Events, Verisoph

1914 Germany would again face the constellation of August 1914 — an overpowering Continental alliance mas rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Germany would again face the constellation of August 1914 — an overpowering Continental alliance masterminded and bankrolled by the Jewish bankers of the city. ●●

1914 In historical terms, however, the alliance between the German chemical industry and Hitler’s regime rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In historical terms, however, the alliance between the German chemical industry and Hitler’s regime was unique and developed out of a chain of decisions taken over the course of the preceding decades.*' Before 1914 the German chemical industry, as a ●●

1914 He also had personal memories of the short-sightedness of 1914, when General Falkenhayn had declared rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He also had personal memories of the short-sightedness of 1914, when General Falkenhayn had declared that he would not need even the full production of Ger- many’s three state arsenals. ●●

1914 US Marines guard the Panama Isthmus ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With brief intermissions, Marines were stationed on the Isthmus from November 4, 1903 to January 21, 1914, to guard American interests ●●

1914 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The origin of World War I usually is attributed to the assassina- tion of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist in 19 ●●

1914 Legislative action rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1914, one year after the Federal Reserve Act was pasted into law, Senator Aldrich could afford to be less guarded in his remarks ●●

1914 29 Table 10 lists the American firms that had by 1914 substantial investments ab... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 29 Table 10 lists the American firms that had by 1914 substantial investments abroad ●●

1914 As a result, well before 1914 a number of American firms were operating fully in... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As a result, well before 1914 a number of American firms were operating fully integrated foreign subsidiaries ●●

1914 By 1914 American direct foreign investment was impressive rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1914 American direct foreign investment was impressive ●●

1914 Before 1914 it was using locally grown bright leaf tobacco whose seed it had imp... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Before 1914 it was using locally grown bright leaf tobacco whose seed it had imported from North Carolina ●●

1914 Thus by 1914 integrated suborganizations were appearing to serve large regional... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thus by 1914 integrated suborganizations were appearing to serve large regional overseas markets ●●

20 April 1914 Ludlow Massacre by Colorado National Guard and mine guards 0 cit. Colorado National Guard troops and private mine guards attacked a tent colony of striking coal miners and their families, killing at least 21 people including women and children. The attack came after months of guards and hired detectives, including agents of the Baldwin-Felts detective agency, being used to suppress the strike. The massacre became a defining example of the private and state security forces being used against labor in the era before modern police reform. politics ●●

September 1914 South African forces invade German South-West Africa 0 cit. As part of the First World War, forces of the Union of South Africa invaded German South-West Africa on behalf of the British Empire, opening a new front against the small German colonial garrison. The campaign combined South African army units with local volunteer forces and moved on multiple fronts from the south and coast. German forces retreated steadily northward over the following months. war ●●

1914 First Le Droit Humain lodge founded in Durban 0 cit. The first South African lodge of Le Droit Humain, the international mixed-gender Masonic order founded in France in 1893, was established in Durban in 1914, adding a distinct co-Masonic strand alongside the male-only Cape, English, Scottish, and Dutch-constitution lodges. society ●

4 August 1914 MI5 rounds up German spy network at outbreak of WWI 0 cit. Within hours of Britain declaring war on Germany, Vernon Kell's Home Section arrested most of a German intelligence network that had been under surveillance since before the war. About twenty agents were rounded up on a single day, crippling German espionage in Britain for the rest of the war. The operation was widely seen as an early success for what would become MI5. politics / war ●●

4 August 1914 The collapse of the Second International 0 cit. When the First World War begins, most socialist parties rally behind their own governments rather than opposing the war as they had pledged. The German Social Democrats' vote for war credits on 4 August 1914 became the symbol of this reversal. The International split along national lines and effectively ceased to function, a betrayal in the eyes of antiwar socialists such as Lenin. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●

c. 1914 Borders that ignored African nations 0 cit. By the eve of the First World War the map of Africa was almost fully partitioned along lines drawn for European convenience. These borders lumped rival groups into single colonies and split others across several. The unresolved tensions they created would fuel civil wars and disputes long after the colonizers left. politics / society ●●

1914 The British state buys into Persian oil 0 cit. The Anglo-Persian Oil Company, formed out of the D'Arcy concession, gained a controlling investment from the British government at the urging of Winston Churchill, who wanted secure fuel for the Royal Navy. This tied Britain's military and strategic interests directly to Persian oil. The company, later Anglo-Iranian and then BP, would keep the lion's share of oil profits for decades. economy / politics / war ●●

November 1914 The Ottomans enter World War I 0 cit. The empire joins the Central Powers alongside Germany and Austria-Hungary after a secret alliance and a naval attack on Russian ports. The decision, driven by the Young Turk leadership, tied the empire's fate to Germany's and opened fronts from the Caucasus to Mesopotamia to the Sinai. Defeat would end the empire. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●

1914 Churchill puts the Royal Navy on oil 0 cit. As First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill drives the switch of British warships from coal to faster oil-fired engines, and the government buys a controlling stake in Anglo-Persian. Oil became a matter of national security, tying the state directly to the industry. politics / war ●●●

1914 The Giriama Uprising and the Burning of Kaya Fungo 0 cit. The Giriama refusal to supply labour hardened into open revolt in 1913 and 1914, met with a military campaign that killed hundreds and drove people from their land. Colonial forces razed Kaya Fungo, the sacred forest shrine at the heart of Giriama religion and authority, and imposed a heavy collective fine and demands for carriers for the coming world war. Destroying the kaya was an attack on the community's very identity, meant to break the elders and the spirits who sanctioned resistance. economy / religion / war ●●

August 1914 Marcus Garvey founds the UNIA in Jamaica 0 cit. Marcus Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association, which after he moved to the United States grew into the largest mass Black movement of its era. It preached racial pride, economic self-reliance, and a redemption of Africa often summed up as Back to Africa. Garvey remains a contested figure: admirers hail his mass appeal, while critics point to his 1922 meeting with the Ku Klux Klan and his 1923 conviction for mail fraud tied to the Black Star Line. economy / politics / society ●●●

1914 Indians found the East African Indian National Congress 0 cit. Modeled on the Indian National Congress, the new body became the main political vehicle for Kenya's Asians. It pressed for a common electoral roll, equal rights with settlers, free immigration and an end to segregation. For decades it led the campaign against the colour bar. politics ●●

1914 The First World War drains British power 0 cit. The war of 1914 to 1918 cost Britain enormous sums and turned it from the world's leading creditor into a debtor, largely to the United States. British industry and manpower were strained to the limit, and much overseas investment was sold off to pay for the fighting. Britain won the war but came out of it financially weakened and dependent on American credit. economy / politics / war ●●●●

c. 1914 Colonial punitive expeditions and the first disarmament hit the north Rift 0 cit. Between about 1913 and 1918 colonial forces ran repeated punitive expeditions across the north Rift, seizing livestock and weapons from pastoralists. The first disarmament campaign in what is now northwest Kenya came in 1914. Pokot fighters were at times used to help the British against the Turkana, then were themselves subjected to cattle confiscation and control of their movement. politics / war ●●

August 1914 Taveta is occupied in the East Africa campaign 3 cit. German forces occupied Taveta at the start of the First World War in East Africa, making Taita-Taveta a front-line corridor between the coast, Kilimanjaro and the railway interior. The war deepened labour recruitment, carrier service and military disruption in the region. politics / war ●●●

19 February 1915 to 9 January 1916 Gallipoli campaign 0 cit. An Allied attempt to knock the Ottoman Empire out of the war by forcing the Dardanelles fails at great cost. war ●●●

18 March 1915 Constantinople Agreement 0 cit. Secret wartime exchange among Britain, France, and Russia promising Russia control of Constantinople and the Turkish Straits after victory over the Ottomans. The Bolsheviks published it in 1917 and it was never carried out. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●

26 April 1915 Treaty of London (1915) 0 cit. Secret treaty in which Italy agreed to enter the First World War on the Allied side in exchange for promised territories including South Tyrol and Dalmatia. Unmet promises fed Italian resentment after the war. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●

8 February 1915 The Birth of a Nation and film as mass persuasion 0 cit. D.W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation, released in 1915, was a technical landmark that also spread a racist account of Reconstruction and helped revive the Ku Klux Klan. It showed film's power to shape public attitudes on a national scale. culture / society ●●●

c. 1915 Hollywood becomes the film capital 0 cit. Film companies gathered in Hollywood for its sun, space, and cheap land, and built the studio system. Los Angeles became the center of the world film business. culture / economy ●●●

26 December 1915 Treaty of Darin 0 cit. Ibn Saud signed a treaty making his lands a British protectorate during World War I. Britain recognized him as ruler of Najd and provided a subsidy and arms. politics ●●●

1915 Morgan bank funds Allied war loans 0 cit. During the First World War the Morgan bank acted as purchasing agent for Britain and France and arranged large Allied loans in 1915. The role tied American finance closely to the Allied cause. economy / war ●●●

November 1915 The Second Ku Klux Klan Revival 0 cit. A revived Ku Klux Klan was launched, expanding its targets to include Catholics, Jews, and immigrants alongside Black Americans. This second Klan grew into a mass movement in the 1920s before collapsing. politics / society ●●●

c. 1915 to c. 1920 Rise of Service Clubs 0 cit. Groups such as Kiwanis and Lions Clubs joined Rotary in building networks of business people organized around charity and civic projects. They spread the service club model across many countries. economy / society ●

1915 AMORC founded by H. Spencer Lewis 0 cit. Harvey Spencer Lewis founded the Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis, known as AMORC, in 1915 as a mail-order teaching order presenting Rosicrucian lessons to a broad membership. It grew into one of the largest modern Rosicrucian bodies, later centered in San Jose, California. religion / society ●●●

18 October 1915 The House of the Temple opens as Scottish Rite headquarters 0 cit. The Scottish Rite's Southern Jurisdiction dedicated its monumental headquarters on 16th Street in Washington, modeled on an ancient tomb. It is a documented and public Masonic building, not a hidden one. culture / society ●

3 March 1915 Founding of the NACA 0 cit. Congress created the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics to guide and coordinate American aviation research. The NACA later became the core of NASA in 1958. science / technology ●●●

1915 Invention of the tank, 1915 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley records that Sir Ernest Swinton, part of the Committee of Imperial Defence secretariat, invented the tank in 1915. ●●

1915 Japan presents Twenty-one Demands on China (January 1915) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Immediately after seizing German holdings, Japan presented the Twenty-one Demands on China in January 1915, revealing its continental ambitions and turning American opinion against it. ●●

1915 Secret Treaty of London brings Italy into war (April 26, 1915) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the secret Treaty of London of April 26, 1915, the Entente accepted Italy's extensive territorial demands, and Italy agreed to make war on the Central Powers within a month. ●●

1915 Quigley: Entente money funded Mussolini's interventionist paper (1915) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley claims the Entente governments split the pacifist Italian Socialist Party with money grants to Benito Mussolini, who used French money to launch the paper that began his rise to dictatorship. ●●

1915 Lusitania sunk off the Irish coast (May 7, 1915) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The British liner Lusitania, which Quigley notes carried rifle cartridges and shrapnel, was sunk by a German submarine on May 7, 1915, drowning 1,198 including 128 Americans. ●●

1915 Bryce Committee atrocity report (1915) ai_extracted 1 cit. Quigley describes Allied atrocity propaganda, noting Lord Bryce headed a committee that produced a volume of such stories in 1915 and was evidently taken in by his own tales. ●●

1915 Hichens and Brand set up Canada's Imperial Munitions Board ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1915 Lloyd George sent two Kindergarten men, Hichens and Brand, to organize Canadian munitions. They created the Imperial Munitions Board of Canada. ●●

1915 Walter Lippmann analyzes the Ludlow Massacre ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto points to Walter Lippmann's analysis of the Ludlow Massacre, published in the New Republic on January 30, 1915, which examined John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s responsibility for the killings. ●●

1915 Deweys praise the Gary Plan in 'Schools of Tomorrow' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that John and Evelyn Dewey praised the Gary 'platoon' school plan in their 1915 book Schools of Tomorrow, as the scheme was merchandised nationally. ●●

1915 First Gary Plan schools open in New York City ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Superintendent William Wirt was offered the New York superintendency, and the first Gary schools opened in the city in March 1915. ●●

1915 107 cities mark Americanization Day, July 1915 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that on July 4, 1915, 107 cities celebrated 'Americanization Day' under the committee slogan 'Many Peoples, but One Nation.' ●●

1915 Lusitania's captain resigns over munitions ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book says that on March 8, 1915 the Lusitania's captain resigned rather than carry responsibility for mixing passengers with munitions. It uses this to argue the danger was known in advance. ●●

1915 Montagu Norman joins the Bank of England as adviser ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1915 deputy governor Brian Cockayne invited Montagu Norman to be his adviser at the Bank of England. It began the rise that would make Norman governor for an unprecedented twenty-four years. ●●

1915 Schacht's Belgian franc scandal ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While serving on the German banking commission in occupied Belgium, Schacht in February 1915 let his own employer, the Dresdner Bank, buy a large quantity of occupation francs. Accused of an ethics violation, he was reprimanded and resigned, a stain that dogged his reputation. ●●

1915 Sinking of the Lusitania ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1915 a German submarine torpedoed the liner Lusitania off Ireland, drowning almost 1,200 people, 124 of them Americans. The sinking led the State Department to warn Americans against traveling to Europe. ●●

1915 German U-boat sinks the Lusitania ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On May 7, 1915, a German U-20 torpedoed the starboard side of the British luxury liner Lusitania off the Irish coast. Nearly 1,200 people, including 124 US citizens, were killed.... ●●

1915 6 But publicly, Wilson issued a harsh note to the German government on May... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 6 But publicly, Wilson issued a harsh note to the German government on May 14, 1915. In response, Morgan conveyed to Wilson his “intense satisfaction of both the substance and... ●●

1915 17 Morgan’s renowned support for the Allies led to an assassination attempt... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 17 Morgan’s renowned support for the Allies led to an assassination attempt at his Glen Cove, Long Island, home on July 3, 1915. Shot twice in the groin, he returned to work a... ●●

1915 Moscow mobs attack German businesses and people ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Moscow mobs attack German enterprises and persons ●●

1915 Wilson names Robert Lansing secretary of state ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the spring of 1915, President Wilson named Dulles’s uncle, Robert Lansing, to succeed William Jennings Bryan as secretary of state (1915) ●●

1915 British mission investigates Morgan war purchasing ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the summer of 1915, Welsh coal magnate David Alfred Thomas (later Lord Rhondda) visited New York for three weeks to investigate accusations that the House of Morgan was showing favoritism in its purchasing decisions. He found Stettinius's work faultless but reported concerns about Republican bias. ●●

1915 Morgan becomes British military purchasing agent ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 15, 1915, the House of Morgan signed the Commercial Agreement with the Army Council and the Admiralty, becoming the official purchasing agent for British military supplies. The first purchase was $12 million for horses. ●●

1915 Death of Morgan partner Howard Boocock ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On March 22, 1915, Morgan partner Howard Boocock came home from the bank agitated. After dinner, he retired to his library and subsequently died under circumstances that triggered investigations and distressed the bank. ●●

1915 Morgan lends $8.5 million to du Pont ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1915, the House of Morgan provided an $8.5 million loan to the du Pont Company to prevent its acquisition by Kuhn, Loeb, which American officials viewed as potentially sympathetic to German interests during World War I. ●●

1915 Rockefeller Foundation creates the China Medical Board ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1915, the Rockefeller Foundation set up the China Medical Board, which constructed the Peking Union Medical College and opened it in 1921. ●●

1915 Under the joint tutelage of King and Lee rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Under the joint tutelage of King and Lee, Junior regained his equanimity and even launched a publicity offensive for improved labor relations, a transformation evident when he testified in January 1915 before the U.S. ●●

1915 “I will never demur again.”64 On October 2 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “I will never demur again.”64 On October 2, 1915, in the town of Pueblo, Junior addressed two hundred CFI workers and managers. “This is a red-letter day in my life,” he began. ●●

1915 Death of Laura Spelman Rockefeller ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cettie Rockefeller died on March 12, 1915, at Pocantico after a garden tour the previous day. She passed peacefully with her sister Lute at her bedside, ending a period of prolonged illness. ●●

1915 Edith Fails to Attend Mother's Funeral rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In March 1915, Edith Rockefeller McCormick did not attend her mother Cettie's funeral service. Her absence reflected her severe psychological difficulties and complete commitment to Jungian analysis. ●●

1915 Death of Natty de Rothschild ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Natty (Nathaniel Mayer), the senior partner at N. M. Rothschild & Sons and one of the most influential bankers of his era, died in 1915. ●●

1915 A visceral patriot who responded to rousing calls rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A visceral patriot who responded to rousing calls of wartime citizenship, he also acknowledged the harshness of German military rule. In 1915, he traveled to Belgium, a neutral country subjugated by G... ●●

1915 Every death disturbed him. In January 1915, Aby rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Every death disturbed him. In January 1915, Aby S.’s grandson, Franz, died from an exploding shell on the Somme and Aby M. ●●

1915 In January 1915, Aby S.’s grandson, Franz, died rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In January 1915, Aby S.’s grandson, Franz, died from an exploding shell on the Somme and Aby M. ●●

1915 1915 Military Campaign rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But the campaigns of Verdun and the Somme were of a new order of magnitude, both in the firepower employed and the losses sustained; and German casualties on the western front, whi... ●●

1915 1915 Economic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Because of Allied investments, industrialization had proceeded apace from 1915 to 1918, at least in those heavy industries related to arms production. ●●

1915 28. JS. B440 F8, letter to Max Warburg rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 28. JS. B440 F8, letter to Max Warburg, January 5, 1915. ●●

1915 10. AW Kopierbuch 6 26(7) Hamburg Transcript, letter rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 10. AW Kopierbuch 6 26(7) Hamburg Transcript, letter to Aby S. Warburg, July 22, 1915. ●●

1915 Shackleton's Endurance and the great escape 0 cit. Ernest Shackleton's ship Endurance is crushed by pack ice, stranding his crew, yet through an epic open-boat voyage and mountain crossing he brings every man home alive. It became the greatest survival story of the age of exploration. exploration / society ●●●

1915 Governments systematically deploy modern media in World War One ai_extracted 2 cit. Beginning in 1915, governments use the full range of modern media to mobilize populations for World War One, marking the first systematic propaganda campaign of the modern era. ●●

1915 actices of the prewar international order, a compr... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story actices of the prewar international order, a compromise peace would have been made in the spring of 1915. ●●

1915 September 1915, in a revolutionary departure from ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1915, in a revolutionary departure from British practice, Foreign Secretary Grey wrote to Wilson’s confi ●●

1915 General relativity explains Mercury's orbit anomaly ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Einstein’s extreme reaction when he realized that the general theory of relativity he was painfully developing in the isolation of his study explained anomalies in the orbit of Mercury that had been a mystery to astronomers for more than fifty years. ●●

1915 1915: g feats of engineering with leaps of pure science. Making use of vacuu rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story g feats of engineering with leaps of pure science. Making use of vacuum tubes and other new technologies, AT&T built repeaters and amplifying devices ●●

1915 1915: J. C. R. Licklider (1915–90). Bob Taylor (1932– ). Larry Roberts (1937 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story J. C. R. Licklider (1915–90). Bob Taylor (1932– ). Larry Roberts (1937– ). ●●

1915 Information history in 1915 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story not seemed to involve information at all. Black holes were the brainchild of Einstein, though he did not live to know about them. ●●

1915 “Alan was interested in figures—not with any mathematical as rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Alan was interested in figures—not with any mathematical association—before he could read,” says his mother, who adds that in 1915, at the age of thr ●●

1915 Event of 1915 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The period between 1880 and 1915 marked the greatest mass emi- gration of Europeans ever recorded, some thirty-two million all told ●●

1915 In Denmark, the middle-class groups aligned with the peasantry (or, more properly, farmers, since th candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In Denmark, the middle-class groups aligned with the peasantry (or, more properly, farmers, since the old peasantry had largely disappeared by this point) to demand an end to absolutism in 1848; in 1915, they aligned with the working class to demand ●●

1915 In 1915, most auto workers in Detroit were recent immigrants; half could not speak English, and the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1915, most auto workers in Detroit were recent immigrants; half could not speak English, and the average level of education was not much beyond elementary school. ●●

1915 War or conflict rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Harold Kellock, “Warburg, the Revolutionist,” The Century Magazine, May 1915, pr79: Jekyll Island Museum Nelson W ●●

1915 On the other hand, as late as 1915 the company had not yet applied the new techn... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the other hand, as late as 1915 the company had not yet applied the new techniques of standard costing to the determination of overhead costs ●●

1915 22 billion cigarettes were exported in that year and Report of the Commissions o... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 22 billion cigarettes were exported in that year and Report of the Commissions of Corporations on the Tobacco Industry, Part III, Prices, Costs and Profits, March 18, 1915 (Washington, 1915), p ●●

19 January 1915 Germany begins Zeppelin bombing raids on Britain 0 cit. German airships attacked English towns in the first strategic bombing raids against a home population, killing civilians far from the front lines. The raids, and later Gotha bomber attacks, brought the war directly to British cities for the first time and forced Britain to develop dedicated home air defenses. The psychological shock of bombing civilians from the air shaped military and public thinking about air power for decades. technology / war ●●

9 July 1915 German forces surrender at Khorab 0 cit. The remaining German colonial garrison surrendered unconditionally to South African forces under General Louis Botha, ending German rule over the territory. South Africa administered the territory under martial law in the immediate aftermath. German colonial administration in South-West Africa never resumed after the war. war ●●

18 October 1915 House of the Temple Dedicated 0 cit. The House of the Temple was formally dedicated exactly four years after its cornerstone was laid. The building, modeled on the ancient Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, became the headquarters of the Scottish Rite's Southern Jurisdiction and one of the most architecturally elaborate Masonic buildings in the world. Its design drew on classical and ancient sources openly, as a stated architectural choice, not hidden symbolism. It still serves as a working Masonic library, museum, and administrative headquarters. culture / religion ●●

1915 Founding of AMORC, the Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis 0 cit. Harvey Spencer Lewis founded AMORC in the United States as a mail-order fraternal and mystical teaching organization using Rosicrucian symbolism. It is a well-documented modern organization that still operates today, offering correspondence courses in esoteric philosophy, though its claim of unbroken descent from the 17th-century Rosicrucians is not historically verifiable. religion / society ●

28 July 1915 US Marines occupy Haiti and take over its treasury 0 cit. US Marines landed in Haiti and, citing instability and unpaid debts to American and French creditors, occupied the country until 1934. Washington placed US officials in direct control of Haitian customs revenue and the national bank to guarantee bondholders were paid. The occupation is a frequently cited early example of a foreign power controlling a nominally independent state's finances by force. economy / politics ●●

20 February 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition 0 cit. This fair celebrated the completion of the Panama Canal and San Francisco's rebuilding after the 1906 earthquake. Its Palace of Fine Arts, designed by Bernard Maki, is the only major structure still standing, later rebuilt in permanent materials because of its popularity. economy / technology ●●

9 July 1915 South African forces occupy German South-West Africa 0 cit. During the First World War, Union of South Africa forces fighting for the British Empire invade and occupy German South-West Africa, ending German colonial rule. South Africa administers the territory afterward, first under a League of Nations mandate and later, in defiance of the UN, as a de facto colony. war ●

30 July 1915 Charles Becker executed at Sing Sing 0 cit. Charles Becker was executed by electric chair at Sing Sing Prison, becoming the first American police officer executed for murder. The case remained controversial, with later commentators questioning whether the evidence against him was as solid as prosecutors claimed. politics ●●

c. January 1915 Plan de San Diego and the start of border violence 0 cit. A manifesto known as the Plan de San Diego, calling for an uprising to reclaim the Southwest for Mexico and killed on discovery, circulated among ethnic Mexican radicals in South Texas, and sporadic raids by Mexican and Tejano insurgents followed against Anglo ranches and rail lines. Texas authorities, ranchers, and Rangers responded with a campaign of reprisal that killed far more people than the raids themselves. Historians including Doug Swanson and Monica Muñoz Martinez identify this as the opening of the period later called La Matanza. politics / war ●●

c. August 1915 La Matanza: the Hour of Blood 0 cit. Between roughly August 1915 and 1919, Texas Rangers, local law officers, and vigilante posses killed a large number of ethnic Mexicans in South Texas, in a campaign later called La Matanza ("the slaughter") or La Hora de Sangre ("the hour of blood"). The death toll cannot be fixed precisely because many killings went unrecorded and bodies were left in remote brush country; estimates range from a few hundred documented deaths to historian estimates as high as several thousand across the decade, a range cited by scholars including Monica Muñoz Martinez in "The Injustice Never Leaves You" and by Doug Swanson in "Cult of Glory." Contemporary Anglo newspapers in some cases stopped reporting Mexican deaths as routine and unremarkable. politics / society ●●●