Events, Verisoph

1922 Founding of the International Federation for Human Rights 0 cit. Ten national human rights leagues unite to form the FIDH in Paris, the first international human rights federation, which now links nearly 200 member organizations. diplomacy / politics / society ●●

28 February 1922 Independence of Egypt 0 cit. no story Britain unilaterally declares Egypt independent, ending the protectorate; the 1952 revolution later made Egypt a republic. politics ●●●●

6 December 1922 Independence of Ireland 0 cit. no story The Irish Free State is established under the Anglo-Irish Treaty after the War of Independence, ending British rule in most of Ireland. politics / war ●●●

30 December 1922 Founding of the Soviet Union 0 cit. The Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian, and Transcaucasian Soviet republics sign the treaty creating the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The world's first communist state is formalized as a federal union. politics ●●●●

28 October 1922 March on Rome 1 cit. Fascist squads converge on Rome and King Victor Emmanuel III appoints Mussolini prime minister rather than order the army to stop them. Fascism takes power in a major state for the first time. politics ●●●●●

1 November 1922 Fall of the Ottoman Empire 0 cit. On 1 November 1922 the Grand National Assembly abolished the Ottoman sultanate, deposing Mehmed VI. The move ended an empire that had lasted more than six centuries. politics / war ●●●●●

18 October 1922 The BBC is founded 0 cit. The British Broadcasting Company was formed in October 1922 and began daily broadcasting that November, later becoming the public-service British Broadcasting Corporation in 1927. It set an influential model of state-chartered public broadcasting. culture / society ●●●●

28 February 1922 Egyptian Independence 0 cit. Britain formally ended its protectorate and recognized Egypt as independent, while keeping control of the Suez Canal and defense. The compromise satisfied neither Egyptian nationalists nor imperial hardliners. politics ●●●

July 1922 to 1948 The British Mandate for Palestine 0 cit. The League of Nations approved a British mandate over Palestine in 1922, which took effect in 1923. British rule lasted until 1948 amid rising tension between Jewish and Arab populations. politics ●●●

6 February 1922 The Washington Naval Treaty grants the US parity with Britain 0 cit. The treaty set equal capital-ship tonnage limits for the United States and Britain, ending the Royal Navy's long claim to unmatched supremacy. It marked a formal acceptance that American sea power now equaled Britain's. politics / war ●●

April 1922 Genoa Conference sets up the gold exchange standard 0 cit. An international conference at Genoa encouraged countries to hold reserves in gold-backed currencies rather than gold itself, to spread scarce gold further. This gold exchange standard shaped the fragile monetary order of the 1920s. economy / politics ●●●

1922 Lucifer Publishing Company is founded 0 cit. Alice and Foster Bailey founded the Lucifer Publishing Company to print Alice Bailey's esoteric books; in Theosophical usage the name referred to the light-bearer or morning star, not the devil. Critics later seized on the original name, but it was renamed within a few years and the organization has always described it as a reference to spiritual light. culture / religion ●●●

1922 Soviet one-party communist state 0 cit. After the 1917 revolution the Bolsheviks built a state where the Communist Party held all power and banned rivals. It became the first modern one-party state and a model copied by other communist regimes. politics / society ●●●●●

October 1922 Fascism seizes power in Italy 0 cit. Mussolini's fascists took power and built a one-party dictatorship glorifying the nation and the leader. Fascism offered a new authoritarian model that fused nationalism, force, and mass mobilization. politics ●●●●

1922 Harry Laughlin drafts the Model Eugenical Sterilization Law 0 cit. Eugenicist Harry Laughlin published a Model Eugenical Sterilization Law in 1922 that many US states adopted and that later influenced Nazi legislation. It gave the movement a legal template for forcibly sterilizing people judged unfit. politics / science ●●●

1922 Soviet censorship and the Glavlit apparatus 0 cit. The Soviet state formalizes prior censorship through Glavlit, which vets all printed matter. For seven decades the state controls what may be published, the model of comprehensive one-party censorship. politics / society ●●●

1922 Revolution on the Rand, 1922 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Attempts to cut mine costs by using more native labor led to strikes and a 1922 armed uprising on the Rand in which over 200 rebels were killed. ●●

1922 Gandhi launches mass civil disobedience (Feb 1, 1922) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On February 1, 1922, Gandhi told the viceroy he would begin mass civil disobedience district by district, starting at Bardoli, escalating beyond non-cooperation into illegal acts. ●●

1922 Germany and Soviet Russia sign Treaty of Rapallo (April 1922) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The two outcast powers drifted together and sealed their friendship with a treaty signed at Rapallo in April 1922, which alarmed western Europe as a potential union of German technology and Soviet resources. ●●

1922 Washington Conference sets naval ratios (1922) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the Washington Conference, Britain gave the United States equality in capital ships at 15 each while Japan received 60 percent, or 9 capital ships, ending the Anglo-Japanese alliance. ●●

1922 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics organized ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Constitutionally, the country was organized in 1922 into the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics. The largest constituent was the Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic. ●●

1922 British protectorate over Egypt ended ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The protectorate over Egypt was ended in 1922, and the Dominions' refusal to back the United Kingdom in the Near East crisis forced a reexamination of imperial relations. ●●

1922 Mussolini comes to power in Italy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues leftist gains in 1918-1922 reversed the trend toward wider income disparity, provoking a counterrevolution that brought Mussolini to power in October 1922. ●●

1922 Ignaz Seipel becomes Austrian chancellor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1922 the Christian Socialist leader Monsignor Ignaz Seipel, a Catholic priest, became chancellor, dominating Austria's federal government until his death in 1932 and securing international loans by threatening Anschluss. ●●

1922 Egypt granted independence by Britain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Britain granted Egypt independence in 1922 but continued to interfere in its governance through peremptory notes and ultimatums. Submission to such pressure roused animosity in the nationalist-dominated Assembly. ●●

1922 The Astors buy control of The Times ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley says Lord Astor and his brother became chief proprietors of The Times in 1922 by buying out the Harmsworth interest. He treats this as the moment the Milner Group secured ownership of the paper. ●●

1922 Quigley: the Milner Group controlled The Times (from 1922) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts that the Milner Group controlled The Times, indirectly from 1912 and directly from 1922. He treats the paper as one branch of the Group's network of influence. ●●

1922 Zimmern's Europe in Convalescence (1922) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Alfred Zimmern published Europe in Convalescence in 1922, regretting Britain's postwar policies and especially the 1918 election. Quigley uses it to show the Group's turn toward reconstructing Germany. ●●

1922 Irish Free State created (1922) ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Through the Articles of Agreement of December 1921 and the Irish Free State Act of March 1922, southern Ireland became an independent Dominion. Feetham of the Milner Group chaired the Boundary Commission. ●●

1922 Oregon outlaws private elementary schools, 1922 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that in 1922 Oregon outlawed private schools for elementary children, a law later reversed by the Supreme Court in Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925). ●●

1922 Walter Lippmann publishes Public Opinion ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Gatto cites Walter Lippmann's 1922 book Public Opinion, which he says called for restricting public debate and letting experts govern. He argues Lippmann wanted schools to teach that active citizenship was impossible. ●●

1922 Assassination of Walther Rathenau ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 24 June 1922 Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau, architect of the fulfillment policy, was murdered by right-wing reactionaries. His killing deepened the panic that sent the mark into free fall. ●●

1922 The Balfour Note links war debts to reparations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In mid-1922 Britain declared through the Balfour Note that it would collect from its debtors and from Germany only as much as the United States demanded of Britain. The note infuriated Americans, who were cast as 'Uncle Shylock.' ●●

1922 Fall of Lloyd George and the Bonar Law government ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lloyd George's coalition collapsed in October 1922 and a Conservative government under Andrew Bonar Law took power in Britain. Stanley Baldwin became chancellor of the exchequer. ●●

1922 British delegation sails to settle war debts with America ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Baldwin led a British delegation, with Bank of England governor Montagu Norman as principal adviser, to negotiate a settlement of Britain's war debts to the United States. They sailed on December 30 aboard the Majestic. ●●

1922 Genoa Economic Conference and Norman's idea of a central bankers' league ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the 1922 Genoa Economic Conference, Norman floated the idea of a grand conclave of central bankers to stabilize European finances. Strong resisted, fearing the United States would be ambushed by its European debtors. ●●

1922 Strong invents the modern central banker ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By abandoning the automatic rules of the gold standard and steering credit to stabilize domestic prices and business activity, Strong pioneered modern central banking. In 1922 this was a radical departure from centuries of practice. ●●

1922 The Reichsbank Autonomy Law of 1922 ai_extracted 1 cit. The Reichsbank Autonomy Law of July 1922, enacted at British insistence to curb inflation by making the Reichsbank independent, instead gave inflation architect Rudolf von Havenstein tenure for life. ●●

1922 Harding names Hoover to War Debt Commission ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In February 1922, Harding appointed Hoover to the new World War Foreign Debt Commission, designed to settle the Allies’ debts based on “their capacity to pay.” The total debt... ●●

1922 In late January 1922, after a ten-day tour of Cuba he took with Percy Rocke... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In late January 1922, after a ten-day tour of Cuba he took with Percy Rockefeller and a bevy of other bankers, culminating in a luncheon in Havana given in his honor by two... ●●

1922 Morgan Concerns Over Fascism in Italy rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As fascism gained power in Italy during the early 1920s, Morgan representatives in Italy expressed concerns about violence being perpetrated by Fascists, questioning whether American money was financing the movement. ●●

1922 Lamont negotiates Mexican debt agreement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1922, Tom Lamont negotiated an agreement with Mexican finance minister de la Huerta that secured U.S. recognition for President Obregón in exchange for steep concessions including lower interest rates and a forty-five year payment schedule. ●●

1922 US banks reach their peak number ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The United States reached its maximum number of national and state-chartered banks during the era of free banking. ●●

1922 Laura Spelman Memorial funds social sciences research ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1922, under director Beardsley Ruml, the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial began distributing nearly fifty million dollars into social sciences research. This funding catalyzed university research centers. ●●

1922 Jimmy de Rothschild inherits Waddesdon Manor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jimmy de Rothschild unexpectedly inherited the historic Waddesdon Manor in 1922 after the death of his cousin Ferdinand's unmarried sister Alice. ●●

1922 A well-drilled Nazi cell existed in the Hamburg rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A well-drilled Nazi cell existed in the Hamburg police department. (When the first Storm Troopers unit was formed in November 1922, it was headed by a Hamburg police clerk.) Far from guarding Max, P. ●●

1922 (When the first Storm Troopers unit was formed rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (When the first Storm Troopers unit was formed in November 1922, it was headed by a Hamburg police clerk.) Far from guarding Max, P. ●●

1922 Eric had the rank and mobility to get a bird’s-eye view of a... (1922) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ——An uproarious Felix Warburg in Cortina, Italy. August 1922. His teenage son, Eddie, took this high-spirited picture that was dubbed “Greeting the Da... ●●

1922 Agro-Joint agreement with Soviets for Jewish colonies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1922, he worked out an agreement with the Soviets to create loan co-ops and training schools for Jews and began to advocate an enormous colonization project. ●●

1922 Hoover pushes for US trade with Soviet Russia ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In January 1922, Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover intercedes with the State Department on behalf of American business interests seeking to trade with Soviet Russia. ●●

1922 “Deke” Parsons, a 1922 Annapolis graduate then responsible under Bush for field- rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Deke” Parsons, a 1922 Annapolis graduate then responsible under Bush for field-testing the proximity fuse.1 Parsons had also worked on early radar development and served as gunnery officer on a destroyer and experimental officer at the Naval Proving Ground in Dahlgren, Virginia. ●●

1922 which were made before government support for this research was forthcoming rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story which were made before government support for this research was forthcoming.”1922 The patent could be registered in his name alone or jointly with Fermi; he would be willing “to assign this patent at this time to the government for such financial compensation as may be deemed fair and equitable.” The memorandum mentions no amount; according to Army security files Szilard asked for $750,000.1923 But the issue was not compensation; the issue was representation: I wish to take this opportunity to mention that the question of patents was discussed by those who were concerned in 1939 and 1940. ●●

1922 When one of Chicherin’s aides telephoned the Germa... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When one of Chicherin’s aides telephoned the German delegation at the conspiratorial hour of one-fifteen in the morning on April 16, 1922, proposing a ●●

1922 the end of 1922, with reparations elusive, disarma... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the end of 1922, with reparations elusive, disarmament controversial, meaningful British security guarantees unavai ●●

1922 that Szilard, despite his Eötvös Prize, “felt that his skill in mathematical operations could not co rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story that Szilard, despite his Eötvös Prize, “felt that his skill in mathematical operations could not compete with that of his colleagues. ●●

1922 The patent could be registered in his name alone or jointly with Fermi; he would be willing “to assi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The patent could be registered in his name alone or jointly with Fermi; he would be willing “to assign this patent at this time to the government for such financial compensation as may be deemed fair and equitable. ●●

1922 Bohr explains atomic basis of the periodic table ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the year his Nobel Prize made him a Danish national hero, Bohr accomplished a second great theoretical triumph: an explanation of the atomic structure that underlies the regularities of the periodic table of the elements. ●●

1922 that element 72 when discovered would not be a rare earth, as chemists expected and as elements 57 t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story that element 72 when discovered would not be a rare earth, as chemists expected and as elements 57 through 71 are, but would rather be a valence 4 metal like zirconium. ●●

1922 Assassination of Walther Rathenau ai_extracted 1 cit. no story right-wing extremists gunned down Walther Rathenau, the Weimar Republic’s first Foreign Minister, a physical chemist and industrialist friend of Einstein and a highly visible Jew. ●●

1922 “Von Neumann singled out the problem of numerical weather pr rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Von Neumann singled out the problem of numerical weather prediction for special attention,” Thompson later explained, “as the most complex, interacti ●●

1922 Event of 1922 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1919 a top Vatican official assured Gibbons that Rome “looks to America to be the leader in all things Catho- lic, and to set an example to other n ●●

1922 by the time he ordered a refill, the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story by the time he ordered a refill, the second cup cost 9,000 marks. Another told of an insurance policy redeemed to buy a single loaf of bread. The American dollar, which had traded for 1,500 marks in 1922, was worth 4.2 trillion marks by the end of 1923.32 German extremists tried to exploit the hyper ●●

1922 ion of the early twenties paralyzed the KWI rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ion of the early twenties paralyzed the KWI and German scientific progress.18 To literally save German science, Rockefeller money-guided by Flexner’s recommendations-came to the rescue in November of 1922. Because anti-German feeling engendered by the war still roiled in America, and because Rockefe ●●

1922 genicist, advised the Prussian Ministry of Health and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story genicist, advised the Prussian Ministry of Health and lectured extensively on hereditary traits and feeblemindedness. Since relations between Germany and the United States were still uneasy late into 1922, the foundation in large part administered the massive donations through its Paris office.19 Ro ●●

1922 ll uneasy late into 1922, the foundation in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ll uneasy late into 1922, the foundation in large part administered the massive donations through its Paris office.19 Rockefeller Foundation money began to flow immediately. During the final weeks of 1922, 194 fellowships were awarded, totaling $65,000. The next year, 262 fellowships were awarded f ●●

1922 sciences were of constant interest to eugenic readers. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story sciences were of constant interest to eugenic readers. So Eugenical News regularly summarized articles from the general medical literature to feed eugenicists’ unending fascination with the topic. In 1922, when a state medical journal reported using stethoscopes to monitor a twin pregnancy, it was ●●

1922 Hallervorden and Spatz identify rare brain disease ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ause why anyone would ever nominate him in the first place.” Museum officials added they would immediately look into removing his name.26 Another case involved Nazi doctors Hallervorden and Spatz. In 1922, the two had successfully identified a rare and devastating brain disease caused by a genetic m ●●

1922 ce under siege, battling back for years, fortified rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ce under siege, battling back for years, fortified by its influential patrons, the power of prejudice and the big money of Carnegie. But the Carnegie Institution’s patience began to erode as early as 1922, when Laughlin became a public font of racist ideology during the Congressional immigration res ●●

1922 12. Carlson, pp. 210-211. Rice, p. 27. 13. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 12. Carlson, pp. 210-211. Rice, p. 27. 13. Carlson, pp. 218-219. Harry H. Laughlin, Eugenical Sterilization in the United States (Chicago: Psychopathic Laboratory of the Municipal Court of Chicago, 1922), p. 35. 14. Laughlin, p. 36. 15. Carlson, p. 211. 16. Laughlin, p. 15. 17. Bleecker Van Wagenen ●●

1922 Retardation.” 78. “News and Notes,” Eugenical News, Vol. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Retardation.” 78. “News and Notes,” Eugenical News, Vol. II (1917), p. 24. 79. Eugenics Research Association, Active Membership Accession List (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Eugenics Research Association, 1922): Truman, ERA Membership Records. Brigham, pp. v-vii, xvii-xviii. 80. Brigham, pp. 174, 178, 18 ●●

1922 Kevles, “Testing the Army’s Intelligence: Psychologists and the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kevles, “Testing the Army’s Intelligence: Psychologists and the Military in World War I,” pp. 576-577, 578. 86. Walter Lippmann, “The Mental Age of Americans,” New Republic 32, no. 415 (November 15, 1922). Walter Lippmann, “The Mental Age of Americans,” New Republic 32 no. 417 (November 29,1922). Le ●●

1922 68. Charts and Measurements: MS. COLL. No. 77, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 68. Charts and Measurements: MS. COLL. No. 77, ERO, APS Series I, A:01 #4 Development, 1922-1923. Letter, Brett Ramer to Charles B. Davenport, 15 June 1922: APS Series I, A:01 #4 Development, 1922-1923. 69. Mrs. Anna Wendt Finlayson, Eugenical Record Office Bulletin No. 15: The Dack Family, A Study ●●

1922 17 - January 1918), p. 263 as cited rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 17 - January 1918), p. 263 as cited by Perry, pp. 148-149. 40. See Harry H. Laughlin, Eugenical Sterilization in the United States (Chicago: Psychopathic Laboratory of the Municipal Court of Chicago, 1922). 41. Galton, Memories of My Life, pp. 293-294, 320-321. “Galton Laboratory for National Eugeni ●●

1922 p. 46, 55: CSH. 16. William J. Robinson, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story p. 46, 55: CSH. 16. William J. Robinson, Eugenics, Marriage, and Birth Control (New York: The Critic and Guide Company, 1917), p. 74. Margaret Sanger, The Pivot of Civilization (New York: Brentano’s, 1922), pp. 100-101. 17. Proceedings of the First National Conference on Race Betterment, (Race Bette ●●

1922 -186. 25. Weindling, Health, Roce and German Politics rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story -186. 25. Weindling, Health, Roce and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945, pp. 384, 385. 26. “The German Genetic Association,” Journal of Heredity, Vol. XIII No. 5 (May 1922), p. 200. “Notes and News,” Eugenical News Vol. IX (1924), p. 56. “Heredity of Insanity,” Eugen ●●

1922 457. 7. Letter, W. R. Graham to Board rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 457. 7. Letter, W. R. Graham to Board of Review, 5 April 1950: NA RG496/457. 7. Eugenics Research Association, Active Membership Accession List (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Eugenics Research Association, 1922): Truman, ERA Membership Records. Direct examination of Katzen-Ellenbogen, pp. 4198-4199. 8. Am ●●

1922 Department,” at www.gen.cam.ac.uk. 4. American Genetic Association, “Overview.” rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Department,” at www.gen.cam.ac.uk. 4. American Genetic Association, “Overview.” Eugenics Research Association, Active Membership Accession List (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Eugenics Research Association, 1922): Truman ERA Membership Records. “College Courses in Genetics and Eugenics,” Eugenical News Vol ●●

1922 s. Springfield, MA: Psychiatric Genocide Research Institute, 1986. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story s. Springfield, MA: Psychiatric Genocide Research Institute, 1986. Laughlin, Harry H. Eugenical Sterilization in the United States. Chicago: Psychopathic Laboratory of the Municipal Court of Chicago, 1922. ●●

1922 1964. Sanger, Margaret. Margaret Sanger: An Autobiography. New rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1964. Sanger, Margaret. Margaret Sanger: An Autobiography. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1938; Dover Publications, Inc., 1971. Sanger, Margaret. The Pivot of Civilization. New York: Brentano’s, 1922. Sanger, Margaret. The Pivot of Civilization: In Historical Perspective. Ed. Comp. Michael W. Pe ●●

1922 Mavrogordatos, Stillborn Republic: Social Coalitions and Party Strategies in Greece, 1922–1936 (Berk rejected ai_extracted 3 cit. no story Mavrogordatos, Stillborn Republic: Social Coalitions and Party Strategies in Greece, 1922–1936 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983). ●●

1922 Most of the United States candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Most of the United States armed forces left Cuba by August 1919, but two companies remained at Camaguey until February 1922 ●●

1922 1920-22 - Russia (Siberia) - rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1920-22 - Russia (Siberia) - February 16, 1920 to November 19, 1922: A marine guard to protect the United States radio station and property on Russian Island, Bay of Vladivostok ●●

1922 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Before 1922, the Federal Reserve bought Treasury bonds pri- marily for three purposes: (1) for income to operate the system, (2) to pay for the newly ●●

1922 Beckman cites another survey made in 1922 by the Crowell Publishing Company wher... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Beckman cites another survey made in 1922 by the Crowell Publishing Company where figures are much higher for each category ●●

6 February 1922 Washington Naval Treaty signed 0 cit. The major naval powers, the United States, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy, agreed to fixed tonnage ratios for capital ships and a ten-year halt on new battleship construction, the first major international arms-control treaty of the industrial era. The treaty scrapped or cancelled dozens of ships already under construction. It shaped naval design and diplomacy through the interwar period until Japan withdrew in the mid-1930s. diplomacy / war ●●●

28 February 1922 Egypt granted nominal independence 0 cit. Britain unilaterally declared Egypt independent while retaining control over the Suez Canal, Sudan, and Egypt's defense and foreign affairs. The declaration ended the formal protectorate but left substantial British military and political power in place. Full British withdrawal did not come until the 1950s. politics ●●

May 1922 Bondelswarts Rebellion and aerial bombing 0 cit. South African administrator Jan Christiaan Smuts' government imposed a heavy dog tax on the Bondelswarts Nama community, provoking an armed protest that South African authorities crushed using aircraft to bomb and strafe Nama encampments. More than 100 Nama people were killed in the operation. The League of Nations criticized the disproportionate use of force but took no further action. war ●●

c. 1922 Haven of Peace Lodge founded in Dar es Salaam 0 cit. Haven of Peace Lodge No. 4385 was established in Dar es Salaam, becoming the first lodge under the United Grand Lodge of England in Tanganyika (mainland Tanzania), which had passed from German to British administration after the First World War. Its founding rounded out a network of English-constitution lodges across Kenya, Uganda, Tanganyika, and Zanzibar. These territorial lodges would later be brought together administratively as the District Grand Lodge of East Africa. society ●

c. 1 January 1922 Harry Laughlin's Model Eugenical Sterilization Law 3 cit. Eugenicist Harry Laughlin, of the Eugenics Record Office at Cold Spring Harbor, published a "Model Eugenical Sterilization Law" intended as a template for state legislatures. Virginia's 1924 sterilization act was drafted using Laughlin's model, and it was later cited by German officials drafting the Nazi sterilization law of 1933. Laughlin was awarded an honorary degree by the University of Heidelberg in 1936 in recognition of his eugenics work. politics / science ●●●

7 April 1922 Special Powers Act 0 cit. The Civil Authorities (Special Powers) Act (Northern Ireland) 1922 gave the Unionist government sweeping powers, including internment without trial, curfews, and bans on meetings and publications. It was renewed repeatedly and made permanent in 1933. Critics, including later official inquiries, documented that it was used disproportionately against the Catholic and nationalist community. politics / society ●●

16 March 1922 Arrest of Harry Thuku and the 1922 massacre 0 cit. After police arrested the protest leader Harry Thuku on 14 March 1922, a large crowd gathered outside the Central Police Station in Nairobi to demand his release, and on 16 March police, joined by armed settlers, opened fire. The official death toll was about 21 to 25, but other contemporary and later estimates run to 56 and beyond, and the true figure is disputed. It was the first mass killing of African protesters by police in the colony. politics / society ●●●

1 June 1922 The Royal Ulster Constabulary established 0 cit. The Royal Ulster Constabulary was formed in 1922 as the police force of the new Northern Ireland, inheriting the armed and centralized character of the old RIC. Throughout the Troubles it operated as a heavily armed force facing an insurgency, and critics argued it drew overwhelmingly from one community. It was replaced by the Police Service of Northern Ireland in 2001 following the Patten Commission's reforms. politics / society ●●

16 March 1922 Harry Thuku Arrested and the Nairobi Shooting 7 cit. Harry Thuku, founder of the East African Association, campaigned against the kipande, forced labor, and rising taxes before colonial authorities arrested him on 14 March 1922. A large crowd gathered outside the Nairobi police station demanding his release, and police and armed settlers opened fire on 16 March. The official death toll was around 21, but African and later accounts put it far higher, at over 50; the exact figure is disputed. Thuku was detained without trial for years, and the episode marked an early turn toward mass protest. politics / society ●●●

c. 1922 to c. 1996 The Magdalene laundries in Ireland 0 cit. Catholic religious orders in Ireland ran laundries where women and girls, many sent for being unmarried mothers or simply seen as troublesome, were confined and made to work without pay. The last one closed in 1996, and a 2013 state inquiry led the Irish government to issue a formal apology for the abuse and the state's role in it. politics / religion / society ●●●

1 November 1922 Abolition of the sultanate 0 cit. After the nationalists win the Turkish War of Independence, the Grand National Assembly abolishes the sultanate. The last sultan, Mehmed VI, leaves the country. More than six centuries of Ottoman monarchy come to an end, and power shifts decisively to the new government in Ankara. politics ●●●

March 1922 Harry Thuku and the 1922 protest 0 cit. Harry Thuku organized the East African Association against the kipande, forced labor, and rising taxes, becoming one of the first mass African political leaders in the colony. His arrest brought a crowd to the Nairobi police lines, where police and armed settlers opened fire, killing at least 21 people by the official count and far more by other accounts, including the woman activist Mary Muthoni Nyanjiru. The killing was an early, formative moment of nationalist grievance. politics / society ●●

June 1922 The Irish Civil War 0 cit. Supporters and opponents of the treaty fought a bitter civil war from 1922 to 1923. The pro-treaty Free State forces, backed by Michael Collins until his death, defeated the anti-treaty republicans led politically by Éamon de Valera. The war was short but left deep divisions that shaped Irish party politics for decades. politics / war ●●

December 1922 The Free State and de Valera's Constitution 0 cit. The Irish Free State formally came into being in December 1922. Under Éamon de Valera, a new constitution in 1937 renamed the state Ireland, or Éire, dropped most ties to the crown and asserted a claim over the whole island. The state stayed neutral in the Second World War, a period known there as the Emergency. politics ●●

c. 1922 Work and Marriage in Nairobi 6 cit. In the early 1920s Kamau moved to Nairobi and took a series of jobs, best remembered as a meter reader and storekeeper for the municipal water department. He had married Grace Wahu in 1919, and their son Peter Muigai was born in 1920. Living in the colonial capital drew him into the political ferment building among educated and mission-schooled Africans. economy / society ●

c. 1922 Taking the Name Kenyatta 0 cit. During the 1920s Johnstone Kamau adopted the name Kenyatta, drawn from the beaded Maasai-style belt he wore, known in Kikuyu as a kinyata. He signed himself Johnstone Kenyatta as KCA secretary and later took the first name Jomo, so that by the late 1930s he was writing as Jomo Kenyatta. The chosen name, echoing the country itself, would become inseparable from the nation he led. culture / society ●