for a year falsified the bank's books to disguise illegal note issuance. The scandal brought down the Herriot government. ●●

1925 Caillaux returns as French finance minister ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In April 1925 Paul Painlevé formed a left-wing coalition and named Joseph Caillaux finance minister. Caillaux, once imprisoned for endangering state security, was a legendary and controversial figure in public finance. ●●

1925 Caillaux and Churchill restructure the French war debt ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In July 1925 Caillaux went to London and struck a deal with Churchill to restructure France's war debt to Britain at 40 cents on the dollar, cutting it from $3 billion to $1.2 billion. ●●

1925 The Coolidge bull market ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From 1922, low inflation and surging corporate profits powered a stock boom. After Calvin Coolidge's reelection in 1924, the Dow's rise from a 1921 low of 67 to above 150 acquired the name the Coolidge bull market. ●●

1925 Locarno agreements settle postwar territorial disputes ai_extracted 1 cit. no story His financial diplomacy spawned another foreign policy initiative: the 1925 Locarno agreements, which resolved territorial disputes outstanding since World War I and helped... ●●

1925 Abdul Aziz unites the Arabian peninsula ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After World War I, Abdul Aziz led the al-Sauds to unite the Arabian peninsula tribes through military and political skill. ●●

1925 Balfour opens the Hebrew University of Jerusalem ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On April 1, 1925, Lord Arthur Balfour presided over the opening ceremonies for the Hebrew University, a moving event in a natural amphitheater. ●●

1925 Bernays orchestrates bacon breakfast campaign for Beechnut Packing Company ai_extracted 2 cit. Bernays creates a propaganda campaign using physician endorsements to promote eating bacon as a wholesome breakfast, establishing fake doctor testimonials as propaganda technique. ●●

1925 Locarno Treaties signed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Locarno in effect confirmed both results and laid the basis for Germany’s ultimate assault on the Eastern settlement. Locarno, hailed in 1925 as turni ●●

28 October 1925 Court-martial of Billy Mitchell 0 cit. US Army Brigadier General Billy Mitchell was court-martialed for insubordination after publicly accusing military leadership of incompetence and near treasonous neglect for failing to invest in air power. He was convicted and suspended from duty, resigning shortly after, but many of his warnings about air power's importance were vindicated within two decades. The case became a touchstone in debates over dissent and doctrine within a military hierarchy. politics / war ●●

1925 Rehoboth Baster uprising suppressed 0 cit. The Baster community of Rehoboth resisted South African efforts to override their traditional self-governing council and impose direct administrative control. South African police and armed forces moved in to suppress the protest and formally curtailed Baster self-rule. The episode was another instance of South Africa overriding local governance structures inherited from the German period. politics ●

28 April 1925 Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs 0 cit. This design and decorative arts exposition gave the Art Deco style its name, showcasing furniture, architecture, and design meant to look modern and luxurious rather than emphasizing heavy industry. It shaped design trends across architecture, fashion, and consumer goods worldwide for the following decade. culture / economy ●●

25 September 1925 Sidney Reilly Captured via the Trust 0 cit. British intelligence agent Sidney Reilly, lured by the fake Trust organization run by Soviet secret police, crossed into the USSR believing he was meeting genuine anti-Bolshevik conspirators. He was arrested almost immediately and executed by the OGPU weeks later. His capture is documented as the culmination of the Operation Trust deception. politics / war ●

c. 1925 Quantum mechanics remakes the rules of matter 0 cit. In the mid-1920s Heisenberg, Schrodinger, Born, Dirac, and others built quantum mechanics, in which particles behave as probabilities rather than certainties. It was the work of many hands over a few intense years, not a single breakthrough. Its predictions are astonishingly accurate, yet physicists still argue about what it really means. science ●●●

c. 1925 A Mission-Educated Landowning Class Emerges 0 cit. By the 1920s the families of government chiefs and the mission-educated athomi were turning their positions into wealth, accumulating land within the reserves, schooling their children, and presenting themselves as a modern, progressive elite. Their advancement depended on cooperation with missions and the colonial administration rather than on defying them. This propertied, church-going class opened a lasting split within Kikuyu society that would later separate the loyalists from the landless and the fighters. economy / politics / society ●●●

c. 1925 Witchcraft ordinances and the war on traditional religion 0 cit. Colony after colony passed witchcraft ordinances that criminalized witch-finding and, in effect, much of traditional religious practice. Officials cast diviners, healers, and priests as agents of superstition and fraud, stripping them of standing. By defining the old religion as crime, the colonial state gave itself a legal tool to suppress the very authorities who so often led resistance. politics / religion / society ●●

c. 1925 The Settler Cash-Crop Economy 0 cit. Settler farms built an export economy of coffee, tea, sisal, pyrethrum, wheat, and dairy, worked by African hands and shipped out on the railway. To protect their prices and profits, settlers had the state bar Africans from growing coffee and other lucrative crops well into the colonial period. The rule kept the most profitable farming a white monopoly and forced Africans to sell their labour rather than compete. economy / politics ●●

1925 The Resident Native Labourers Ordinance 0 cit. Laws on resident native labourers, first passed in 1918 and tightened in 1925, redefined the squatter not as a tenant with rights but as a labourer who owed a set number of days' work for the right to live on a farm. The change quietly converted squatters from semi-independent farmers into a bound workforce. It gave settlers the legal tools they would later use to strip squatter rights away altogether. economy / politics ●●

c. 1925 The coast sidelined behind the highlands 5 cit. Colonial investment flowed to the settler-farmed White Highlands and the railway line to Nairobi and the lake, while the coast became mainly a port corridor rather than a place to develop. Mombasa handled the country's trade, but the wealth passed through to the interior rather than staying on the coast. The region slipped from being East Africa's commercial heart to an economic backwater serving the highlands. economy / society ●●

c. 1925 Collective punishment and stock seizure in the rangelands 0 cit. Across the pastoralist margins, colonial officers routinely fined whole communities for raids or resistance by confiscating cattle, sheep, and goats, punishing the group for the acts of individuals. For herding peoples, stock was both wealth and survival, so collective seizure was a blunt and lasting form of impoverishment. The tactic recurred over many years, so the date marks a standing practice rather than a single event. economy / politics ●●

c. 1925 A sacred rite turned to politics 0 cit. Kikuyu political groups began to borrow the old oath for a new purpose, binding members to a shared political loyalty rather than settling a private dispute. The anthropologist Greet Kershaw and historians such as John Lonsdale describe this as a reworking of an existing ritual, not an invention from nothing. Turning a judicial oath into a pledge of unity gave early politics a force that ordinary organizing lacked. It also set a pattern that the Mau Mau oath would follow two decades later. culture / politics / religion ●●

c. 1925 Uganda grows a peasant cash-crop economy 0 cit. Uganda's wealth came from cotton and coffee grown by African smallholders, not from a settler planter class. Because no white minority held the best land, there was no mass land alienation and no settler army to defend. This administrative, extractive model stood in sharp contrast to Kenya's settler colony right across the border. economy / society ●●

c. 1925 Passage to America and schooling at Wilberforce 0 cit. With help from African Methodist Episcopal contacts, Banda reaches the United States in the mid-1920s and enrolls at the Wilberforce Institute in Ohio, a Black church school, where he completes his secondary education. He goes on to study at Indiana University and the University of Chicago, taking a degree in the early 1930s. His years in America begin a long Western formation that would shape him far more than his African childhood. society ●●

30 June 1925 Helen Keller calls Lions the Knights of the Blind 0 cit. Speaking at the Lions International convention in Cedar Point, Ohio, Helen Keller challenged the clubs to become "knights of the blind in the crusade against darkness." Lions took up the cause, and sight programs, eyeglass collection, and support for blindness prevention became a signature of the organization. It is a documented example of a service club fixing on a lasting public cause. society ●●

1925 Harriman wins the Georgian manganese concession 0 cit. The American firm W. A. Harriman and Company secured a concession to develop the rich manganese deposits at Chiatura in Soviet Georgia. It was one of the largest early Western business ventures inside the Soviet Union. Deals like it show established American finance doing normal, profit-seeking business with the new state. economy ●●

1925 IG Farben becomes the industrial engine of the Reich 5 cit. The chemical giant IG Farben, formed in 1925 from firms including BASF, Bayer, and Hoechst, grew into a pillar of the German war economy, producing synthetic fuel and rubber the military needed. It later built a plant at Auschwitz that used concentration-camp slave labor. After the war its executives were tried at Nuremberg and the combine was broken up. economy / technology / war ●●●●

c. 1925 Missions monopolise schooling, and education splits by region 0 cit. Because the missions ran nearly all African schools, the denominational map became an education map. Regions with dense, well-funded missions produced clerks, teachers, and an early elite; thinly served regions like the north and much of the pastoral country fell behind. The uneven reach of the missions helped set the regional inequality that still shapes Kenya. economy / religion / society ●●●

July 1925 Jubaland is handed to Italy 0 cit. Britain ceded the Jubaland region, home to many Somalis, to Italian Somaliland as a reward for Italy joining the Allies in the First World War. The transfer split Somali communities across a new colonial border with no say from the people who lived there. It foreshadowed later disputes over where the Somali north belonged. diplomacy / politics ●●

c. 1925 Kipsigis and Kalenjin grazing land is alienated for European settlement 4 cit. Through the 1920s and 1930s the colonial government alienated large blocks of Kipsigis and neighbouring Kalenjin grazing and farming land in the Kericho and Sotik highlands. The land was handed to European settlers as part of the White Highlands, where Africans could not own farms. Communities that had grazed and farmed the highlands were pushed into smaller reserves. politics / society ●●●

c. 1925 The squatter and contract-labour systems bind workers to settler farms 0 cit. Resident labour ordinances let settlers keep African families as squatters, working the farm in return for the right to live and graze on a corner of it. Others came on fixed contracts arranged by recruiters. Both systems supplied cheap, tied labour and drew heavily on the western reserves. economy / society ●●●

c. 1925 Settlers push the Sabaot off the Trans-Nzoia plains 2 cit. In the 1920s and 1930s the colonial government took much of the arable lowland around Trans-Nzoia for white settler farms. Many Sabaot were pushed off the plains and confined to the higher, more crowded slopes of Mount Elgon. This loss of good farmland is the root of land grievances that shaped the community's politics for the rest of the century. economy / politics ●●

28 May 1926 28 May 1926 coup d'état wikidata 0 cit. no story coup d'état in Portugal ●●●

8 January 1926 Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd Proclaimed 0 cit. Ibn Saud was proclaimed King of the Hejaz, uniting it with his rule over Najd. The dual kingdom was the immediate forerunner of Saudi Arabia. politics ●●●

1926 Northern Expedition 0 cit. The Nationalist army launched the Northern Expedition in 1926 to defeat the warlords and unify China. It brought much of the country under a Nationalist government based in Nanjing. politics / war ●●●

1926 American Eugenics Society is founded 0 cit. The society promoted eugenics through public campaigns, including "Fitter Families" contests that ranked people like livestock. Its work lent respectability to sterilization laws and prejudice against immigrants and the poor. science / society ●●

25 September 1926 The League of Nations Slavery Convention 0 cit. The Slavery Convention bound signatory states to suppress slavery and the slave trade in all their forms. It was the first international treaty to define and outlaw slavery worldwide. politics / society ●●●

June 1926 Emile Moreau becomes Governor of the Banque de France 0 cit. Emile Moreau took over the Banque de France during the franc crisis and oversaw its stabilization. Suspicious of British and American influence, he pushed France to convert its sterling holdings into gold, straining relations with London. economy / politics ●●●

c. December 1926 France stabilizes the franc 0 cit. Prime Minister Raymond Poincare and the Banque de France halted the fall of the franc and pegged it at a low, competitive rate. The cheap franc drew gold into France and shifted monetary strength toward Paris. economy / politics ●●●

1926 Ernest Holmes and Religious Science 0 cit. Ernest Holmes published The Science of Mind and founded what became Religious Science, a New Thought body teaching that thought shapes reality and that God is an impersonal creative intelligence available to all. His system directly influenced later self-help and prosperity teaching. culture / religion ●●●

16 March 1926 Goddard launches the first liquid-fuel rocket 0 cit. Robert Goddard flew the world's first liquid-propellant rocket, which rose about 12 meters in a short flight. The design principle became the basis of modern rocketry. science / technology ●●●●●

1926 American Eugenics Society founded 0 cit. The American Eugenics Society was founded in 1926 to popularize eugenic ideas through exhibits, contests, and lobbying. It reflected a broad elite consensus in the era that reproduction of the unfit should be discouraged. science / society ●●●

1926 Soviet forced industrialization, 1926-1940 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues that the Soviet Union's rapid industrialization from 1926 to 1940 was achieved by ruthless oppression of the peasantry, costing millions of lives. ●●

1926 British General Strike of 1926 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The clash over the deflationary policy came to a head in the General Strike. The unions lost, but they prevented the government from cutting costs far enough to restore business profits and the export trade. ●●

1926 Imperial Conference of 1926 and the Balfour Declaration ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley calls the 1926 Imperial Conference one of the most important of the postwar period; it produced the Balfour Declaration on Dominion status. The Milner Group again supplied three of five UK delegates. ●●

1926 Jan Christian Smuts writes Holism and Evolution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story South African statesman Jan Christian Smuts wrote the treatise Holism and Evolution in 1926. Wood ties its 'theory of the whole' to later regionalism and technocratic thinking. ●●

1926 France settles its war debts at 40 cents on the dollar ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After watching Britain strike a poor bargain, France waited and eventually settled its war debts in 1926 at 40 cents on the dollar. The arrangement was not ratified by the National Assembly until 1929. ●●

1926 British general strike of 1926 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The overvalued pound hammered coal and other export industries. In 1926 attempts to cut costs led to a long, bitter coal strike that boiled over in May 1926 into a countrywide ten-day general strike. ●●

1926 France and the United States settle war debts ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In April 1926 France and the United States finally reached a war-debt settlement at 40 cents on the dollar. The budget was balanced, yet the franc kept falling, reaching over 30 to the dollar by May. ●●

1926 Caillaux returns for a fifth term and installs Moreau ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 15, 1926, Joseph Caillaux returned as finance minister for the fifth time. He finally fired Governor Robineau and cleaned house at the Banque de France, inviting Émile Moreau to take over. ●●

1926 Émile Moreau becomes governor of the Banque de France ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 24, 1926, Émile Moreau assumed the governorship of the Banque de France with the franc at 35 to the dollar. He privately feared he might become the liquidator of a national bankruptcy. ●●

1926 French war-mutilated veterans protest American war debts ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 11, 1926, twenty thousand maimed French war veterans marched in silent protest up the Champs-Élysées to the square overlooking the U.S. embassy, laying a wreath at the statue of George Washington. ●●

1926 Poincaré forms a national unity government ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 21, 1926, Raymond Poincaré was asked to form a ministry and within two days announced a national unity government spanning the political spectrum. His prestige alone began to reassure investors. ●●

1926 Norman's first meeting with Moreau ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 29, 1926, Norman met the Banque de France's new leadership at Moreau's office. The encounter got off on the wrong foot, with Norman patronizing and insistent on speaking English, seeding lasting mutual distrust. ●●

1926 Banque de France begins pegging the franc ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On December 21, 1926, the Banque de France began buying foreign currency and selling francs to stop the franc rising above 25 to the dollar. With Poincaré's blessing, Moreau held this peg for two years. ●●

1926 The Florida real estate bubble bursts ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Florida land boom of the mid-1920s collapsed under its own weight in 1926, helped by a devastating hurricane. There was much local disruption but only minor impact on the national economy. ●●

1926 Central banks assemble a loan to stabilize the Polish zloty ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In late 1926 a consortium of central banks, including the Fed, Bank of England, Reichsbank, and now the Banque de France, arranged a package to stabilize the Polish zloty. France objected to Norman muscling into its Eastern European sphere. ●●

1926 Reza Shah founds the Pahlavi dynasty ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Reza Khan formally assumes the throne as Reza Shah and establishes the Pahlavi dynasty to replace the declining Qajar line. ●●

1926 Schrodinger publishes wave theory of matter ai_extracted 1 cit. no story an articulate, cultured Viennese theoretical physicist named Erwin Schrödinger published a wave theory of matter demonstrating that matter at the atomic level behaves as if it consists of waves. ●●

1926 German military adopts the Enigma machine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The German navy changed its mind and adopted a modified version of the Enigma machine in 1926, followed by the German army in 1928, and the German air ●●

November 1926 Balfour Declaration defines dominions as equal under the Crown 0 cit. The Imperial Conference of 1926 issued the Balfour Declaration, describing Britain and its self-governing dominions as autonomous communities within the British Empire, equal in status and united by common allegiance to the Crown. This reframed the empire as a partnership of nations sharing one monarch rather than a hierarchy ruled from London. It laid the groundwork for the later Commonwealth. diplomacy / politics ●●

1926 Firestone loan brings Liberia under US financial control ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A new loan negotiated with the Firestone Corporation of America let Liberia finally pay off the principal and interest on its old 1912 loan, replacing British with American financial control. ●●

1926 Imperial Chemical Industries formed by merger ai_extracted 1 cit. no story British Dyestuffs Corporation and other chemical firms were knit together to form Imperial Chemical Industries, a company whose issued capital Nkrumah notes later exceeded the budgets of most African states. ●●

c. 1926 Formation of the Criminal Investigation Department 0 cit. The police set up a Criminal Investigation Department in the 1920s to handle detective work, fingerprints, and records. Within it grew the capacity for political intelligence that would develop into Special Branch. From early on the colonial CID watched not only crime but dissent. politics ●

1926 Alliance High School opens as the flagship mission school 0 cit. The Protestant missions opened Alliance High School at Kikuyu in 1926 as the first secondary school for Africans in Kenya, run jointly through the missionary alliance. It educated much of the country's future African leadership, producing teachers, civil servants, and politicians. The school embodied both the promise and the limits of mission education under colonial rule. religion / society ●●

1926 The Closed Northern Frontier District 0 cit. The vast arid north, home to Somali, Borana, Rendille, Turkana, and other peoples, was sealed off as the Northern Frontier District, entered only with a special permit under the Closed Districts Ordinance of 1926. The government ruled it as a buffer to be policed rather than a region to be developed, spending almost nothing on schools, roads, or clinics. This deliberate isolation began the marginalisation of the north that outlasted colonial rule. politics / society ●●

c. 1926 Native reserves fix peoples to ethnic land 0 cit. The colonial state set aside native reserves and gazetted their boundaries, assigning each African people a defined territory while settlers held the White Highlands. The Native Lands Trust Ordinance of 1930 hardened this map further. Tying a named tribe to a fixed block of land turned fluid, overlapping identities into bounded administrative units with borders on a map. The reserves and ordinances are documented policy; the reading that they helped invent rigid tribes is the argument of historians like Berman and Mahmood Mamdani. economy / politics / society ●●●

c. 1926 Brooke Bond and James Finlay plant the great Kericho tea estates 5 cit. On the alienated highlands, companies such as Brooke Bond and James Finlay laid out large tea plantations from the mid 1920s onward. Brooke Bond later passed to Unilever, and the estates grew into one of the biggest tea complexes in Africa. They were worked by resident labourers and by migrants drawn from the surrounding districts. economy ●●●

1926 The Kitale railway branch opens the settler granary 4 cit. The Kitale branch of the Kenya-Uganda railway connected the Trans-Nzoia farms to the wider transport network. In 1925 Hansard listed the Kitale (Trans-Nzoia) branch as 43.7 miles with an estimated cost of GBP 143,067. The line made bulk grain farming more viable and helped turn Kitale into the railhead and market town of the North Rift. economy / technology ●●●●

1927 Japanese banking crisis of 1927 ai_extracted 1 cit. Japan suffered a banking crisis in 1927, partly triggered by the aftereffects of the 1923 Great Kanto earthquake. ●●●

1 August 1927 to 7 December 1949 Chinese Civil War 0 cit. no story Nationalists and Communists fight an on-and-off civil war spanning two decades, interrupted by the Japanese invasion. Communist victory in 1949 founds the People's Republic of China and drives the Nationalists to Taiwan. politics / war ●●●●●

14 March 1927 Founding of Pan American Airways 0 cit. Pan American Airways is founded, flying its first mail route from Key West to Havana. Under Juan Trippe it pioneers transoceanic flying boats and the jet age, becoming the unofficial U.S. flag carrier. economy / exploration / technology ●●●

1927 Television 0 cit. Philo Farnsworth demonstrated a fully electronic television system that transmitted a moving image. Television became the dominant mass medium of the twentieth century. technology ●●●●

6 October 1927 The Jazz Singer ushers in sound film 0 cit. The Jazz Singer, released in October 1927, was the first feature to include synchronized spoken dialogue and helped end the silent era. Sound transformed movies into an even more immersive mass medium. culture / technology ●●●

23 February 1927 Radio Act creates federal broadcast regulation 0 cit. The Radio Act of 1927 created the Federal Radio Commission to license broadcasters and manage the airwaves as a public resource. It established government oversight of who could speak over the mass medium of radio. politics / technology ●●●

6 October 1927 The Jazz Singer brings sound to film 0 cit. The Jazz Singer was the first feature to sync spoken dialogue and singing with the picture. It ended the silent era and forced the whole industry to adopt sound. culture / technology ●●●●●

23 February 1927 Radio Act of 1927 creates the Federal Radio Commission 0 cit. The Radio Act set up the Federal Radio Commission to license broadcasters and manage the airwaves as a public resource. It established federal control over the new medium of radio. politics / technology ●●●

20 May 1927 Treaty of Jeddah 0 cit. Britain recognized the full independence of Ibn Saud's kingdom under the Treaty of Jeddah. The treaty ended the protectorate relationship established at Darin. politics ●●●

c. 1927 Stalin Consolidates Power 0 cit. By the late 1920s Joseph Stalin had outmaneuvered his rivals, including Leon Trotsky, to become the dominant figure in the party and state. He then pushed the country toward rapid industrialization and forced collectivization. politics ●●●●

1927 Start of the Chinese Civil War 0 cit. In 1927 the Nationalists violently purged their Communist allies, opening a long civil war. The two sides fought, paused, and fought again over the next two decades. politics / war ●●●●

2 May 1927 Buck v. Bell upholds forced sterilization 2 cit. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled 8 to 1 that states could forcibly sterilize people deemed unfit, with Justice Holmes writing "three generations of imbeciles are enough." The decision led to tens of thousands of sterilizations and was cited by Nazi defendants at Nuremberg. politics / science ●●●

c. 1927 The doctrine of odious debt 0 cit. The odious debt doctrine holds that debts run up by a dictator for personal gain, and not for the public, should not bind a successor government. Campaigners invoked it to argue that people should not repay loans that enriched corrupt rulers. economy / politics ●●●

July 1927 Central bankers meet secretly on Long Island 0 cit. Norman, Strong, Schacht, and Charles Rist of France met privately at an estate on Long Island to coordinate policy. Strong agreed to ease US credit to help Britain hold gold, a decision critics later blamed for fueling the Wall Street boom. economy / politics ●●●●

August 1927 Benjamin Strong's easy-money rate cut 0 cit. Following the Long Island meeting, the Federal Reserve cut its discount rate to support the pound and the European gold standard. The move, sometimes called a coup de whisky to the stock market, is often cited as feeding speculation into 1929. economy / politics ●●●

c. 1927 to c. 1928 Gold drains toward Paris and strains London 0 cit. The Banque de France built up large sterling balances and pressed the Bank of England by threatening to convert them into gold. The tug of war over gold reserves exposed how the gold standard set the central banks against one another. economy / politics ●●●

5 July 1927 Founding of the German rocket society 0 cit. Amateur enthusiasts formed the Verein fuer Raumschiffahrt, or Society for Space Travel, to build and test rockets. Its members included a young Wernher von Braun before the group was absorbed into military work. science / society / technology ●●●

2 May 1927 Buck v. Bell upholds compulsory sterilization 0 cit. The US Supreme Court ruled 8 to 1 in Buck v. Bell that states could forcibly sterilize people deemed unfit, with Justice Holmes writing that three generations of imbeciles are enough. The decision gave legal cover to tens of thousands of coerced sterilizations and has never been formally overturned. politics / science ●●●●●

1927 Soviet policy shifts to 'Communism in a single country' (1927) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1927 Soviet policy shifted from world revolution to 'Communism in a single country' and growing support for collective security, a change reaching its peak in the Popular Front of 1935-1937. ●●