Events, Verisoph

1922 Malinowski publishes Argonauts of the Western Pacific 0 cit. Bronislaw Malinowski, based at the LSE, published Argonauts of the Western Pacific, drawn from his long fieldwork in the Trobriand Islands. The book argued for close firsthand study of a living society and helped establish modern social anthropology. It set the method that the School would teach for a generation. science / society ●●

1922 The movement adopts the name Rotary International 0 cit. As clubs spread across continents, the association renamed itself Rotary International to reflect its global reach. The body set common standards for clubs while leaving day-to-day service to local members. By this point Rotary had become a worldwide network of business and professional people. economy / society ●●

1922 Bernays builds on Lippmann's Public Opinion ai_extracted 1 cit. Bernays drew his theory of an expert elite managing the public mind from Walter Lippmann, whose book Public Opinion appeared in 1922. Lippmann had concluded that ordinary people could not reliably think through public affairs and needed detached professionals to frame the issues. ●●

c. 1922 American service clubs spread across the world 0 cit. Through the 1910s and 1920s the leading clubs added chapters outside the United States, starting with Canada and Britain and then Europe, Latin America, and Asia. Rotary took the name Rotary International as its clubs multiplied abroad, and Lions and Kiwanis followed similar paths. The service club became a recognizable global institution of the business and professional middle class. economy / society ●

1922 Lugard codifies indirect rule in The Dual Mandate contested 0 cit. Frederick Lugard's book sets out indirect rule, governing colonies cheaply through selected local chiefs backed by colonial power. The system ran administration on a skeleton staff and hardened divided, dependent local authorities. Critics argue it entrenched weak and fragmented governance that outlasted colonial rule. politics ●●

6 February 1922 The Washington Naval Treaty grants the United States parity 0 cit. The Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 set limits on capital ships among the major naval powers. It fixed a ratio that gave the United States and Britain equal tonnage, with Japan below them. For the first time Britain formally accepted a rival as its equal at sea, ending the long era of unmatched Royal Navy supremacy. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●●

1922 The Wood-Winterton proposals offer Indians a common roll 0 cit. A British compromise, the Wood-Winterton agreement, proposed to give Kenya's Indians a common electoral roll with Europeans and to ease immigration and highland restrictions. It went further toward Indian equality than any plan before. Kenya's white settlers were enraged, and the plan set off the crisis the Devonshire White Paper would settle. politics / society ●●●

16 March 1922 Mary Muthoni Nyanjiru shames the men and is shot 6 cit. After the arrest of the activist Harry Thuku in March 1922, a crowd gathered outside the Nairobi police lines. When the men hesitated, Mary Muthoni Nyanjiru rushed forward, lifted her dress, and called on them to take her dress and give her their trousers, the sharpest shaming a woman could throw at men. The crowd surged, the police opened fire, and she was among the first killed, with about twenty others. Her defiance became a song sung again during Mau Mau. politics / society ●●●

16 March 1922 Harry Thuku and the East African Association 0 cit. Harry Thuku founded the Young Kikuyu Association in 1921 and then the wider East African Association, organizing early protest against forced labor, the kipande pass, and heavy taxes. His arrest in March 1922 drew a large crowd to the Nairobi police station demanding his release, and police and settlers opened fire, killing many. Thuku was then deported and held for years without trial. His movement marked the start of organized mass politics in the colony. politics / society ●●●

23 March 1923 Halibut Treaty wikidata 0 cit. no story 1923 Canadian, American agreement concerning fishing rights in the northern Pacific Ocean ●●●

1923 Schacht appointed Reichsbank president ai_extracted 1 cit. In 1923 the Allied Reparation Commission, dominated by Wall Street banks, handpicked and appointed Hjalmar Schacht as Reichsbank president against the wishes of the Reichsbank executives. ●●●

24 July 1923 Treaty of Lausanne 0 cit. Peace treaty recognizing the Republic of Turkey within essentially its modern borders, replacing the failed Treaty of Sevres. It also sanctioned a compulsory population exchange between Greece and Turkey. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●

7 September 1923 Founding of Interpol 0 cit. no story Police officials from 20 countries found the International Criminal Police Commission in Vienna to coordinate cross-border crime fighting. Rebuilt after the Second World War, it became Interpol, based in Lyon. diplomacy / politics / society ●●●

29 October 1923 Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey 0 cit. no story Mustafa Kemal Ataturk proclaims the Republic of Turkey after the War of Independence, succeeding the Ottoman Empire. politics / war ●●●●

16 October 1923 Founding of Walt Disney Company 0 cit. Walt and Roy Disney found the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio in Los Angeles. Mickey Mouse, the first feature-length animated film, and theme parks make Disney the world's dominant entertainment company. culture / economy ●●●●

4 April 1923 Founding of Warner Bros 0 cit. The four Warner brothers incorporate their film studio in Hollywood. Its 1927 release The Jazz Singer, the first feature with synchronized speech, ends the silent film era. culture / economy ●●

8 November 1923 Beer Hall Putsch 1 cit. Hitler and the Nazi Party attempt to seize power in Bavaria in imitation of the March on Rome, but police break up the coup. Hitler's trial and short imprisonment make him a national figure and convince him to pursue power through elections. politics ●●●

1923 The German hyperinflation of 1923 0 cit. Germany printed vast amounts of money to cover debts and reparations, and prices spiraled so fast that banknotes became nearly worthless within hours. The episode became the classic example of hyperinflation destroying a currency. economy / politics ●●●●

1923 Fascist Italy passes the Gentile education reform 0 cit. The 1923 Gentile reform reorganized Italian schools under Mussolini's government and later bent the curriculum toward Fascist loyalty. It shows how a state can reshape schooling to build its favored citizens. politics / society ●●

22 December 1923 Hjalmar Schacht appointed head of the Reichsbank 0 cit. Hjalmar Schacht became President of the Reichsbank weeks after helping stop Germany's hyperinflation. He quickly formed a close working friendship with Montagu Norman and Benjamin Strong. economy / politics ●●●

15 November 1923 Germany stops hyperinflation with the Rentenmark 0 cit. Germany introduced the Rentenmark to end the hyperinflation that had destroyed the paper mark and wiped out middle-class savings. Hjalmar Schacht managed the stabilization, which restored a working currency but left deep social scars. economy / society ●●●●

1923 Alice Bailey opens the Arcane School 0 cit. Alice Bailey, who said she received teachings from a Tibetan master, founded the Arcane School to train students in esoteric meditation and service. Bailey popularized the phrase New Age and her writings shaped much of the movement's later spiritual vocabulary. culture / religion ●●●

c. 1923 Oberth's The Rocket into Interplanetary Space 0 cit. Hermann Oberth published a book arguing that rockets could carry people into space. It inspired a generation of German rocket enthusiasts, including Wernher von Braun. science / technology ●●●

1923 The Frankfurt School is founded 0 cit. The Institute for Social Research opens in Frankfurt, home to the thinkers, most of them Jewish, who develop critical theory: Horkheimer, Adorno, Marcuse, Fromm, and others. They apply Marxist and Freudian ideas to culture, mass media, and authority. A genuine and much-studied school of thought. culture / politics ●●●●

1923 Kenya White Paper, 1923 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The controversy over Kenya's Legislative Council produced the compromise of the 1923 Kenya White Paper and the appointment of Sir Edward Grigg as governor for 1925-1931. ●●

1923 German hyperinflation ruins the middle classes (1923) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes the final stages of inflation that destroyed the German middle classes came after the war, in 1923, directing their hatred against the postwar parliamentary government. ●●

1923 Treaty of Lausanne formally ends WWI (July 24, 1923) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the Treaty of Sevres collapsed, a moderate negotiated treaty signed by the Kemalist government at Lausanne on July 24, 1923, formally ended the First World War and ended four centuries of Turkish decline. ●●

1923 Franco-Belgian occupation of the Ruhr (January 1923) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 9, 1923, the Reparations Commission declared Germany in default, and French, Belgian, and Italian forces began occupying the Ruhr two days later, met by German passive resistance. ●●

1923 German mark collapses in hyperinflation (1923) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The German mark fell from 80,000 to the pound in January 1923 to 20 million in August and 20 billion by December 1923, an inflation Quigley attributes to Germany's method of avoiding reparations. ●●

1923 Beer-Hall Putsch ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the Beer-Hall Putsch of November 8, 1923, Hitler and Ludendorff tried to force Kahr and Lossow to continue a revolt. They were overcome by gunfire; Hitler was jailed and wrote Mein Kampf. ●●

1923 Primo de Rivera's military coup in Spain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To block a parliamentary investigation into corruption and defeats in Morocco, a military coup under General Primo de Rivera, with King Alfonso XIII's acquiescence, took over the government in 1923, dissolving the Cortes and ending civil liberties. ●●

1923 Quigley links the post-1923 Conservative split to Milner-Cecil lines ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley suggests the split inside the Conservative Party after 1923 followed the division between the Milner Group and the older Cecil Bloc. He offers it as an interpretive claim. ●●

1923 Milner's Questions of the Hour (1923) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Milner set out unorthodox economic ideas in his 1923 book Questions of the Hour. Quigley says these ideas, favoring managed national economy over the gold standard, were far ahead of the Group's thinking. ●●

1923 Milner's Lords speech on Zionism (27 June 1923) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 27 June 1923 Milner set out the Group's view of Zionism in the House of Lords, backing a Jewish national home but insisting Palestine must never become a Jewish state. He favored an Arab Federation. ●●

1923 Chatham House acquired and named (1923) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1923 Curtis persuaded Colonel R. W. Leonard to buy Lord Kinnaird's house at 10 St. James Square for the Institute. Once William Pitt's home, it was named Chatham House, now a byword for the RIIA. ●●

1923 Quigley: Milner Group helps make Baldwin Prime Minister ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts the Milner Group worked behind the scenes to persuade the King to choose Baldwin over Curzon as Prime Minister in 1923, citing Harold Nicolson's account of Balfour, Amery, and Walter Long intervening. ●●

1923 Quigley: Curtis defends the balance of power at the RUA ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts that Lionel Curtis, who in 1918 had condemned the balance of power, reversed himself by January 1923 and defended it against Professor Pollard, marking the Group's return to old power-politics thinking. ●●

1923 Smuts's South African Luncheon Club speech ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley calls this October 1923 speech in London the best single statement of the Milner Group's early revisionist and pro-German outlook, in which Smuts warned against French militarism. ●●

1923 France occupies the Ruhr ai_extracted 1 cit. no story French forces occupied the Ruhr to force reparations payments, enraging the Milner Group, which Quigley says threatened economic and diplomatic retaliation against France in The Round Table. ●●

1923 Quigley: Smuts opens contact with Stresemann ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts that right after his October 1923 anti-French speech, Smuts got in touch with German foreign minister Stresemann, advising him to abandon non-cooperation, a line that Quigley says led toward the Dawes Plan and Locarno. ●●

1923 German Chancellor cites Smuts as his guide ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At a cabinet meeting Stresemann named Smuts as the author of what he considered the proper road out of the reparations crisis, evidence Quigley uses for the Group's reach into German policy. ●●

1923 Carl Brigham asserts Nordic superiority, 1923 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes psychologist Carl Brigham, who in his 1923 book A Study of American Intelligence claimed to have demonstrated the intellectual superiority of the Nordic group. ●●

1923 E.G. Boring's circular definition of intelligence, 1923 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites E.G. Boring's 1923 definition that intelligence is what an intelligence test measures, as the classic behaviorist statement on intelligence. ●●

1923 Milner's desire to abandon the gold standard ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book says Lord Milner, described as the Network's primary leader, had written of wanting to abandon the gold standard as early as 1923. It uses this to argue the shift off gold served the Network rather than harming it. ●●

1923 French and Belgian troops occupy the Ruhr ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In early 1923, after Germany fell behind on reparations, forty thousand French and Belgian troops invaded and occupied the industrial Ruhr valley. The precipitating incident was a failure to deliver telephone poles. ●●

1923 The German hyperinflation reaches its peak ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1923 Germany suffered the greatest destruction of monetary value in history. A dollar worth 620,000 marks in August was worth 630 billion by early November. ●●

1923 German unemployment explodes as the currency dies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1923 the collapse of the mark made commerce impossible and the economy reverted to barter. Unemployment, around 3 percent, suddenly jumped to 20 percent in the autumn of 1923. ●●

1923 Keynes publishes A Tract on Monetary Reform ai_extracted 2 cit. In December 1923, Keynes published A Tract on Monetary Reform, his first systematic attempt to explain the postwar monetary instability. Much of it had already appeared in the Manchester Guardian during 1922 and early 1923. ●●

1923 Fight over control of Fed open market operations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1923 the Federal Reserve Board tried to take charge of open market operations, the new tool of buying and selling government securities. Strong, recuperating in Colorado, was furious but eventually accepted Board oversight while still dominating decisions. ●●

1923 Schacht and Stresemann dine as Germany nears bankruptcy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the night of November 8, 1923, banker Hjalmar Schacht met Chancellor Gustav Stresemann at Berlin's Hotel Continental. Stresemann sought to persuade Schacht to become currency commissioner and reform the collapsing German currency. ●●

1923 Hyperinflation bread riots in Berlin ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 5, 1923, the price of a two-kilo loaf of bread in Germany soared from 20 billion to 140 billion marks, sparking nationwide riots. Over a thousand shops were looted and Jewish Berliners were attacked by mobs. ●●

1923 Hitler's Beer Hall Putsch collapses ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Adolf Hitler, working with General Erich Ludendorff, seized a Munich beer hall and proclaimed the Berlin government deposed. The attempted coup, known as the Beer Hall Putsch, collapsed within twenty-four hours. ●●

1923 Introduction of the Rentenmark ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 15, 1923, Germany introduced the new Rentenmark, notionally backed by land, alongside the collapsed Reichsmark. The country briefly had two official currencies issued by two parallel central banks. ●●

1923 Schacht fixes the Rentenmark conversion rate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After waiting for the Reichsmark to sink further, Schacht fixed the conversion rate on November 20, 1923, at 1 trillion Reichsmarks to one Rentenmark. The delay let the government buy back its debt for a fraction of its value. ●●

1923 Death of Rudolf von Havenstein ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 20, 1923, the day Schacht fixed the new currency's conversion rate, Reichsbank president Rudolf von Havenstein collapsed and died of a heart attack after a late board meeting. He was sixty-six. ●●

1923 Schacht appointed president of the Reichsbank ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On December 20, 1923, over strong opposition from within the bank, Schacht was appointed president of the Reichsbank. His only rival was the discredited wartime treasury secretary Karl Helfferich. ●●

1923 Schacht meets Norman in London ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Schacht arrived in London on New Year's Eve 1923 to enlist Norman's help for Germany. Norman met him personally at Liverpool Street Station, beginning a close partnership between the two central bankers. ●●

1923 Reparations Commission appoints committees of experts ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 30, 1923, the Reparations Commission announced two international committees of experts. The first was to balance the German budget and stabilize the currency, the second to investigate German capital flight. ●●

1923 Dawes committee formed on German reparations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story So in late 1923, at the suggestion of Secretary of State Hughes, he appointed a committee of experts headed by Harding’s old budget director, Charles Dawes, to propose a plan to... ●●

1923 Great Kanto earthquake strikes Japan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 1 September 1923, a huge earthquake (7. ●●

1923 Stettinius shares GE insider information ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1923, Morgan partner Herman Harjes in Paris inquired about buying General Electric shares, and Stettinius hesitantly shared insider information he had gained from his position on GE's board of directors. ●●

1923 Morgan partners aid Japan earthquake relief ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Following a major earthquake in Japan, Morgan partners including Dwight Morrow became involved in relief efforts. Rumors circulated that Japan planned its first bond issue in America since the Russo-Japanese War. ●●

1923 Death of Charles Rothschild ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Charles Rothschild, designated to lead N.M. Rothschild after his father Natty's death, died in 1923 after contracting encephalitis lethargica from the Spanish influenza epidemic. ●●

1923 It took 30 plants just to produce the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It took 30 plants just to produce the sea of paper. As Germany lurched toward civil war, Cuno fell in August 1923 and was replaced by Max’s hero, Gustav Stresemann, who immediately declared martial la... ●●

1923 Stresemann succeeds Cuno as German chancellor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Germany lurched toward civil war, Cuno fell in August 1923 and was replaced by Max’s hero, Gustav Stresemann, who immediately declared martial law. ●●

1923 There he ate well, put on weight, and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story There he ate well, put on weight, and began to compose Mein Kampf. On November 12, 1923, following the Hitler putsch, the government named Dr. ●●

1923 Volkischer Beobachter attacks the Warburgs ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On February 22, 1923, the Nazi newspaper, the Völkischer Beobachter, attacked Paul, Felix, and Max. ●●

1923 Aby would always stress his own powers of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Aby would always stress his own powers of self-regeneration rather than the treatment he received. By spring 1923, he was starting to exorcise his private demons and thought he might go home. ●●

1923 The more Max was accused of evil machinations, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The more Max was accused of evil machinations, the more marginal his true power became. In 1923, he decided to adopt a more aggressive attitude toward press libels. ●●

1923 In 1923, he decided to adopt a more rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1923, he decided to adopt a more aggressive attitude toward press libels. ●●

1923 Since 1923 the forest had rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Since 1923 the forest had closed in around the tall forgotten gravestone and the children now cleared space around it. Eva wrote a moving letter to... ●●

1923 CHAPTER 42––The Cousins Club Siegmund Warburg had the spark... (1923) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the early postwar years, he again pictured Western economies slouching toward Armageddon. After a New York visit in 1947, he told Fritz, “A real de... ●●

1923 In 1923, Eric sailed for New York, planning to spend a year... (1923) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1923, Eric sailed for New York, planning to spend a year in America. ●●

1923 By 1923, Siegmund, twenty-one, was corresponding with the... (1923) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1923, Siegmund, twenty-one, was corresponding with the famous writer, having sent him a fan letter about his biography of Romain Rolland. ●●

1923 1923 European rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The blows the German economy had received from the Versailles territorial arrangements, the great inflation of 1923, the payment of reparations, and the difficulty of reentering pr... ●●

1923 15. MMW Ka IV, letter from Siegmund to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 15. MMW Ka IV, letter from Siegmund to Karl Warburg, November 2, 1923. ●●

1923 If X rays—light—were only a motion of waves, then their wavelengths would not ha candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story If X rays—light—were only a motion of waves, then their wavelengths would not have changed; Compton had in fact demonstrated in 1923 what Einstein had postulated in 1905 in his theory of the photoelectric effect: that light was wave but also simultaneously particle, photon. ●●

1923 Jewett had delivered the report to Bush with a cover letter calling it “authorit rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jewett had delivered the report to Bush with a cover letter calling it “authoritative and impressive,” but privately he cautioned Bush that he had “a lurking fear” that the report “might be over-enthusiastic in parts and not so well balanced.”1431, 1432 Jewett also passed it to several senior colleagues for comment, including the 1923 Nobel laureate in physics, Robert A. ●●

1923 long as Germany is a coherent whole, there is more... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “As long as Germany is a coherent whole, there is more or less a balance of power in Europe,” he wrote in 1923. ●●

1923 French and Belgian troops occupy the Ruhr ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In January 1923, French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr, Germany’s industrial heartland, without consulting th ●●

1923 when Fermi won a postdoctoral fellowship to travel to Göttingen to study under Max Born. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story when Fermi won a postdoctoral fellowship to travel to Göttingen to study under Max Born. ●●

1923 what Einstein had postulated in 1905 in his theory of the photoelectric effect: that light was wave rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story what Einstein had postulated in 1905 in his theory of the photoelectric effect: that light was wave but also simultaneously particle, photon. ●●

1923 1923: Jack Kilby (1923–2005) at Texas Instruments in 1965. Kilby’s microchip rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jack Kilby (1923–2005) at Texas Instruments in 1965. Kilby’s microchip. Arthur Rock (1926– ) in 1997 ●●

1923 Event of 1923 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Walter F. Austin (Indianapolis: American Legion, 1930), 2:398–401. See also Hew Strachan, The First World War (New York: Viking, 2003), 100–101. “the establishment in Palestine”: Arthur James Balfour to Walter Rothschild, November 2, 1917, in Malcolm ●●

1923 d write a review for Eugenical News. Both rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story d write a review for Eugenical News. Both Eugenical News and Journal of Heredity ran favorable reviews of each subsequent revised edition. One of Popenoe’s reviews in Journal of Heredity, this one in 1923, lauded the work as “worthy of the best traditions of German scholarship, and … to be warmly re ●●

1923 translation of Grant’s The Passing of the Great rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story translation of Grant’s The Passing of the Great Race.49 Julius Lehmann was not just a publisher with a proclivity for race biology. He was a shoulder-to-shoulder coconspirator with Hitler during the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch, and was at Hitler’s side on November 8, 1923, when the National Socialists lau ●●

1923 Lehmann was not just a publisher with a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lehmann was not just a publisher with a proclivity for race biology. He was a shoulder-to-shoulder coconspirator with Hitler during the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch, and was at Hitler’s side on November 8, 1923, when the National Socialists launched their abortive coup against the Bavarian government. Afte ●●

1923 entrenched bureaucratic programs still monopolized the world of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story entrenched bureaucratic programs still monopolized the world of applied eugenics in the 1920s, National Socialism promised to own the next decade. American eugenicists welcomed the idea. As early as 1923, Davenport and Laughlin decided that Eugenical News should add a subtitle to its name. It became ●●

1923 discarded any pretense that it might be anything rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story discarded any pretense that it might be anything other than a race science journal. Adding Germany’s unique term for eugenics, race hygiene, was also a bow by the American movement to the Germans. By 1923, articles from Archiv for Rassen- und Gesellschaftsbiologie (Archives of Race Science and Socia ●●

1923 . Jon Alfred Mjeen, “Harmonic and Disharmonic Racecrossing,” rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story . Jon Alfred Mjeen, “Harmonic and Disharmonic Racecrossing,” Eugenics in Race and State, Vol. 11: Scientific Papers of the Second International Congress of Eugenics, (Baltimore: WJ.lkins and Wilkins, 1923), pp. 58-60. 32. “London Letter,” Journal of the American Medical Association vol. LIX (1912), ●●

1923 nversations with Hitler. Edit. Edouard Calic. Trans. Richard rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story nversations with Hitler. Edit. Edouard Calic. Trans. Richard Barry. New York: The John Day Company, 1968. Brigham, Carl C. A Study of American Intelligence. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1923. Brown, Stuart E. Jr., Lorraine F. Myers and Eileen M. Chappel. Pocahontas’ Descendants. Baltim ●●

1923 rilization. Washington, DC: Eugenic Record Office of the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story rilization. Washington, DC: Eugenic Record Office of the Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1930. Laughlin, Harry H. The Second International Exhibition of Eugenics. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Co., 1923. Laughlin, Harry H. Statistical Directory of State Institutions for the Defective, Dependent, a ●●

1923 Nathan, Peking Politics, 1918–1923: Factionalism and the Failure of Constitutionalism (Ann Arbor, MI rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nathan, Peking Politics, 1918–1923: Factionalism and the Failure of Constitutionalism (Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Chinese Studies, 1998), pp. ●●

1923 Indeed, Bosch’s central objective in promoting the merger seems to have been to attain sufficient sc candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Indeed, Bosch’s central objective in promoting the merger seems to have been to attain sufficient scale to be able to finance the progress of his immensely expensive synthetic technologies.” By September 1923 Bosch’s research group had synthesized me ●●

1923 On Germany’s eastern borders in the early 1920s, the turmoil of war, revolution and civil war in Rus candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On Germany’s eastern borders in the early 1920s, the turmoil of war, revolution and civil war in Russia, Poland and the Ukraine had precipitated an agricultural disaster, which by 1923 had claimed the lives of perhaps as many as 5 million people.” In ●●

1923 1922-23 - China: Between April rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1922-23 - China: Between April 1922 and November 1923, Marines were landed five times to protect Americans during periods of unrest ●●

1923 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1923, the Fed tightened credit to put the brakes on inflation ●●

1 November 1923 George Washington Masonic Memorial Cornerstone 0 cit. President Calvin Coolidge helped lay the cornerstone of the George Washington Masonic National Memorial in Alexandria, using a trowel once owned by George Washington. American Freemasons built the memorial as a tribute to Washington's membership in the fraternity, modeling its tower loosely on the ancient Lighthouse of Alexandria. Construction had begun the previous year and continued through the 1920s. The building's interior was not fully finished until decades later. culture / politics ●●

1923 Frye v. United States sets the general acceptance standard for scientific evidence 0 cit. A federal appeals court ruled that a precursor to the polygraph, a systolic blood pressure deception test, could not be admitted as evidence because the underlying technique had not gained general acceptance in the relevant scientific community. The resulting Frye standard governed the admissibility of scientific evidence, including many forensic disciplines, in most U.S. courts for the next seventy years. It was eventually superseded in federal courts by the Daubert standard. politics / science ●●●

7 September 1923 International Criminal Police Commission founded 0 cit. Police officials from more than a dozen countries meeting in Vienna established the International Criminal Police Commission to coordinate cross-border policing, information sharing, and the pursuit of fugitives, the organization that became Interpol. Vienna police president Johann Schober served as its first president, and the commission's headquarters remained in Vienna through the 1930s. diplomacy / politics ●●