Events, Verisoph

10th millennium BCE to 4th millennium BCE Neolithic revolution wikidata 1 cit. no story transition from hunter gatherer to settled peoples ●●●

3500 BCE Sumerian temple accountancy system ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By roughly 3500 BC, at the dawn of Mesopotamian civilization, temple administrators had developed a single uniform system of accountancy. It predated coined money and used silver and barley as units of value. ●●

2700 BCE Rise of Mesopotamian palace complexes ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By at least 2700 BC ambitious Mesopotamian rulers began building palace complexes modeled on the temple institutions. Where temples centered on a god's image, palaces centered on a living king. ●●

2400 BCE Debt loans and peonage common in Sumer ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By about 2400 BC it was common for officials and wealthy merchants in Mesopotamia to advance loans to struggling peasants on collateral. Defaulters had their property, and eventually family members, seized and reduced to debt peonage. ●●

c. 11 February 660 BCE Traditional Founding of Japan legendary 0 cit. no story By tradition, Emperor Jimmu ascends the throne in 660 BCE, founding the Japanese imperial line; the date is legendary but remains Japan's National Foundation Day. culture / politics ●●●●

594 BCE Solon's reforms in Athens ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Athens faced a major debt crisis that led to Solon's reforms around 594 BC. The reforms were known as the 'shaking off of burdens'. ●●

560 BCE Cyrus the Great founds the Persian Empire ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cyrus, one of history's greatest visionaries, rises to power and launches brilliant campaigns that bring leaders of the Iranian plateau under his rule through persuasion and compromise. ●●

509 BCE Battle of Silva Arsia wikidata 0 cit. no story battle in c.509 BCE between the Roman Republic and Etruscan Tarquinii and Veii forces ●●

508 BCE to 507 BCE Athenian Revolution wikidata 0 cit. no story 508-507 BCE revolt by the people of Athens ●●●

501 BCE Pythagoras founds his mystery-school academy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Greek philosopher Pythagoras, living and working in the 5th century B.C., founded an academy or mystery school where initiates studied principles of music, geometry, architecture, and mathematics to unlock higher realities and understand the cosmos. ●●

499 BCE to 449 BCE Greco-Persian Wars 0 cit. no story The Achaemenid Persian Empire twice invades Greece and is repelled by an alliance of Greek city-states at Marathon, Salamis, and Plataea. The Greek victory preserves the independent city-state world that produced classical civilization. war ●●●●●

485 BCE Birth of the historian Herodotus ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The historian Herodotus was born in 484 BCE and wrote extensively about Egypt and Babylon without mentioning the Israelites ●●

444 BCE Nehemiah appointed governor of Judaea ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 444 BC Nehemiah, a Babylon-born Jew and former cup-bearer to the Persian king, was made governor of Judaea. He gained permission to rebuild the Jerusalem Temple, a moment tied to the formation of Judaism. ●●

444 BCE Nehemiah reissues the Law of Jubilee ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Facing a debt crisis among the poor, Nehemiah issued a Babylonian-style clean-slate edict and reissued older Jewish law. The most famous was the Law of Jubilee, canceling debts and freeing those held in bondage. ●●

431 BCE to 404 BCE Peloponnesian War 0 cit. no story Athens and Sparta fight a three-decade struggle for supremacy in Greece. Athens' defeat ends its golden age and exhausts the Greek world. war ●●●●

421 BCE Mass slave escape from the Athenian mines ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thucydides claimed that 20,000 slaves escaped from the Athenian silver mines in 421 BC. The figure is likely exaggerated, but thousands worked the mines shackled in brutal conditions. ●●

395 BCE to 387 BCE Corinthian War 0 cit. no story Sparta fights a coalition of Athens, Thebes, Corinth, and Argos backed by Persia. The war ends with the King's Peace, which leaves Sparta dominant but under Persian oversight. war ●●

388 BCE Plato sold into slavery near Aegina ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Around 388/387 BC Plato was captured and sold on a slave auction block near Aegina, then at war with Athens. He was later ransomed and freed. ●●

343 BCE to 290 BCE Samnite Wars 0 cit. no story Rome fights three wars against the Samnites and their allies for control of central Italy. Victory makes Rome the dominant power of the Italian peninsula. war ●●

336 BCE to 323 BCE Wars of Alexander the Great 0 cit. no story Alexander of Macedon conquers the Persian Empire and campaigns as far as Egypt and India in eleven years. His conquests spread Greek culture across the Near East and open the Hellenistic age. war ●●●●●

335 BCE Alexander the Great destroys Persepolis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Alexander's invasion brings destruction to the Persian Empire, with the conqueror sacking and burning the great ceremonial capital of Persepolis. ●●

330 BCE Battle of the Persian Gate on the Mountain wikidata 0 cit. no story battle between Alexander the Great and Ariobarzanes near Persepolis in a small mountainpass known as the Persian gate along the Royal road ●●

330 BCE Aristotle theorizes the origin of money ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Around 330 BC Aristotle speculated in his Politics about how money emerged from household specialization and exchange. His account prefigured later barter-origin stories. ●●

329 BCE Battle of Jaxartes wikidata 0 cit. no story 329 BCE battle ●●

326 BCE Abolition of debt bondage in Rome ai_extracted 1 cit. no story According to Livy, Rome abolished debt bondage in 326 BC. The trigger was the case of a young man, Caius Publilius, put in bondage over an inherited debt and beaten for refusing his creditor. ●●

c. 322 BCE to c. 281 BCE Wars of the Diadochi 0 cit. no story Alexander's generals fight over his empire for four decades after his death. The wars carve the Hellenistic world into the Ptolemaic, Seleucid, and Antigonid kingdoms. politics / war ●●●

310 BCE Battle of Lake Vadimo wikidata 0 cit. no story 310 BCE battle ●●

280 BCE to 275 BCE Pyrrhic War 0 cit. no story King Pyrrhus of Epirus wins costly battles against Rome on behalf of the Greek cities of southern Italy but cannot sustain the war. His withdrawal leaves Rome master of Italy and gives the language the term Pyrrhic victory. war ●●

264 BCE to 241 BCE First Punic War ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rome and Carthage fight a twenty-three-year war, largely at sea, after Rome intervenes in Sicily. ●●●●

c. 262 BCE to c. 261 BCE Kalinga War 0 cit. no story The Mauryan emperor Ashoka conquers Kalinga at enormous human cost. Remorse over the slaughter leads him to embrace Buddhism and promote its spread across Asia. religion / war ●●●

255 BCE Battle of Bagradas wikidata 0 cit. no story battle of the First Punic War with a Carthaginian victory ●●

241 BCE Battle of the Aegates Islands ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A rebuilt Roman fleet destroys the Carthaginian relief force, deciding the First Punic War. ●●●

241 BCE Rome wins the First Punic War against Carthage ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In their first war with Carthage (264 to 241 BCE) , the Romans lost many naval battles but ultimately won and occupied Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica. It took until 202 BCE for Rome... ●●

230 BCE to 221 BCE Qin's Wars of Unification 0 cit. no story The state of Qin conquers the six rival Warring States in under a decade. The victory creates the first unified Chinese empire under Qin Shi Huang. politics / war ●●●●●

229 BCE to 227 BCE First Illyro-Roman War wikidata 0 cit. no story ●●●●

226 BCE Ebro Treaty wikidata 0 cit. no story peace treaty ●●●

221 BCE Qin king proclaims himself first emperor of China ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After centuries of competition, intrigue, and all-out warfare against neighboring rivals, the Qin king made himself emperor in 221 BCE. Qin control suc cumbed to internal conflict ... ●●

218 BCE Hannibal crosses the Alps ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hannibal opens the Second Punic War by marching his army from Spain over the Alps into Italy, losing nearly half his men. ●●●●

218 BCE to 201 BCE Second Punic War 0 cit. no story Hannibal crosses the Alps and devastates Roman armies at Cannae, but Rome outlasts Carthage and wins at Zama. The victory makes Rome the leading power of the western Mediterranean. war ●●●●●

216 BCE Battle of Cannae ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hannibal envelops and annihilates a Roman army of some eighty thousand men, the worst single-day defeat in Roman history. ●●●●

214 BCE to 205 BCE First Macedonian War wikidata 0 cit. no story war between Rome and Macedonia ●●●●

206 BCE to 202 BCE Chu-Han Contention 0 cit. no story After the fall of the Qin dynasty, Liu Bang of Han defeats Xiang Yu of Chu in a civil war for control of China. The outcome founds the Han dynasty, which rules for four centuries. politics / war ●●●

202 BCE Battle of Zama ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Scipio defeats Hannibal in Africa, ending the Second Punic War; the peace strips Carthage of her navy and empire. ●●●●

202 BCE Liu Bang founds the Han dynasty ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 202 BCE, after eight years of warfare, Liu Bang, a commoner, former barfly, and prodigal son, declared victory over the empire the Qin had created. Making China J/Vc.>rk Liu Bang t... ●●

200 BCE to 197 BCE Second Macedonian War wikidata 0 cit. no story war ●●●●

177 BCE Roman law bans non-citizens selling kin into slavery ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Livy records that in 177 BC the Roman senate passed a law to stop non-citizen Italians from selling their relatives into slavery as a route to citizenship. ●●

171 BCE to 168 BCE Third Macedonian War wikidata 0 cit. no story war between the Roman Republic and King Perseus of Macedon ●●●●

149 BCE to 146 BCE Third Punic War 0 cit. no story Rome besieges and destroys Carthage, killing or enslaving its population. The city's territory becomes the Roman province of Africa. war ●●●

141 BCE Han Empire grows to 57 million subjects ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Han Empire started to emerge by 140 B.C. and became even more impressive in scope and organization than preceding Chinese empires. By the Christian era, no fewer than 57 million people were subject to its authority. ●●

138 BCE Buddhist monastery built on the Kailas Range ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A Buddhist monastery was constructed on the slopes of the Kailas Range as far back as 137 BCE, showing early Buddhist penetration into Central Asia ●●

c. 133 BCE to c. 89 Han-Xiongnu Wars 0 cit. no story Han China fights a two-century intermittent war against the Xiongnu nomad confederation on its northern frontier. Han victories open the Silk Road and break Xiongnu power in the steppe. war ●●●

113 BCE to 101 BCE Cimbrian War 0 cit. no story The migrating Cimbri and Teutones crush several Roman armies before Gaius Marius destroys them. The emergency drives Marius' army reforms, which reshape Roman politics. war ●●

112 BCE to 106 BCE Jugurthine War 0 cit. no story Rome fights King Jugurtha of Numidia in a war marked by bribery scandals at home. The conflict launches the careers of Marius and Sulla. war ●●

91 BCE to 87 BCE Social War 0 cit. no story Rome's Italian allies revolt after being denied citizenship. Rome wins the war but concedes citizenship to most Italians, transforming the Roman state. politics / war ●●

88 BCE to 63 BCE Mithridatic Wars 0 cit. no story Rome fights three wars against Mithridates VI of Pontus, who massacres Roman settlers and overruns Roman Asia. Pompey's final victory brings most of Anatolia and the Levant under Roman control. war ●●●

73 BCE to 71 BCE Third Servile War 0 cit. no story The gladiator Spartacus leads a slave revolt that defeats several Roman armies before Crassus crushes it. Thousands of captured rebels are crucified along the Appian Way. society / war ●●

72 BCE The crucifixions along the Appian Way 0 cit. no story After crushing the slave revolt led by Spartacus in 71 BCE, the Roman general Crassus had about 6,000 captured rebels crucified along the Appian Way between Capua and Rome. The bodies lined the road for days as a public warning. ●●

58 BCE to 50 BCE Gallic Wars 0 cit. no story Julius Caesar conquers Gaul in eight years of campaigning, defeating the great revolt of Vercingetorix at Alesia. The conquest kills or enslaves millions and brings Gaul permanently into the Roman world. war ●●●●

c. 54 BCE to c. 628 Roman-Persian Wars 0 cit. no story Rome and then Byzantium fight Parthian and Sasanian Persia in a nearly seven-century series of frontier wars. The long rivalry exhausts both empires on the eve of the Arab conquests. war ●●●●

49 BCE to 45 BCE Caesar's Civil War 0 cit. no story Caesar crosses the Rubicon and defeats Pompey and the Senate's forces across Greece, Egypt, Africa, and Spain. His victory ends the Roman Republic in all but name. politics / war ●●●●

32 BCE to 30 BCE Final War of the Roman Republic 0 cit. no story Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra at the naval battle of Actium and annexes Egypt. The victory makes him Rome's first emperor as Augustus. politics / war ●●●●

September 9 Battle of the Teutoburg Forest wikidata 0 cit. no story battle between a coalition of Germanic peoples and an Imperial Roman army, 9 BCE ●●

33 Rome's bank panic under Tiberius ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ahamed dates the first documented bank panic to A.D. 33, when the Emperor Tiberius injected public money to keep the Roman credit system from collapsing. It shows financial crises are far older than modern capitalism. ●●

c. 43 to c. 84 Roman Conquest of Britain 0 cit. no story Rome invades Britain under Claudius and subdues most of the island over four decades, crushing Boudica's revolt along the way. Britain remains a Roman province for over 350 years. war ●●●

70 Second Temple in Jerusalem destroyed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Second Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed, marking the beginning of the Rabbinic Age in Judaism when the priesthood and temple order no longer existed and the Jewish people became dispersed around the world. ●●

71 Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Second Temple was destroyed, referenced as a date tied to zodiacal and numerological significance in Blavatsky's esoteric interpretation of biblical symbolism ●●

165 Antonine Plague wikidata 0 cit. no story pandemic ●●●

211 Roman Empire reaches its territorial apex ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Roman Empire reached its high point in geographic scope around 211 AD, with deployment of three hundred thousand legions making it a lethal imperial force. ●●

c. 220 to c. 280 Wars of the Three Kingdoms Period 0 cit. no story The rival states of Wei, Shu, and Wu fight for control of China after the fall of the Han dynasty. The era's wars and famines cause one of history's largest population collapses before Jin reunifies the country. politics / war ●●●●

220 Han Empire divides into three realms ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Han Empire collapsed and was divided in 220 A.D. into three independent realms, destroying the monopolistic character of imperial power. ●●

249 to 262 Plague of Cyprian wikidata 0 cit. no story pandemic in the Roman Empire (249-262 CE) ●●●

c. 270 The destruction of the Library of Alexandria contested 0 cit. no story The great library declined and was damaged across several events, not one dramatic fire: Caesar’s war in 48 BCE, later imperial turmoil, and the destruction of the Serapeum in 391 CE. The single catastrophic burning is largely a later legend; the real loss was gradual. ●●

c. 3 September 301 Founding of San Marino legendary 0 cit. no story By tradition, the stonemason Marinus founds a monastic community on Mount Titano in 301 CE, the origin of the world's oldest surviving republic. politics / religion ●●

325 Council of Nicaea fixes Christian dogma, 325 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the first Church Council, held at Nicaea in 325, the orthodox Christian position was enacted into the formal dogma of the Church. ●●

325 Councils of Nicaea (325) and Chalcedon (451) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley traces the Western outlook of Inclusive Diversity, the answer of Both, to early Church councils, established as early as Nicaea in 325 and Chalcedon in 451. ●●

361 Agathocles seizes Syracuse by massacre ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Agathocles rose from son of a potter to become Praetor of Syracuse, then orchestrated a massacre of the senate to seize the kingdom through force. ●●

376 to 382 Gothic War of 376-382 0 cit. no story Goths fleeing the Huns revolt inside the Roman Empire and destroy an imperial army at Adrianople, killing Emperor Valens. The settlement that follows plants armed Gothic peoples permanently inside Roman territory. war ●●●

415 Hypatia murdered by mob in Alexandria ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Blavatsky records the murder of Hypatia, the Neo-Platonic philosopher and mathematician, by a Christian mob at the instigation of Bishop Cyril of Alexandria—a key event in her narrative of the suppression of ancient wisdom by Christian authorities. ●●

c. 434 to c. 453 Hunnic Wars of Attila 0 cit. no story Attila's Huns ravage the Balkans, Gaul, and Italy, extracting tribute from both Roman empires. His empire collapses after his death, but the invasions accelerate the fall of the Roman West. war ●●●●

500 Composition of the Hekhaloth literature ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Written compilation of Merkabah texts describing celestial palaces and ascent practices for mystics ●●

529 Justinian closes the Neo-Platonic school at Athens ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Blavatsky documents the closure of the Neo-Platonic philosophical school in Athens by order of Emperor Justinian, marking the institutional end of a tradition of esoteric wisdom teaching. ●●

535 to 554 Gothic War of 535-554 0 cit. no story Emperor Justinian's generals reconquer Italy from the Ostrogoths in a two-decade war. The fighting devastates Italy and leaves it open to Lombard invasion. war ●●●

541 to 767 First plague pandemic wikidata 0 cit. no story series of pandemics (541-767 c.e.) ●●●

589 China reunified under imperial rule ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The tripartite division of the Han realm was reversed in 589 A.D., marking the beginning of another cycle of Chinese imperial restoration. ●●

600 Babylonian Talmud completed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Babylonian Talmud, the comprehensive compendium of dialogues among Jewish masters and students exploring ritualistic, ethical, and mystical questions, was completed around the 6th century A.D., formalizing the Rabbinic Age of Judaism. ●●

602 to 628 Byzantine-Sasanian War of 602-628 0 cit. no story The last and greatest Roman-Persian war sees Persia overrun Egypt and the Levant before Heraclius strikes back into the Persian heartland. Both empires emerge exhausted just before the Arab conquests. war ●●●●

c. 622 to c. 750 Early Muslim Conquests 0 cit. no story Arab armies united by Islam conquer the Sasanian Empire and strip Byzantium of Syria, Egypt, and North Africa, reaching Spain and Central Asia within a century. The conquests permanently reshape the religious and political map of the Old World. religion / war ●●●●●

631 Battle of Wogastisburg wikidata 0 cit. no story 631 battle ●●

655 Wu Zhao becomes empress consort of Tang ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wu Zhao became empress consort in 655. She subsequently had her predecessor Empress Wang executed and began consolidating power through terror. ●●

683 Death of Emperor Gaozong; Wu Zhao seizes power ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Emperor Gaozong died in 683. Wu Zhao immediately seized full power by removing her son Zhongzong from the throne. ●●

684 Tang aristocrats rebel against Empress Wu ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Tang aristocrats whose families were degraded by Empress Wu launched an open rebellion in 684. Wu suppressed the rebellion and unleashed a reign of terror. ●●

690 Empress Wu declares the Zhou Dynasty ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Empress Wu declared a new Zhou Dynasty in 690, ruling in her own name without a male regent. This was unprecedented in Chinese history. ●●

711 Quigley traces Latin American traits to the Arab conquest of Spain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues that the Arab conquest of Spain in 711, not finally ejected until 1492, spread Arabic personality traits that persist in Spain and Latin America. He contends the Muslim-Christian antagonism itself helped build up traits like intolerance and cruelty. ●●

c. 718 to c. 1492 Reconquista 0 cit. no story Christian kingdoms gradually reconquer Muslim-ruled Iberia over nearly eight centuries, ending with the fall of Granada in 1492. The struggle forges the kingdoms of Spain and Portugal. religion / war ●●●●

741 Berber rebellion challenges the Umayyad caliphate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The sweep of Islamic empire across the southern Mediterranean was interrupted by a Berber rebellion in 741 , which was put down with difficulty, and then by conflict within the cal... ●●

754 Council of Hieria condemns icon veneration ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Emperor Constantine V convenes council of iconoclast bishops at Hieria Palace to oppose veneration of icons. ●●

768 Charlemagne becomes king of the Franks ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Charlemagne became king of the Franks during a period when Roman coinage systems continued to influence European commerce. ●●

772 to 804 Saxon Wars 0 cit. no story Charlemagne fights a three-decade campaign to conquer and forcibly Christianize the Saxons. The wars extend Frankish power across Germany. religion / war ●●●

787 Second Council of Nicaea affirms veneration of icons ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Iconophile Council of Nicaea condemns iconoclasm and affirms veneration of icons in Orthodox tradition. ●●

c. 793 to c. 1066 Viking Invasions of Europe 0 cit. no story Scandinavian raiders and armies attack and settle across the British Isles, Francia, and beyond for nearly three centuries. The Viking age founds new states from Normandy to the Danelaw and Kievan Rus. exploration / war ●●●●