Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II

William Blum

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—Democratic Party (U.S.) National Platform, pp. 386-388
—Democratic Party (U.S.) National Platform, 1900 Following its bombing of Iraq in 1991, the United States wound up with military bases in Sa…
Preemptiveness is essentially the rationale pp. 386-388
Preemptiveness is essentially the rationale imperial Japan, without being overly para- noid, used to justify its attack on Pearl Harbor in 1…
Preemptiveness is essentially the rationale pp. 386-388
Preemptiveness is essentially the rationale imperial Japan, without being overly para- noid, used to justify its attack on Pearl Harbor in 1…
1900 - China - May pp. 462-464
1900 - China - May 24 to September 28: To protect foreign lives during the Boxer rising, particularly at Peking
1899-1901 - Philippine Islands: To pp. 462-464
1899-1901 - Philippine Islands: To protect American interests following the war with Spain, and to conquerthe islands by defeating the Filip…
1902 - Colombia - April pp. 462-464
1902 - Colombia - April 16 to 23: To protect American lives and property at Bocas del Toro during a civil war
1903 - Honduras - March pp. 462-464
1903 - Honduras - March 23 to 30 or 31: To protect the American consulate and the steamship wharf at Puerto Cortez during a period of revolu…
1904 - Dominican Republic - pp. 462-464
1904 - Dominican Republic - January 2 to February 11: To protect American interests in Puerto Plata and Sosua and Santo Domingo City during
1904-05 - Korea - January pp. 462-464
1904-05 - Korea - January 5, 1904 to November 11, 1905: To guard the American Legation in Seoul
1906-09 - Cuba - September pp. 462-464
1906-09 - Cuba - September 1906 to January 23, 1909: Intervention to restore order, protect foreigners, and establish a stable government af…
1907 - Honduras - March pp. 462-464
1907 - Honduras - March 18 to June 8: To protect American interests during a war between Honduras and Nicaragua; troops were stationed for a…
1906-09 - Cuba - September pp. 462-464
1906-09 - Cuba - September 1906 to January 23, 1909: Intervention to restore order, protect foreigners, and establish a stable government af…
1910 - Nicaragua - February pp. 462-464
1910 - Nicaragua - February 22: During a civil war, to get information of conditions at Corinto; May 19 to September 4, to protect American…
1911 - Honduras - January pp. 462-464
1911 - Honduras - January 26 and some weeks thereafter: To protect American lives and interests during a civil war in Honduras
1912 - Honduras: Small force pp. 462-464
1912 - Honduras: Small force landed to prevent seizure by the Government of an American-owned railroad at Puerto Cortez
US Marines guard the Panama Isthmus pp. 462-464
With brief intermissions, Marines were stationed on the Isthmus from November 4, 1903 to January 21, 1914, to guard American interests
1916 - China: American forces pp. 462-464
1916 - China: American forces landed to quell a riot taking place on American property in Nanking
1917 - China: American troops pp. 462-464
1917 - China: American troops were landed at Chungking to protect American lives during a political crisis
1918-19 - Mexico: After withdrawal pp. 462-464
1918-19 - Mexico: After withdrawal of the Pershing expedition, our troops entered Mexico in pursuit of bandits at least three times in 1918…
Cubberley publishes 'Public Education in the United States' pp. 462-464
Most of the United States armed forces left Cuba by August 1919, but two companies remained at Camaguey until February 1922
US troops land at Vladivostok pp. 462-464
Then 7,000 men were landed in Vladivostok and remained until January 1920, as part of an allied occupation force
Most of the United States pp. 462-464
Most of the United States armed forces left Cuba by August 1919, but two companies remained at Camaguey until February 1922
1916-24 - Dominican Republic - pp. 462-464
1916-24 - Dominican Republic - May 1916 to September 1924: To maintain order during a period of chronic and threatened insurrection
A small force serving as pp. 462-464
A small force serving as a legation guard and as a promoter of peace and governmental stabil- ity, remained until August 5, 1925
Emigrates to the United States and joins the Communist Party pp. 462-464
In 1927, the United States had 5,670 troops ashore in China and 44 naval vessels in its waters
1915-34 - Haiti - July pp. 462-464
1915-34 - Haiti - July 28, 1915 to August 15, 1934: To maintain order during a period of chronic and threatened insurrection
1912-41 - China: The disorders pp. 462-464
1912-41 - China: The disorders which began with the Kuomintang rebellion in 1912, which were redirected by the invasion of China by Japan an…
Since 1901, it has been pp. 251-253
Since 1901, it has been a firmly held convention that the Senate should not reject budgets ..
c) Russel Ward, The History pp. 432-434
c) Russel Ward, The History of Australia: The Twentieth Century, 1901-1975 (London, 1978) pp
I, 1950-1962 (MIT Press, Cambridge, pp. 432-434
I, 1950-1962 (MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1969) pp
(It was the seventh time pp. 314-316
(It was the seventh time the United States had invaded Panama since it had kid- napped the province from Colombia in 1903 to build the canal…
New York Times, September-December 1945, pp. 398-399
New York Times, September-December 1945, passim; Barbara W.Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China 1911-45 (New York, 1972),…
Fleming, The Cold War and pp. 398-399
Fleming, The Cold War and its Origins, 1917-1960 (New York, 1961), p
eae Relations of the United pp. 398-399
eae Relations of the United States, 1943, China (U.S
CHINA 1945 to 1960s David pp. 398-399
CHINA 1945 to 1960s David Barrett, Dixie Mission: The United States Army Observer Group in Yenan, 1944 (Center for Chinese Studies, Universi…
CHINA 1945 to 1960s David pp. 398-399
CHINA 1945 to 1960s David Barrett, Dixie Mission: The United States Army Observer Group in Yenan, 1944 (Center for Chinese Studies, Universi…
Two: Years of Trial and pp. 398-399
Two: Years of Trial and Hope, 1946-1953 (Great Britain, 1956), p
Nationalist army massacres thousands of Taiwanese pp. 398-399
In 1992, the Taiwan government admitted that its army had killed an estimated 18,000 to 28,000 native-born Taiwanese in the 1947 massacre
Addressing the Cathedral Club of pp. 398-399
Addressing the Cathedral Club of Brooklyn, 15 January 1948; cited in David Caute, The Great Fear: The Anti- Communist Purge Under Truman and
Hearings held in executive session pp. 398-399
Hearings held in executive session before the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee during 1949-50: Economic Assistance to China and Korea 1…
Smith, The State of Europe pp. 398-399
Smith, The State of Europe (London, 1950), p
77-8; New York Times, 28 pp. 398-399
77-8; New York Times, 28 July1951; 28 December 1951; 22 February 1952; 8 April 1952; 30 December 1952; opium: Robbins, pp
77-8; New York Times, 28 pp. 398-399
77-8; New York Times, 28 July1951; 28 December 1951; 22 February 1952; 8 April 1952; 30 December 1952; opium: Robbins, pp
Two: Years of Trial and pp. 398-399
Two: Years of Trial and Hope, 1946-1953 (Great Britain, 1956), p
A18, “whooping cough cases recorded pp. 398-399
A18, “whooping cough cases recorded in Florida jumped from 339 and one death in 1954 to 1,080 and 12 deaths in 1955.” The CIA received the
A18, “whooping cough cases recorded pp. 398-399
A18, “whooping cough cases recorded in Florida jumped from 339 and one death in 1954 to 1,080 and 12 deaths in 1955.” The CIA received the
Two: Years of Trial and pp. 398-399
Two: Years of Trial and Hope, 1946-1953 (Great Britain, 1956), p
Olcott, The Life of William pp. 400-401
Olcott, The Life of William McKinley (Boston, 1916) vol
Woodhouse, The Struggle for Greece, pp. 400-401
Woodhouse, The Struggle for Greece, 1941-1949 (London, 1976) pp
Wittner, American Intervention in Greece, pp. 400-401
Wittner, American Intervention in Greece, 1943-1949 (Columbia University Press, NY, 1982) passim.Churchill quote: Kati Marton, The Polk Cons…
For accounts of the thoroughly pp. 400-401
For accounts of the thoroughly unprincipled British policy in Greece and its dealings with collaborators during 1944-46, see Fleming, pp
Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, pp. 400-401
Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 16 October 1946, column 887 (reference is made here to Bevin’s statement of 10 August)
225-30; William Hardy McNeill, The pp. 400-401
225-30; William Hardy McNeill, The Greek Dilemma: War and Aftermath (US, 1947) passim
Wittner, American Intervention in Greece, pp. 400-401
Wittner, American Intervention in Greece, 1943-1949 (Columbia University Press, NY, 1982) passim.Churchill quote: Kati Marton, The Polk Cons…
After the war, he returned pp. 400-401
After the war, he returned to fight with them he until he was captured in 1952
b) Luis Taruc, Born of pp. 400-401
b) Luis Taruc, Born of the People (New York, 1953, although completed in June 1949) pp
VI, Triumph and Tragedy (London, pp. 400-401
VI, Triumph and Tragedy (London, 1954), pp
Amongst much else, it observed pp. 13-15
Amongst much else, it observed that in the two years following the November 1917 revolution, the Times had stated no less than 91 times that…
By the end of 1919, pp. 13-15
By the end of 1919, when the defeat of the Allies and the White Army appeared likely, the New York Times treated its readers to headlines an…
1920: “Official quarters’ describe the pp. 13-15
1920: “Official quarters’ describe the Bolshevist menace in the Middle East as ominous” 11 Jan
Life magazine devotes issue to the Soviet Union pp. 13-15
In 1943 Life maga-zine devoted an entire issue in honor of the Soviet Union’s accomplishments, going far beyond what was demanded by the
Fleming, “The Western Intervention in pp. 395-397
Fleming, “The Western Intervention in the Soviet Union, 1918-1920”, New World Review (New York), Fall 30 31 32 1967; see also Fleming, The C…
Fleming, “The Western Intervention in pp. 395-397
Fleming, “The Western Intervention in the Soviet Union, 1918-1920”, New World Review (New York), Fall 30 31 32 1967; see also Fleming, The C…
Fleming, “The Western Intervention in pp. 395-397
Fleming, “The Western Intervention in the Soviet Union, 1918-1920”, New World Review (New York), Fall 30 31 32 1967; see also Fleming, The C…
Schuman, American Policy Toward Russia pp. 395-397
Schuman, American Policy Toward Russia Since 1917 (New York, 1928), p
4 Winston Churchill, The World pp. 395-397
4 Winston Churchill, The World Crisis: The Aftermath (London, 1929), p
See, e.g., the British Cabinet pp. 395-397
See, e.g., the British Cabinet papers for 1939, summarized in the Manchester Guardian, 1 January 1970; also Fleming, The Cold War, pp
New York Times, 24 June pp. 395-397
New York Times, 24 June 1941; for an interesting account of how US officials laid the groundwork for the Cold War during and immediately aft…
And the policies score- card pp. 395-397
And the policies score- card reads as follows: From 1945 to 2003, the United States attempted to overthrow more than 40 foreign governments,…
Truman and the War Scare pp. 395-397
Truman and the War Scare of 1948: A Successful Campaign to Deceive the Nation (St
IV, The Hinge of Fate pp. 395-397
IV, The Hinge of Fate (London, 1951), p
Time, 2 November 1962.Cited by pp. 421-422
Time, 2 November 1962.Cited by William Appleman Williams, “American Intervention in Russia: 1917-20”, in David Horowitz, ed., Containment an…
Late in the afternoon on October 4, 1918, Lamont stopped by the White House... pp. 4-12
By the summer of 1918 some 13,000 American troops could be found in the newly-born Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
During February and March 1919, pp. 4-12
During February and March 1919, a US Senate Judiciary Subcommittee held hearings before which many “Bolshevik horror stories” were presented
It is not strange that pp. 4-12
It is not strange that in his address in New York, September 17, 1959, Premier Khrushchev should remind us of the interventions, “the time y…
CHINA 1945 to 1960s David pp. 4-12
China 1945 to 1960s: Was Mao Tse-tung just paranoid
US intervenes in 1948 Italian elections pp. 4-12
Italy 1947-1948: Free elections, Hollywood style
Italy 1947-1948: Free elections, Hollywood pp. 4-12
Italy 1947-1948: Free elections, Hollywood style
By the beginning of 1949 pp. 4-12
Albania 1949-1953: The proper English spy
Greece 1947 to early 1950s: pp. 4-12
Greece 1947 to early 1950s: From cradle of democracy to client state
Korea 1945-1953: Was it all pp. 4-12
Korea 1945-1953: Was it all that it appeared to be
Guatemala 1953-1954: While the world pp. 4-12
Guatemala 1953-1954: While the world watched
Vietnam 1950-1973: The Hearts and pp. 4-12
Vietnam 1950-1973: The Hearts and Minds Circus Cambodia 1955-1973: Prince Sihanouk walks the high-wire of neutralism
Eastern Europe 1948-1956: Operation Splinter pp. 4-12
Eastern Europe 1948-1956: Operation Splinter Factor
Syria 1956-1957: Purchasing a new pp. 4-12
Syria 1956-1957: Purchasing a new government
Mencken, 1919 How is it pp. 47-49
Mencken, 1919 How is it that the Korean War escaped the protests which surrounded the war in Vietnam
Korea 1945-1953 Was it all pp. 47-49
Korea 1945-1953 Was it all that it appeared to be
Throughout the 1950s, my thinking on foreign policy had been focused on Europe and on nuclear strate pp. 47-49
The Philippines 1940s and 1950s of people in rural areas (for the Huks had long followed an explicit code of proper conduct towards the peas…
Ramon Magsaysay elected Philippine president pp. 47-49
The high-point of this effort was the election to the presidency, in 1953,of Ramon Magsaysay, the cooperative former defense department head
The idea was abandoned “for pp. 47-49
The idea was abandoned “for pragmatic considerations rather than moral scruples.”32 After Magsaysay died in a plane crash in 1957, various o…
Ho Chi Minh appeals to US over French Indochina pp. 127-129
In 1919, following the First World War, Ho Chi Minh had appealed to US Secretary of State Robert Lansing for America’s help in achieving bas…
Vietnam 1950-1973 soon turned it pp. 127-129
Vietnam 1950-1973 soon turned it back to the French
Kennedy defeats Lodge for Massachusetts Senate seat pp. 127-129
In 1952, the US exerted strong pressure upon France not to pursue peace feelers extended by the Vietminh, and a French delegation, scheduled…
(This prompt- ed a French pp. 127-129
(This prompt- ed a French newspaper to comment that “the Indochina War has become France’s number one dollar-earning
By 1954, the authorized aid pp. 127-129
By 1954, the authorized aid had reached the sum of $1.4 billion and constituted 78 percent of the French budget for the war.3 The extensive…
1919 - Turkey: Marines from pp. 465-468
1919 - Turkey: Marines from the U.S.S
1920 - China - March pp. 465-468
1920 - China - March 14: A landing force was sent ashore for a few hours to protect lives during a distur- bance at Kiukiang
1921 - Panama-Costa Rica: American pp. 465-468
1921 - Panama-Costa Rica: American naval squadrons demonstrated in April on both sides of the Isthmus to prevent war between the two countri…
1920-22 - Russia (Siberia) - pp. 465-468
1920-22 - Russia (Siberia) - February 16, 1920 to November 19, 1922: A marine guard to protect the United States radio station and property…
1922-23 - China: Between April pp. 465-468
1922-23 - China: Between April 1922 and November 1923, Marines were landed five times to protect Americans during periods of unrest
1924 - Honduras - February pp. 465-468
1924 - Honduras - February 28 to March 31, September 10 to 15: To protect American lives and interests during election hostilities
1925 - China - January pp. 465-468
1925 - China - January 15 to August 29: Fighting of Chinese factions accompanied by riots and demonstra- tions in Shanghai necessitated land…
1926 - China - August pp. 465-468
1926 - China - August and September: The Nationalist attack on Hankow necessitated the landing of American naval forces to protect American…
1927 - China - February: pp. 465-468
1927 - China - February: Fighting at Shanghai caused American naval forces and marines to be increased there
Their work included activity against pp. 465-468
Their work included activity against the outlaw leader Sandino in 1928
“Following this incident additional forces pp. 465-468
“Following this incident additional forces of marines and naval vessels were ordered to China and stationed in the vicinity of Shanghai and
1926-33 - Nicaragua - May pp. 465-468
1926-33 - Nicaragua - May 7 to June 5, 1926; August 27, 1926 to January 3, 1933: The coup d’état of General Chamorro aroused revolutionary a…
1934 - China: Marines landed pp. 465-468
1934 - China: Marines landed at Foochow to protect the American Consulate
461 1940 - Newfoundland, Bermuda, pp. 465-468
461 1940 - Newfoundland, Bermuda, St
1941 - Greenland: Taken under pp. 465-468
1941 - Greenland: Taken under protection of the United States in April
1949 - Kim Koo, Korean pp. 465-468
1949 - Kim Koo, Korean opposition leader 1950s - CIA/Neo-Nazi hit list of more than 200 political figures in West Germany to be “put out of…
1949 - Kim Koo, Korean pp. 465-468
1949 - Kim Koo, Korean opposition leader 1950s - CIA/Neo-Nazi hit list of more than 200 political figures in West Germany to be “put out of…
1949 - Kim Koo, Korean pp. 465-468
1949 - Kim Koo, Korean opposition leader 1950s - CIA/Neo-Nazi hit list of more than 200 political figures in West Germany to be “put out of…
Recto, Philippines opposition leader 1955 pp. 465-468
Recto, Philippines opposition leader 1955 - Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of India 1957 - Gamal Abdul Nasser, President of Egypt 1959/63/…
The imperial sensibility of America’s pp. 308-310
The imperial sensibility of America’s leaders could be compared favorably with that of Britain circa 1925
In this manner did President pp. 293-295
In this manner did President Calvin Coolidge address the Congress of the United States in 1927
US troops leave Nicaragua, empowering Somoza's Guard pp. 293-295
When the American military forces left Nicaragua for the last time, in 1933, they left behind a souvenir by which the Nicaraguan people coul…
NICARAGUA 1981-1990 New York Times, pp. 438-439
NICARAGUA 1981-1990 New York Times, 11 January 1927, p
Skidmore, Politics in Brazil, 1930-1964: pp. 419-420
Skidmore, Politics in Brazil, 1930-1964: An Experiment in Democracy (Oxford University Press, New York, 1967) p
In 1967, the government went pp. 356-358
In 1967, the government went through the motions of the first contested election for the presidency since 1931
For fifty years the same pp. 356-358
For fifty years the same people had all the power, all the money, all the jobs, all the education, all the opportunities.” In the decades fo…
For fifty years the same pp. 356-358
For fifty years the same people had all the power, all the money, all the jobs, all the education, all the opportunities.” In the decades fo…
The 1939 Hollywood film “Ninotchka”, pp. 34-35
The 1939 Hollywood film “Ninotchka”, which satirized life in Russia, was singled out as a particularly effective feature film
The US Information Service presented pp. 34-35
The US Information Service presented an exhibition on “The Worker in America” and made extensive use of documentary and feature films to
(It should be remembered that pp. 34-35
(It should be remembered that in 1948American negroes had not yet reached the status of second-class citizens.) Italian radio stations
“Such letters,” wrote a Christian pp. 34-35
“Such letters,” wrote a Christian Democrat official in an Italian newspaper, “struck home in southern Italian and Sicilian villages with the…
(Marshall was awarded the Nobel pp. 34-35
(Marshall was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953.) A daily series of direct short-wave broadcasts to Italy backed by the State Department…
The last reference has to pp. 28-30
The last reference has to do with the bacteriological warfare experiments the Japanese had carried out against China between 1940 and 1942
The last reference has to pp. 28-30
The last reference has to do with the bacteriological warfare experiments the Japanese had carried out against China between 1940 and 1942
The prospect of an escalated pp. 28-30
The prospect of an escalated war led the US 24 China 1945 to 1960s later to have second thoughts and to ask Chiang to abandon the islands, b…
The matter was particularly sensitive pp. 28-30
The matter was particularly sensitive because the CIA’s 1947 charter and Congress’s interpretation of it had traditionally limited the Agenc…
By the end of 1952, pp. 28-30
By the end of 1952, Taiwan claimed that 41,000 communist troops had been killed and more than 3,000 wounded
Chiang was “brutally pressured” by pp. 28-30
Chiang was “brutally pressured” by the US to build up his troops on the islands beginning around 1953 as a demonstration of Washington’s new…
Peking reveals downed US airmen over China pp. 28-30
The Peking announcement in 1954 also revealed that eleven American airmen had been shot down over China in January 1953 while on a mission w…
Greek Communists found ELAS and EAM pp. 36-38
Founded during the course of 1941-42 on the initiative of the Greek Communist Party, ELAS and its political wing EAM cut across
By contrast, the Italian government pp. 36-38
By contrast, the Italian government prohibited sever- al of its own ambassadors abroad from returning home to campaign for the FDP, In his
(According to a former CIA pp. 36-38
(According to a former CIA officer, when, in 1945, the Communists came very near to gaining control of labor unions, first in Sicily, then i…
Huk guerrilla forces organized in the Philippines pp. 42-44
The Huk guerrilla forces had been organized in 1942, largely at the initiative of the Communist Party, in response to the Japanese occupatio…
While com-batting the Japanese during pp. 42-44
While com-batting the Japanese during 1945, the American military took many measures
KILLING HOPE enon, of which pp. 42-44
KILLING HOPE enon, of which the following are a sample: In September 1947, Vice-Prime Minister Constantine Tsaldaris agreed to the dissolu-…
By the early 1950s, Greece pp. 42-44
By the early 1950s, Greece had been molded into a supremely reliable ally-client of the United States
Demands were made that the pp. 98-100
Demands were made that the government return to the strict neutrality provided for in the National Pact of 1943 at the time of Lebanon’s dec…
The CIA apparently played a pp. 98-100
The CIA apparently played a role in his 1952 elec- tion,!
Lebanese Muslims, who comprised most pp. 98-100
Lebanese Muslims, who comprised most of Chamoun’s opposition, were also galled that the Christian president had once again placed the countr…
CIA funds Chamoun's candidates in Lebanese elections pp. 98-100
and in 1957 the Agency furnished generous sums of money to Chamoun to use in support of candidates in the Chamber of Deputies (Parliament) J…
Greece 1947 to early 1950s pp. 39-41
Greece 1947 to early 1950s themselves in positions of political power, predominant in the new Greek army and police; members of EAM/ELAS fou…
ELAS agrees to armistice in Greece pp. 39-41
In mid-January 1945 ELAS agreed to an armistice, one that had much of the appear-ance and the effect of a surrender
(The British Foreign Secretary, Ernest pp. 39-41
(The British Foreign Secretary, Ernest Bevin, acknowledged in August 1946 that there were 228 ex-members of the Nazi Security Battalions—who…
Greece 1947 to early 1950s pp. 39-41
Greece 1947 to early 1950s themselves in positions of political power, predominant in the new Greek army and police; members of EAM/ELAS fou…
Greek Communist guerrillas declare ceasefire pp. 39-41
But by October 1949, foreseeing nothing but more loss of lives to a vastly superior destruction- machine, the
Before the revolution of 1944, pp. 77-79
Before the revolution of 1944, which overthrew the Ubico dictatorship, “farm laborers had been roped together by the Army for delivery to th…
Less publicized was the fact pp. 77-79
Less publicized was the fact that Guatemala had to seek arms from Czechoslovakia because the UnitedStates had refused to sell it any since 1…
Jacobo Arbenz takes office as Guatemalan president pp. 77-79
The Guatemalan president, who took office in March 1951 after being elected by a wide mar-gin, had no special
Here, for example, is an pp. 77-79
Here, for example, is an excerpt from a CIA report about Guatemala, pre- pared in 1952 for the edification of the White House and the
Guatemala 1953-1954 American States, other pp. 77-79
Guatemala 1953-1954 American States, other countries individually, the world press, even the United States itself, in the desperate hope tha…
Guatemala 1953-1954 American States, other pp. 77-79
Guatemala 1953-1954 American States, other countries individually, the world press, even the United States itself, in the desperate hope tha…
As for the elder Papandreou, pp. 221-223
As for the elder Papandreou, his anti-communist credentials were impeccable, dating back to his role as a British-installed prime minister d…
Since 1947 the Greek army pp. 221-223
Since 1947 the Greek army and the American military aid group in Athens, numbering several hundred, have worked as part of the same team ..
CHINA 1945 to 1960s David pp. 25-27
China 1945 to 1960s Was Mao Tse-tung just paranoid?For four years, numerous Americans, in high positions and obscure, sullenly harbored the…
When 1946 arrived, about 100,000 pp. 25-27
When 1946 arrived, about 100,000 American military personnel were still in China, still supporting Chiang
Not until early 1947 did pp. 25-27
Not until early 1947 did the United States begin to withdraw some of its military forces, although aid and support to the Chiang government…
22 China 1945 to 1960s pp. 25-27
22 China 1945 to 1960s By 1949, United States aid to the Nationalists since the war amounted to almost $2 bil- lion
CHINA 1945 to 1960s David pp. 31-33
China 1945 to 1960s It should be noted that some of the American airmen’s statements contained so much technical biological information and…
For the 1948 election, scheduled pp. 31-33
For the 1948 election, scheduled for 18 April, the PCI and PSI united to form the Popular Democratic Front (FDP) and in February won municip…
US intervenes in 1948 Italian elections pp. 31-33
Italy 1947-1948 Free elections, Hollywood style “Those who do not believe in the ideology of the United States, shall not be allowed to stay…
Italy 1947-1948: Free elections, Hollywood pp. 31-33
Italy 1947-1948 Free elections, Hollywood style “Those who do not believe in the ideology of the United States, shall not be allowed to stay…
Whatever actually lay behind the pp. 50-52
Whatever actually lay behind the announcement, it is evident that very little reliance, if any, can be placed upon statements made by the So…
The North Korean Government has pp. 50-52
The North Korean Government has claimed that in 1949 alone, the South Korean army or police perpetrated 2,617 armed incursions into the Nort…
Jessup, speaking in April 1950, pp. 50-52
Jessup, speaking in April 1950, put it this way: There is constant fighting between the South Korean Army and bands that infiltrate the coun…
Whatever actually lay behind the pp. 50-52
Whatever actually lay behind the announcement, it is evident that very little reliance, if any, can be placed upon statements made by the So…
Korea 1945-1953 Was it all pp. 53-55
Korea 1945-1953 over the refusal to seat Communist China in place of Taiwan
Apparently because of this pressure, pp. 53-55
Apparently because of this pressure, the elections held on May 30 were fair enough to allow “moderate” ele- ments to participate, and, as me…
Gayn related that one of pp. 53-55
Gayn related that one of Hodge’s political advisers assured him (Gayn) that Rhee was not a fascist: “He is two cen- turies before fascism—a…
A 1949 law to cover pp. 53-55
A 1949 law to cover other holdings was not enforced at all, and the abuse of land ten- ants continued in both old and new forms.26 Public re…
So reluctant was Rhee to pp. 53-55
So reluctant was Rhee to allow an honest election, that by early 1950 he had becomeenough of an embarrassment to the United States
Korea 1945-1953: Was it all pp. 53-55
Korea 1945-1953 over the refusal to seat Communist China in place of Taiwan
This story arose to explain pp. 56-58
This story arose to explain the fact that as many as 30 percent of American POWs had collaborated with the enemy in one way or D2 Korea
Lifton, brainwashing was popularly held pp. 56-58
Lifton, brainwashing was popularly held to be an “all-powerful, irresistible, unfathomable, and
During November 1951, for example—long pp. 56-58
During November 1951, for example—long before the end of the war—American military announcements put the count of POW deaths at between 5,00…
That began in the summer pp. 56-58
That began in the summer of 1952 andwas Washington’s way of putting itself in a better bargaining position in the truce
This story arose to explain pp. 56-58
This story arose to explain the fact that as many as 30 percent of American POWs had collaborated with the enemy in one way or D2 Korea
In 1945, former Secretary of pp. 65-67
In 1945, former Secretary of State Dean Acheson has written, official American policy was explicitly “to bring home to the Germans that they
Eastern Europe 1948-1956 When, in pp. 65-67
Eastern Europe 1948-1956 When, in October 1956, the uprising in Hungary occurred, these men, according to the CIA, were not used because the…
Kennedy defeats Lodge for Massachusetts Senate seat pp. 65-67
On 8 October 1952, the Minister-President of the West German state of Hesse, Georg August Zinn, disclosed that the United States had created…
Eastern Europe 1948-1956: Operation Splinter pp. 65-67
Eastern Europe 1948-1956 When, in October 1956, the uprising in Hungary occurred, these men, according to the CIA, were not used because the…
For further discussion of the pp. 402-403
For further discussion of the UN’s bias at this time see Jon Halliday, “The United Nations and Korea”, in Frank Baldwin, ed., Without Parall…
1946 election: Mark Gayn, Japan pp. 402-403
1946 election: Mark Gayn, Japan Diary (New York 1948) p
For a discussion of post-war pp. 402-403
For a discussion of post-war politics in South Korea see: a) Bruce Cumings, The Origins of the Korean War: Liberation and the Emergence of S…
1946 election: Mark Gayn, Japan pp. 402-403
1946 election: Mark Gayn, Japan Diary (New York 1948) p
Huks’ condition: New York Times, pp. 402-403
Huks’ condition: New York Times, 3 April 1949, p
Smith was a CIA officer pp. 402-403
Smith was a CIA officer who, in the early 1950s, worked in the Far East Division, which includes the Philippines, concerned with political a…
John Gunther, The Riddle of pp. 402-403
John Gunther, The Riddle of MacArthur (London, 1951), pp
Stone, The Hidden History of pp. 402-403
Stone, The Hidden History of the Korean War (New York, 1952) chapter 7 and elsewhere
Dwight Eisenhower, The White House pp. 402-403
Dwight Eisenhower, The White House Years: Mandate for Change, 1953-1956 (New York, 1963) p
Dwight Eisenhower, The White House pp. 402-403
Dwight Eisenhower, The White House Years: Mandate for Change, 1953-1956 (New York, 1963) p
Patrick Seale, The Struggle for pp. 408-409
Patrick Seale, The Struggle for Syria: A Study of Post-War Arab Politics, 1945-1958 (London, 1965) pp
CIA backs the 1949 coup in Syria pp. 408-409
In the same book, Copeland asserts that the CIA, with 404 Notes himself personally involved, directed a coup in Syria in 1949
Mutual Security Act of 1955, pp. 408-409
Mutual Security Act of 1955, Sections 142(a)(4) and 413
SYRIA 1956-1957 Department ofState Bulletin pp. 408-409
SYRIA 1956-1957 Department ofState Bulletin (Washington), 18 June 1956, pp
US Department of Defense, United pp. 414-416
US Department of Defense, United States - Vietnam Relations, 1945-67 (the government edition of the Pentagon Papers) book 2, IV, A.5, tab 4,…
French Assembly rejects the EDC treaty, 1954 pp. 414-416
The SEATO treaty of 1954 actually had a protocol attached which unilaterally placed Cambodia, Laos and South Vietnam under its umbrella
Sulzberger, New York Times, 22 pp. 414-416
Sulzberger, New York Times, 22 January 1955, p
82-6; New York Times, 17 pp. 414-416
82-6; New York Times, 17 March 1956, p
Iran's Parliament rejects joint Soviet oil company pp. 68-70
The Iranian leader, moreover, had campaigned successfully against lingering Soviet occupation of northern Iran after World War II, and in Oc…
Iran nationalizes oil and elects Mossadegh premier pp. 68-70
In March 1951, the bill for nationalization was passed, and at the end of April Mossadegh was elected prime minister by a large majority of…
In November 1952, the Churchill pp. 68-70
In November 1952, the Churchill government approached Roosevelt, the de facto head of the CIA’s Middle East division, who told the British
(See Western Europe chapter.) wy pp. 68-70
(See Western Europe chapter.) wy Angenar Wes Making it safe for the King of Kings “So this is how we get rid of that madman Mossadegh,” anno…
Eastern Europe 1948-1956 When, in pp. 59-61
Eastern Europe 1948-1956Operation Splinter Factor Jozef Swiatlo surfaced at a press conference in Washington on 28 September 1954
Only a year earlier, in pp. 59-61
Only a year earlier, in 1949, in the Arab-Israeli fighting in Palestine and in the India-Pakistani war over Kashmir, the United
In early 1951, several reports pp. 59-61
In early 1951, several reports came out of Albania of open organized resistance and uprisings.’ To what extent these happenings were a conse…
Korea 1945-1953: Was it all pp. 59-61
Korea 1945-1953 The unadorned way that an apparently increasing number of them [American soldiers in Korea] see the situation right now is t…
Jozef Swiatlo surfaces at Washington press conference pp. 59-61
Eastern Europe 1948-1956Operation Splinter Factor Jozef Swiatlo surfaced at a press conference in Washington on 28 September 1954
KILLING HOPE story has Swiatlo pp. 62-64
KILLING HOPE story has Swiatlo seeking to defect to the British in Warsaw back in 1948 at a time when he was already in his high security po…
In 1949, he visited Paul pp. 62-64
In 1949 when Field visited Poland he was regarded with grave suspicion by Polish authori- ties
(Harry Truman’s surprising re-election postponed pp. 62-64
(Harry Truman’s surprising re-election postponed this for four years, but Dulles did become Deputy Director in 1951.) Noel Field, formerly a…
In January 1952, for example, pp. 62-64
In January 1952, for example, after RFE learned that Czechoslovakia was planning to devalue its currency, it warned the population, thus sti…
Jozef Swiatlo defects to the West pp. 62-64
After Swiatlo defected in December 1953, East European intelligence services came to realize that he had been working for the other side all…
In 1955, Eastern Europeans could pp. 62-64
In 1955, Eastern Europeans could be found at Fort Bragg, North Carolina training with the Green Berets, learning
Eastern Europe 1948-1956: Operation Splinter pp. 62-64
He 58 Eastern Europe 1948-1956 concluded with: “Any objections?” Allen Dulles had none
He was an Indonesian nationalist pp. 104-105
He was an Indonesian nationalist and a “Sukarnoist” who had crushed the PKI forces in 1948 after the independence struggle had been won.’ He…
in 1926, wrote that he pp. 104-105
in 1926, wrote that he had been a communications technician and code clerk at the US Embassy in New Delhi in 1955, performing tasks for the…
| could find no clue pp. 104-105
| could find no clue as to what the Masjumi did with the million dollars.” 10 In 1957, the CIA decided that the situation called for more di…
(Sandys was the founder, in pp. 115-117
(Sandys was the founder, in 1948, of The European Movement, a CIA-funded cold-war organization.)** This was, of course, a contrived position
Within days of taking office, pp. 115-117
Within days of taking office, however, the Labour Party dashed these hopes.24 112 British Guiana 1953-1964 “Bowing to United States wishes,”…
Italy 1950s to 1970s Supporting pp. 121-123
Italy 1950s to 1970s Supporting the Cardinal’s orphans and techno-fascism After the multifarious extravaganza staged by the United States
A White House memorandum, prepared pp. 121-123
A White House memorandum, prepared after the 1953 election, reported that “Neither the Moscow war stick nor the American economic carrot was…
(The Socialist Party, a prime pp. 124-126
(The Socialist Party, a prime target of the United States in the 1948 elections, was a formal member of the government for much of the 1960s…
Another Italian newspaper, the Daily pp. 124-126
Another Italian newspaper, the Daily American of Rome, for decades the country’s leading English-language paper, was for a long
William Colby becomes CIA station chief in Italy pp. 124-126
This is what I call techno-fascism.!5 William Colby, later Director of the CIA, arrived in Italy in 1953 as station chief and devoted the ne…
Eastern Europe 1948-1956 When, in pp. 404-405
EASTERN EUROPE 1948-1956 it pp 9: cepWSSoa New York Times, 29 September 1954
Fitzroy Maclean, Eastern Approaches (London, pp. 404-405
Fitzroy Maclean, Eastern Approaches (London, 1949) pp
New York Times, 27 March pp. 404-405
New York Times, 27 March 1950; 9 April 1951, p
Radio station, unrest: New York pp. 404-405
Radio station, unrest: New York Times, 31 March 1951, p
New York Times, 24 January pp. 404-405
New York Times, 24 January 1952, p
Jozef Swiatlo surfaces at Washington press conference pp. 404-405
EASTERN EUROPE 1948-1956 it pp 9: cepWSSoa New York Times, 29 September 1954
Wilber, Iran: Past and Present pp. 404-405
Wilber, Iran: Past and Present (Princeton University Press, Third Edition, 1955), p
Eastern Europe 1948-1956: Operation Splinter pp. 404-405
EASTERN EUROPE 1948-1956 it pp 9: cepWSSoa New York Times, 29 September 1954
Iran bans the Tudeh Party pp. 71-73
The Tudeh Party had been declared illegal in 1949 and Mossadegh had not lifted that ban although he allowed the party to operate
Shah executes officers after the 1953 Iran coup pp. 71-73
Iran 1953 of the Truman administration, stated that Mossadegh had not sought any alliance with the Tudeh, and that “The
68 Iran, 1956 The following pp. 71-73
68 Iran, 1956 The following day, 19 August, Roosevelt’s Iranian agents staged a parade through Teheran
Brazil was the only Latin pp. 171-173
Brazil was the only Latin American country to send ground combat troops to the war, and it allowed the United States to build huge aircraft…
Rusk’s talk in 1950, oth- pp. 19-21
Rusk’s talk in 1950, oth- ers in his government were actively plotting the downfall of the Chinese revolutionary gov- ernment
as violat- ing the Geneva pp. 19-21
as violat- ing the Geneva Accords of 1954, which ended the French Indochina War, or as conflicting with the public policy pronouncements of…
In both 1950 and 1951, pp. 118-120
In both 1950 and 1951, an espionage airplane with a crew of ten was shot down, with no survivors
In both 1950 and 1951, pp. 118-120
In both 1950 and 1951, an espionage airplane with a crew of ten was shot down, with no survivors
(The latter was Diem’s predecessor.) pp. 130-132
(The latter was Diem’s predecessor.) 126 Vietnam 1950-1973 The study of the Pentagon papers cited “State Department cables and National
The Geneva Accords specified that pp. 130-132
The Geneva Accords specified that elections under international supervision were to be held in July 1956, with “consultations” to prepare fo…
The Geneva Accords specified that pp. 130-132
The Geneva Accords specified that elections under international supervision were to be held in July 1956, with “consultations” to prepare fo…
South Vietnam mandates national ID cards pp. 130-132
By the terms of a 1957 law, drawn up by the MSU group, every Vietnamese 15 years and older was required to register with the government and…
Vietnam 1950-1973 soon turned it pp. 133-135
Vietnam 1950-1973 At the US Navy’s schools in San Diego and Maine during the 1960s and 1970s, the course had a different name
Studies in Vietnam since the pp. 136-138
Studies in Vietnam since the war have pointed to abnormally high rates of cancers, particularly of the liver, chromosomal damage, birth defe…
Cambodia 1955-1973Prince Sihanouk walks the pp. 136-138
Cambodia 1955-1973Prince Sihanouk walks the high-wire of neutralism John Foster Dulles had called on me in his capacity as Secretary of Stat…
Thailand and South Vietnam close Cambodia's borders pp. 136-138
In March 1956, after Sihanouk had visited Peking and criticized SEATO, the two coun- tries which sandwich Cambodia—Thailand and South Vietna…
“I fore-see perfectly well,” he pp. 136-138
“I fore-see perfectly well,” he said at one time, “the collapse of an independent and neutral Cambodia after the complete
Vietnam 1950-1973 soon turned it pp. 412-413
VIETNAM 1950-1973 Le Monde, 13 April 1950, cited in R.E.M
}) Nation’s Business (published by pp. 412-413
}) Nation’s Business (published by the United States Chamber of Commerce), April 1952, pp
New York Times, 21 March pp. 412-413
New York Times, 21 March 1954, p
i) New York Times, 30 pp. 412-413
i) New York Times, 30 August 1955, p
34, states that Anschuetz served pp. 428-429
34, states that Anschuetz served in the Military Intelligence Service of the US Army during World War 2 and joined the CIA in 1950
Malloy and Richard Thorn, eds., pp. 428-429
Malloy and Richard Thorn, eds., Beyond the Revolution: Bolivia Since 1952 (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1971) pp
Nasser overthrows King Farouk of Egypt pp. 95-97
Nasser and other army officers had overthrown King Farouk of Egypt in 1952
| travelled all over Syria pp. 95-97
| travelled all over Syria without hindrance in November and December [1956] and found there were indeed “not more than 123 Migs”
Middle East 1957-1958 the CIA pp. 95-97
Middle East 1957-1958 the CIA (see Iran chapter), later disclosed some of the background: The US Embassy in Syria connived at false reports…
Bolivian revolution installs the MNR government pp. 224-226
In 1952 that rarity had occurred—an armed popular revolt had defeated the military, displaced the oligarchy, nationalized the tin mines, ins…
The fighting was bloody, 70 pp. 227-229
The fighting was bloody, 70 miners losing their lives in one raid alone—La Noche de San Juan as it came to be known.2° The Revolution of 195…
The Shah literally placed his pp. 74-76
The Shah literally placed his country at the disposal of US military and intelli- gence organizations to be used as a cold-war
Guatemala 1953-1954: While the world pp. 74-76
Guatemala 1953-1954 While the world watched To whom do you turn for help when the police are assaulting you
Iran joins the Baghdad Pact pp. 74-76
In February 1955, Iran became a member of the Baghdad Pact, set up by the United States, in Dulles’s words, “to create a solid band of resis…
76 Guatemala 1953-1954 At one pp. 80-82
76 Guatemala 1953-1954 At one point, the CIA offerred Arbenz himself a large sum of money, which was reject- ed
76 Guatemala 1953-1954 At one pp. 80-82
76 Guatemala 1953-1954 At one point, the CIA offerred Arbenz himself a large sum of money, which was reject- ed
Guatemala 1953-1954 American States, other pp. 83-85
Guatemala 1953-1954 In a similar vein, Washington officials reported on political arrests and censorship in Guatemala without reference to t…
Guatemala 1953-1954: While the world pp. 83-85
Guatemala 1953-1954 In a similar vein, Washington officials reported on political arrests and censorship in Guatemala without reference to t…
Guevara, who had been living pp. 86-88
Guevara, who had been living in Guatemala since sometime in 1953, had tried to spark armed resistance to the invading forces, but without an…
[the] situation is being cured pp. 86-88
[the] situation is being cured by the Guatemalans themselves.46 When it came to rewriting history, however, Dulles’s speech had nothing on
The letter, purportedly from a pp. 86-88
The letter, purportedly from a leading Costa Rican Communist, put him on record in opposition to the Party line on the [1956] Hungarian revo…
Syria 1956-1957: Purchasing a new pp. 86-88
Syria 1956-1957 Purchasing a new government “Neutrality,” proclaimed John Foster Dulles in 1956, “has increasingly become an obsolete concep…
Kermit had masterminded the overthrow pp. 89-91
Kermit had masterminded the overthrow of the Iranian government in 1953
Damascus did not much care pp. 89-91
Damascus did not much care for the strings which came attached—the acceptance of military aid usually meant the presence of American militar…
SYRIA 1956-1957 Department ofState Bulletin pp. 89-91
Syria 1956-1957 shortsighted conception.”
Syria 1956-1957: Purchasing a new pp. 89-91
Syria 1956-1957 shortsighted conception.”
British Guiana 1953-1964 The CIA’s pp. 112-114
British Guiana 1953-1964 The CIA’s international labor mafia For a period of 11 years, two of the oldest democracies in the world, Great Bri…
_ New York Times, 20 pp. 406-407
_ New York Times, 20 August 1953, p
Hearings in 1954 before the pp. 406-407
Hearings in 1954 before the House Foreign Affairs Committee on “The Mutual Security Act of 1954”, pp
Testimony at “Hearings on the pp. 406-407
Testimony at “Hearings on the Situation in the Middle East”, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, 24 February 1956, p
ile = We I BRITISH pp. 410-411
ile = We I BRITISH GUIANA 1953-1964Events of 1953: The Guardian (London), 28 December 1984, for a detailed description of the raw
For if Washington could casually pp. 150-152
For if Washington could casually do away with an elected government in Guatemala, as it had in 1954, it could be moved by a guerrilla army o…
Dillon, he said, sought to pp. 168-170
Dillon, he said, sought to mix foreign policy with Brazil’s needs for foreign credits.!9 (Both Berle and Cabot had been advocates of the 195…
US overthrows Guatemala's Arbenz government pp. 233-235
We have seen how, in 1954, Guatemala’s last reform government, the legally-elected regime of Jacobo Arbenz, was overthrown by the United Sta…
Testimony of Fred Sherwood (CIA pp. 239-241
Testimony of Fred Sherwood (CIA pilot during the overthrow of the Arbenz govern- ment in 1954 who settled in Guatemala and became president…
Statement by the Guatemalan Army pp. 242-244
Statement by the Guatemalan Army of the Poor, made in 1981 (by which time the toll of people murdered by the government since 1954 had
In 1975, the Senate committee pp. 101-103
In 1975, the Senate committee which was investigating the CIA heard testimony that Agency officers stationed in an East Asian country had
Indonesia 1957-1958 War and pornography pp. 101-103
Indonesia 1957-1958 War and pornography “I think it’s time we held Sukarno’s feet to the fire,” said Frank Wisner, the CIA’s Deputy Director…
Middle East 1957-1958 the CIA pp. 101-103
Middle East 1957-1958 national communism”
Cambodia 1955-1973 The following year, pp. 139-141
Cambodia 1955-1973 The following year, five battalions of Saigon troops, supported by aircraft, crossed the Cambodian border again, penetrat…
Perhaps the most extraordinary reaction pp. 142-144
Perhaps the most extraordinary reaction was the angry resignations of four 138 Cambodia 1955-1973 men from Henry Kissinger’s National Securi…
Pathet Lao join Laos coalition government pp. 142-144
In 1957 the Pathet Lao (“Lao nation”) held two ministerial posts in the coalition “gov- ernment of national union”
But less than 50 miles pp. 188-190
But less than 50 miles from the Soviet Union sat Pakistan, a close ally of the United States,a member since 1955 of the South-East Asia Trea…
Between May and October 1981, pp. 191-193
Between May and October 1981, over 300,000 cases were reported in Cuba with 158 fatalities, 101 of which were children under 15.44 In 1956 a…
!4 In the same issue, pp. 92-94
!4 In the same issue, a Times editorial speculated upon other plausible-sounding explana-tions.!> Neither in its news report nor in its edit…
Accordingly, during their stay they pp. 106-108
Accordingly, during their stay they were taken to Baltimore’s shabby sex district to indulge themselves.!8 The Special Group’s approval of t…
Founded in 1973 by Frank Nugan, an Australian, pp. 251-253
Founded in 1973 by Frank Nugan, an Australian, and Michael Hand, an American formerly with the Green Berets in Vietnam and with the CIA airl…
Before April 1974, when a coup in Portugal pp. 254-256
Before April 1974, when a coup in Portugal ousted the dictatorship, the aid given to the Angolan resistance movements by their various forei…
In an agreement announced on 15 January 1975, pp. 254-256
In an agreement announced on 15 January 1975, the three movements formed a transi- tional government with elections to be held in October an…
32 In 1962, the South African police arrested pp. 257-259
32 In 1962, the South African police arrested ANC leader Nelson Mandela based on information as to his whereabouts and disguise pro- vided t…
*4 Yet, even if this were one of pp. 257-259
*4 Yet, even if this were one of Kissinger’s rare truthful remarks about the Angola situation, and even if this could be a valid justificati…
”5° In 1977, the New York magazine Africa pp. 260-262
”5° In 1977, the New York magazine Africa Report stated that “The Cubans have supported [MPLA leader Neto’s] pragmatic approach toward Weste…
The civil war in Angola did not actually pp. 260-262
The civil war in Angola did not actually come to an end in 1976 as it appeared to, for the fighting lingered on intermittently, sometimes mo…
In January, just before the Clinton administration took pp. 260-262
In January, just before the Clinton administration took over, a senior State Department official had declared: “Unita is exactly like the Kh…
In early March 1977, during a pause in pp. 263-265
In early March 1977, during a pause in the Angola war, members of the Lunda (or Balunda) tribal group of Zaire who had been in exile in Ango…
On 25 May 1978 he declared that Cuba pp. 266-268
On 25 May 1978 he declared that Cuba “obviously did nothing” to hold back the invasion.
(Kissinger had given his personal word about American pp. 266-268
(Kissinger had given his personal word about American non-intervention to the Chilean Ambassador in Washington in 1971 ata time when the US…
At the time of Kissinger’s visit, certain destabilization pp. 266-268
At the time of Kissinger’s visit, certain destabilization operations had already gotten off the ground, particularly in the area of propagan…
Jamaica 1976-1980 quency and deadliness, and in the pp. 269-271
Jamaica 1976-1980 quency and deadliness, and in the use of arson, bombing and assassination.
One was Luis Posada Carriles, a former officer pp. 269-271
One was Luis Posada Carriles, a former officer in Cuban dictator Batista’s secret police, now a CIA- trained explosives expert who was impli…
Jamaica uncovers plot to overthrow government pp. 269-271
In June 1976, Jamaican security forces announced the uncover- ing of a plot to overthrow the government involving leading members of the JLP…
Two years later, in November 1981, an invasion pp. 272-274
Two years later, in November 1981, an invasion force of more than 40 men, pretend- ing to be members of a rugby club, traveled from South Af…
Five weeks earlier, all but five of them pp. 272-274
Five weeks earlier, all but five of them had been released by the government with a “good- ol’-boys” wave of the hand, but diplomatic protes…
It appears that Mad Mike Hoare was made pp. 272-274
It appears that Mad Mike Hoare was made a scapegoat, for he was imprisoned—an action he called a “double-cross”, and which he attributed to…
Grenada 1979-1984 Interviewed later by the BBC, Scoon pp. 275-277
Grenada 1979-1984 Interviewed later by the BBC, Scoon himself said that an invasion was the “last thing” he wanted.
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan pp. 275-277
The Soviet Union condemned the American invasion, comparing it to “a daring cavalry attack of armed-to-the-teeth white 29 Grenada 1979-1984…
Over the next four years, Washington tried to pp. 278-280
Over the next four years, Washington tried to harass Grenada in some of the other ways in which it was practiced, more so under Ronald Reaga…
53 The government was afraid to release some pp. 278-280
53 The government was afraid to release some of them lest they wind up in a Gairy and/or CIA mercenary force or engage in actions like the J…
In March 1986, when asked about the possibility pp. 281-283
In March 1986, when asked about the possibility of an American invasion of Nicaragua, he replied: You’re looking at an individual that is th…
Herbert Blaize elected Grenada prime minister pp. 281-283
Postscript: At the end of 1984, former Premier Herbert Blaize was elected prime minister, his party capturing 14 of the 15 parliamentary sea…
When he went abroad he would meet with pp. 281-283
When he went abroad he would meet with Rami and during 1982 the two men were discussing plans for a coup attempt in July of the following ye…
Suriname enters agreements with Brazil pp. 284-286
In spring 1983, Suriname entered into agreements with the neighboring right-wing govern- ment of Brazil which provided for economic and mili…
(Several other coup attempts were alleged in addi- pp. 284-286
(Several other coup attempts were alleged in addi- tion to the one of December 1982 mentioned above.
US bombing raid on Libya pp. 284-286
He was explaining that the American bombing attack upon Libya of 14 April 1986 was in retaliation for the Libyan bombing nine days earlier o…
FO, April 28, 1986 pp. 287-289
The 14 April 1986 bombing of Libya, for exam- ple, came one day before the House opened a new round of debate on aid to the Contras.
A February 1981 French plot, with US cooperation pp. 287-289
A February 1981 French plot, with US cooperation under discussion, had to be canceled when French President Giscard was unexpectedly defeate…
33 And in 1985, the State Department had pp. 287-289
33 And in 1985, the State Department had to go to great lengths to head off a White House-sponsored plan for a joint US-Egyptian land and ai…
France sinks Greenpeace's Rainbow Warrior pp. 290-292
It should be noted that France—the United States’ chief “anti-terrorism” partner—in 1985 deliberately sank the Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warri…
Qaddafi overthrows the Libyan monarchy in coup pp. 290-292
On 1 September 1969, Captain Muammar el-Qaddafi had led a group of fellow offi- cers in a bloodless overthrow of the monarchy and establishe…
And Amnesty International, in 1987, concluded that Libya pp. 290-292
And Amnesty International, in 1987, concluded that Libya had carried out attacks on at least 37 anti-Qaddafi dissidents abroad since 1980, w…
Even more signifi- cant, an engineer with the pp. 293-295
Even more signifi- cant, an engineer with the Swiss company declared that he had told the Lockerbie investiga- tors about the East German co…
o4 “No German judge could, with the present pp. 293-295
o4 “No German judge could, with the present evidence, put the two suspects into jail,” declared Volker Rath, German government prosecutor an…
65 Postscript: In 2003, the Libyan government accepted pp. 293-295
65 Postscript: In 2003, the Libyan government accepted "responsibility" for the 1988 bombing—without admitting to an actual role in the even…
The American multinational, after a century of enriching pp. 296-298
The American multinational, after a century of enriching itself in the country, and in viola- tion of a contract with the government which e…
Then the 292 Nicaragua 1978-1990 American big guns pp. 296-298
Then the 292 Nicaragua 1978-1990 American big guns began to arrive in 1982, along with the air power, the landing strips, the docks, the rad…
” In November 1984, the Nicaraguan government announced pp. 296-298
” In November 1984, the Nicaraguan government announced that since 1981 the contras had assassinated 910 state officials and killed 8,000 ci…
Nicaragua 1978-1990 sented evidence which included photos and pp. 299-301
Nicaragua 1978-1990 sented evidence which included photos and videotapes of American diplomats meeting with the Nicaraguan officials who had…
Whatever organized supply oper- ation of any significance pp. 299-301
Whatever organized supply oper- ation of any significance that had existed appears to have ended in early 1981.
4¢ David MacMichael, who served with the CIA pp. 299-301
4¢ David MacMichael, who served with the CIA from 1981 to 1983 as an analyst of mili- tary and political developments in Central America, at…
In August 1987, a “Central American Peace Accord”, pp. 302-304
In August 1987, a “Central American Peace Accord”, generated by President Oscar Arias of Costa Rica as a successor to the unsuccessful Conta…
The argument most often advanced by the Reagan pp. 302-304
The argument most often advanced by the Reagan administration to explain its reluctance to accept a Contadora agreement during 1983 and 1984…
Daniel Jacobowitz, a military “psy-ops” specialist, described the pp. 305-307
Daniel Jacobowitz, a military “psy-ops” specialist, described the media campaign in a March 1985 “confidential-sensitive” strategy paper: “O…
191 Allen Weinstein, who helped draft the legislation pp. 305-307
191 Allen Weinstein, who helped draft the legislation establishing NED, and also founded the Center for Democracy, one of NED’s funding midd…
Kassar was a known associate of those reputed pp. 305-307
Kassar was a known associate of those reputed to be responsible for the 1985 Christmas massacres in the Rome and Vienna airports, the hijack…
Sandinistas defeated in Nicaraguan elections pp. 308-310
On 25 February 1990, the Sandinistas were defeated in national elections by a coali- tion of political parties running under the name Nation…
(As the people of the Dominican Republic had pp. 308-310
(As the people of the Dominican Republic had voted in 1966 for the US-supported candidate to forestall further American military interventio…
20,000 peo- ple had been packed into it; pp. 308-310
20,000 peo- ple had been packed into it; the December 1989 invasion—10 hours of heavy assault—left 15,000 homeless.
US Marines descended from helicopters by 310 Panama pp. 314-316
US Marines descended from helicopters by 310 Panama 1969-1991 rope to practice emergency evacuation of the embassy.
-52In December 1990, when President Guillermo Endara was pp. 317-319
-52In December 1990, when President Guillermo Endara was faced with a military rebellion he was unable to put down, he called upon US troops…
One year after the invasion, unemployment was running pp. 317-319
One year after the invasion, unemployment was running at more than 25 percent, and invasion damage, looting, and the US sanctions of 1988-89…
Panama signs treaty expanding US legal authority pp. 317-319
Eventually, after many American threats to cut off aid, Panama signed a treaty in April 1991 giving US authorities partial access to Panaman…
City of Freedom tent camp set up in Sofia pp. 320-322
A “City of Freedom” consisting of more than 60 tents was set up in the center of Sofia, occupied by people who said they would stay there un…
By 1994, we could read in the Los pp. 323-325
By 1994, we could read in the Los Angeles Times, by their most anti-communist for- eign correspondent: Living conditions are so much worse i…
Kuwait becomes independent from Britain pp. 323-325
In 1961, Kuwait became “independent,” again because Britain declared it to be so, and Iraq massed troops at the border, backing down when th…
® The current conflict had its origins in pp. 323-325
® The current conflict had its origins in the brutal 1980-88 war between Iraq and Iran.
After the invasion, one of the docu- ments pp. 326-328
After the invasion, one of the docu- ments the Iraqis found in a Kuwaiti intelligence file was a memorandum concerning a November 1989 meeti…
In July, while all these warnings were ostensibly pp. 326-328
In July, while all these warnings were ostensibly being ignored, the Pentagon was busy running its computerized command post exercise (CPX),…
in debt, while Syria, China, Turkey, the Soviet pp. 329-331
in debt, while Syria, China, Turkey, the Soviet Union, and other countries received military or economic aid and World 326 Iraq 1990-1991 Ba…
Over and over, Bush repeated the mantra: no pp. 332-334
Over and over, Bush repeated the mantra: no negotiations, no deals, no face- saving, no rewards, and specifically, no linkage to a Palestini…
As it is, oil prices fluctuate on a pp. 332-334
As it is, oil prices fluctuate on a regular basis, often sharply—between 1984 and 1986, for example, the price of a barrel of oil fell from…
OPEC launches oil boycott and price increases pp. 335-337
In 1973, when OPEC, led by Saudi Arabia,used substantial price increases and an oil boycott in an attempt to force Washington to influence I…
The United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, in an pp. 338-340
The United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, in an April 1991 secret report, warned that “if DU gets in the food chain or water this will cre…
2 The United States began supporting Afghan Islamic pp. 341-343
2 The United States began supporting Afghan Islamic fundamentalists in 1979 despite the fact that in February of that year some of them had…
PDP coup overthrows Mohammad Daoud in Afghanistan pp. 341-343
On 27 April 1978, a coup staged by the People’s Democratic Party (PDP) overthrew the government of Mohammad Daoud.
Daoud dismisses Soviet-trained Afghan officers pp. 341-343
In September 1975, prodded by Iran which was conditioning its aid on such policies, Daoud dismissed 40 Soviet-trained military officers and…
Selig Harrison, the Washington Post’s South Asia specialist, pp. 344-346
Selig Harrison, the Washington Post’s South Asia specialist, wrote an article ti 1972 entitled “The Shah, Not the Kremlin, Touched off Afgha…
In May 1979, British political scientist Fred Halliday pp. 344-346
In May 1979, British political scientist Fred Halliday observed that “probably more has changed in the countryside over the last year than i…
PDP coup overthrows Mohammad Daoud in Afghanistan pp. 344-346
Two months after the April 1978 coup, an alliance formed by a number of conserva- tive Islamic factions was waging guerrilla war against the…
One of the Afghan students whom Noorzay and pp. 347-349
One of the Afghan students whom Noorzay and the CIA tried in vain to recruit, Abdul Latif Hotaki, declared in 1967 that a good number of the…
In September 1979, the month that Amin took pp. 347-349
In September 1979, the month that Amin took power, the American chargé d'affaires in Kabul, Bruce Amstutz, began to hold friendly meetings w…
*3 The Carter administration jumped on the issue pp. 347-349
*3 The Carter administration jumped on the issue of the Soviet “invasion” and soon launched a campaign of righteous indignation, imposing wh…
On sev- eral occasions in the late ’80s, pp. 350-352
On sev- eral occasions in the late ’80s, the Kabul government announced that Americans had been killed in the fighting,49 and in 1985 a Lond…
Another problem faced by the Kabul government in pp. 350-352
Another problem faced by the Kabul government in winning the hearts and minds of the people was of course the continuing Soviet armed presen…
”€7 Or a US congressman’s charge in 1985 pp. 353-355
”€7 Or a US congressman’s charge in 1985 that the Soviets hadused booby-trapped toys to maim Afghan children,®8 the identical story told bef…
Throughout the early and mid-’80s, the Reagan administration pp. 353-355
Throughout the early and mid-’80s, the Reagan administration declared that the Russians were spraying toxic chemicals over Laos, Cambodia an…
78 By April 1990, 14 months after the pp. 353-355
78 By April 1990, 14 months after the Soviet withdrawal, the Los Angeles Times described the state of the rebels thusly: they have in recent…
This, then, was the power and the glory pp. 356-358
This, then, was the power and the glory of President Reagan’s “freedom fighters”, who had become yet more anti-American in recent years, man…
” In the decades following the famed peasant pp. 356-358
” In the decades following the famed peasant rebellion in 1932, which was crushed by an unholy massacre, a reform government had occupied th…
Years later, the New York Times noted: In pp. 356-358
Years later, the New York Times noted: In El Salvador, American aid was used for police training in the 1950’s and 1960’s and many officers…
Coup ousts General Carlos Romero in El Salvador pp. 359-361
El Salvador 1980-1994 “good name”, ousted General Carlos Romero from the presidency and took power in a bloodless coup.
By January 1980, almost all the civilian members pp. 359-361
By January 1980, almost all the civilian members had resigned in disgust over government-as-usual.
¢ 355 KILLING HOPE Seven years were to pp. 359-361
¢ 355 KILLING HOPE Seven years were to pass before Duarte, elected to the presidency in 1984, accused former army Major Roberto d’Aubuisson,…
34 The degree of overall control of the pp. 362-364
34 The degree of overall control of the military operation by the United States is perhaps best captured by an excerpt from an interview giv…
US policy in Latin America, he said in pp. 362-364
US policy in Latin America, he said in 1969, was designed to “maintain 358 El Salvador 1980-1994 the Iberoamerican countries in a condition…
5° In a visit to San Salvador in pp. 365-367
5° In a visit to San Salvador in February 1989, Vice President Dan Quayle told army lead- ers that death squad killings and other human righ…
In October 1989, former Salvadorean Army commando Cesar pp. 365-367
In October 1989, former Salvadorean Army commando Cesar Vielman Joya Martinez, in an interview on the CBS Evening News, related that he and…
Father Charles Beirne, vice rector of the Jesuit pp. 365-367
Father Charles Beirne, vice rector of the Jesuit university, declared in 1991 that “the Americans were helping to protect the [Salvadorean a…
The United States had waged ruthless war against pp. 368-370
The United States had waged ruthless war against the Salvadorean revolution, and threatened worse—in April 1991, Chairman of the Joint Chief…
” 76 In early 1992, the war came pp. 368-370
” 76 In early 1992, the war came to an official end when a United Nations commission, after a year-and-a-half effort, finally got the warrin…
FMLN guerrillas launch major offensive in El Salvador pp. 368-370
A major offensive launched by the guerrillas in late 1989—in which they “brought the war home” to wealthy neighborhoods and Americans in the…
368 El Salvador 1980-1994 Before the election, some pp. 371-373
368 El Salvador 1980-1994 Before the election, some workers were warned that if the FMLN won, heads would roll, or they would be fired.
8 There followed more than two years of pp. 374-376
8 There followed more than two years of regular political violence, coup attempts, and repression, casting off the vestiges of the Duvalier…
Aristide takes office as president of Haiti pp. 374-376
The president-priest took office in February 1991 after a coup attempt against him in January failed.
7 Jean-Bertrand Aristide served less than eight months pp. 377-379
7 Jean-Bertrand Aristide served less than eight months as Haiti’s president before being deposed, on 29 September 1991, by a military coup i…
In a 1993 interview with the Canadian Broadcasting pp. 377-379
In a 1993 interview with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, he declared, “The coup was justified by the human rights record of Aristide.
This organization played a very partisan role in pp. 377-379
This organization played a very partisan role in the 1990 elections when it was allied with US-favorite Marc Bazin, former World Bank execut…
Afterwards, American officials say, the CIA cut its pp. 380-382
Afterwards, American officials say, the CIA cut its ties to SIN, but in 1992 a US Drug Enforcement Administration document described SIN in…
FRAPH leader Emmanuel Constant joins CIA payroll pp. 380-382
FRAPH’s leader, Emannuel Constant, went onto the CIA payroll in early 1992 and, according to the Agency, this relation ended in mid-1994.
Constant—who has told in detail of having attended, pp. 380-382
Constant—who has told in detail of having attended, on invitation, the Clinton inau- guration balls—was the organizer of the dockside mob th…
The American Empire 1992 to present We assert pp. 386-388
The American Empire 1992 to present We assert that no nation can long endure half republic and half empire, and we warn the American people…
) National Platform, 1900 Following its bombing of pp. 386-388
) National Platform, 1900 Following its bombing of Iraq in 1991, the United States wound up with military bases in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bah…
Following its bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999, the pp. 386-388
Following its bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999, the United States wound up with mili- tary bases in Kosovo, Albania, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Hunga…
The American Empire 1992 to present We assert pp. 389-391
The American Empire: 1992 to present It dashes the aspirations of those who had hoped that the world was mov- ing toward a system of interna…
Soon thereafter, South Africa freed Nelson Mandela and pp. 389-391
Soon thereafter, South Africa freed Nelson Mandela and apartheid began to crumble, and before the year 1990 was over Haiti held its first fr…
In 1993 they were off attacking Somalia, trying pp. 389-391
In 1993 they were off attacking Somalia, trying to rearrange the country’s political map, more bombing and killing.
As this is written in April 2003, the pp. 392-394
As this is written in April 2003, the United States has just completed the bombing, invasion and takeover of the beleaguered Iraqi society,…
US agreement to allow the UN weapons inspectors pp. 395-397
US agreement to allow the UN weapons inspectors to return to Irag in December 2002 had been no more than a bluff to cater to unexpectedly st…
°° The American bombing of Afghanistan, begun on pp. 395-397
°° The American bombing of Afghanistan, begun on 7 October 2001 and followed by a nilitary occupation of much of the country, gave rise to d…
At the time of the first anniversary of pp. 395-397
At the time of the first anniversary of the 11 September 2001 terrorist attack and subsequently as well, the Department held conferences on…
Fleming, The Cold War and its Origins, 1917-1960 pp. 398-399
Fleming, The Cold War and its Origins, 1917-1960 (New York, 1961), p.
Taiwan admits army killed thousands of Taiwanese pp. 398-399
In 1992, the Taiwan government admitted that its army had killed an estimated 18,000 to 28,000 native-born Taiwanese in the 1947 massacre.
138- 44; Joseph Burkholder Smith, Portrait of a pp. 398-399
138- 44; Joseph Burkholder Smith, Portrait of a Cold Warrior (New York, 1976), pp.
225-30; William Hardy McNeill, The Greek Dilemma: War pp. 400-401
225-30; William Hardy McNeill, The Greek Dilemma: War and Aftermath (US, 1947) passim.
Wittner, American Intervention in Greece, 1943-1949 (Columbia University pp. 400-401
Wittner, American Intervention in Greece, 1943-1949 (Columbia University Press, NY, 1982) passim.
Imperialists Started the Korean War is the subtle pp. 402-403
Imperialists Started the Korean War is the subtle title of the book published in Pyongyang, North Korea, 1977, pp.
b) “Comment: The Korean War”, The China Quarterly, pp. 402-403
b) “Comment: The Korean War”, The China Quarterly, April/June 1973, No.
Stone, The Hidden History of pp. 402-403
Stone, The Hidden History of the Korean War (New York, 1952) chapter 7 and elsewhere.
© Oe KILLING HOPE Simpson, Blowback: America’s Recruitment pp. 404-405
© Oe KILLING HOPE Simpson, Blowback: America’s Recruitment of Nazis and Its Effects on the Cold War (New York, 1988), p.
The story of Operation Splinter Factor comes from pp. 404-405
The story of Operation Splinter Factor comes from the book of the same name by Stewart Steven published in London in 1974.
Barnet, Allies: America, Europe and Japan since the pp. 404-405
Barnet, Allies: America, Europe and Japan since the War (London, 1984) pp.
David Leigh, The Wilson Plot: How the Spycatchers pp. 406-407
David Leigh, The Wilson Plot: How the Spycatchers and Their American Allies Tried to Overthrow the British Government (New York, 1988) pp.
Richards, Director, Office of Greek, Turkish and Iranian pp. 406-407
Richards, Director, Office of Greek, Turkish and Iranian Affairs, testimony 17 July 1953, before House Committee on Foreign Affairs in execu…
The Guardian (London) 2 January 1984, British Government pp. 406-407
The Guardian (London) 2 January 1984, British Government papers of 1953, released 1 January 1984.
Patrick Seale, The Struggle for pp. 408-409
Patrick Seale, The Struggle for Syria: A Study of Post-War Arab Politics, 1945-1958 (London, 1965) pp.
Kennett Love (see note re him in chapter) pp. 408-409
Kennett Love (see note re him in chapter) reported later that the CIA had manufactured several reports of Russian military activity which we…
Richard Barnet, Intervention and Revolution, (London, 1972) p pp. 408-409
Richard Barnet, Intervention and Revolution, (London, 1972) p.
Referred to in a memorandum from Allen Dulles pp. 410-411
Referred to in a memorandum from Allen Dulles to the White House, 7 April 1961; the memo briefly summarizes the main points of the US interv…
) released 18 December 1974 pp. 410-411
) released 18 December 1974.
267-71; first printed in the US in 1965; pp. 410-411
267-71; first printed in the US in 1965; although a poor piece of writing, the book is worth reading for Sukarno’s views on why it is foolis…
f) Kim Philby, My Silent War (MacGibbon and pp. 412-413
f) Kim Philby, My Silent War (MacGibbon and Kee, London 1968) pp.
h) Louis Hagen, The Secret War for Europe pp. 412-413
h) Louis Hagen, The Secret War for Europe (London, 1968) pp.
For further discussion of CIA/USIA books and the pp. 412-413
For further discussion of CIA/USIA books and the source of these and other titles, see the references in notes 14 and 15; also Washington Po…
66, cited in Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman, pp. 414-416
66, cited in Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman, The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism (Boston, 1979) p.
Michael Klare, War Without End (Random House/Vantage Books, pp. 414-416
Michael Klare, War Without End (Random House/Vantage Books, New York, 1972) pp.
Stone’s Weekly, (Washington), 4 March 1968; “The Phantom pp. 414-416
Stone’s Weekly, (Washington), 4 March 1968; “The Phantom Battle’ that Led to War”, U.
Cited in Sanche de Gramont, The Secret War pp. 417-418
Cited in Sanche de Gramont, The Secret War (New York, 1963) pp.
“CBS Reports”, 26 April 1962, “The Hot and pp. 419-420
“CBS Reports”, 26 April 1962, “The Hot and Cold Wars of Allen Dulles”, pp.
, Rebellion in Black Africa (Oxford University Press, pp. 419-420
, Rebellion in Black Africa (Oxford University Press, 1971), p.
Richard Barnet, Intervention and Revolution (London, 1970) p pp. 419-420
Richard Barnet, Intervention and Revolution (London, 1970) p.
d) a Chomsky and Edward Herman, The Washington pp. 421-422
d) a Chomsky and Edward Herman, The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism (Boston, 1979) see index.
Jerome Slater, “The Dominican Republic, 1961-66” in Barry pp. 421-422
Jerome Slater, “The Dominican Republic, 1961-66” in Barry Blechman and Stephen Kaplan, Force Without War: U.
John Bartlow Martin, Overtaken by Events: The Dominican pp. 421-422
John Bartlow Martin, Overtaken by Events: The Dominican Crisis From the Fall of Trujillo to the Civil War (New York, 1966) p.
Attacks on Cuba: a) eeoeieer to and George pp. 423-424
Attacks on Cuba: a) eeoeieer to and George Crile III, “The Kennedy Vendetta”, Harper’s magazine (New York), August 1975, pp.
3; Washington Post, 1 June 1966; 30 September pp. 423-424
3; Washington Post, 1 June 1966; 30 September 1966; plus many other articles in both newspapers during the 1960s d) Warren Hinckle and Willi…
Turner, The Fish is Red: The Story of pp. 423-424
Turner, The Fish is Red: The Story of the Secret War Against Castro (Harper & Row, New York, 1981) passim.
Another account is that 25 Russians who made pp. 425-427
Another account is that 25 Russians who made up Nkrumah’s palace guard were all shot and killed when they tried to surrender: Seymour Friedi…
, Edward Boorstein, Allende’s Chile: An Inside View pp. 425-427
, Edward Boorstein, Allende’s Chile: An Inside View (New York, 1977) and James Petras and Morris H.
- One of the publications closed down was pp. 425-427
- One of the publications closed down was Punto Final, a magazine put out by the left wing of Allende’s own Socialist Party, during a state…
34, states that Anschuetz served in the Military pp. 428-429
34, states that Anschuetz served in the Military Intelligence Service of the US Army during World War 2 and joined the CIA in 1950.
119, for evidence of the fraudulent nature of pp. 428-429
119, for evidence of the fraudulent nature of the junta’s claims before the coup of a communist threat; State Department statement: New York…
BOLIVIA 1964 to 1975 The account of the pp. 428-429
BOLIVIA 1964 to 1975 The account of the events leading up to the coup of 1964 was derived primarily from the following sources: a) Cole Blas…
Stephen Schlesinger and Stephen Kinzer, Bitter Fruit: The pp. 430-431
Stephen Schlesinger and Stephen Kinzer, Bitter Fruit: The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala (New York, 1982), p.
72-3; d) Michael Klare, War Without End (Random pp. 430-431
72-3; d) Michael Klare, War Without End (Random House, New York, 1972) pp.
Intervention in Central America and the Caribbean (Latin pp. 430-431
Intervention in Central America and the Caribbean (Latin American Bureau, London, updated edition 1982) p.
c) Russel Ward, The History of Australia: The pp. 432-434
c) Russel Ward, The History of Australia: The Twentieth Century, 1901-1975 (London, 1978) pp.
14-15, 132, 172 and elsewhere; c) Basil Davidson, pp. 432-434
14-15, 132, 172 and elsewhere; c) Basil Davidson, In the Eye of the Storm: Angola’s People (London, 1972) passim; d) Ernest Harsch and Tony…
266- 75 (BOSS is the South African Bureau pp. 432-434
266- 75 (BOSS is the South African Bureau of State Security); Bob Woodward, VEIL: The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981-1987 (New York, 1987), p.
US presence: Hugh O’Shaughnessy, Grenada: Revolution, Invasion and pp. 435-437
US presence: Hugh O’Shaughnessy, Grenada: Revolution, Invasion and Aftermath (London, 1984) p.
156 (O’Shaughnessy was the Latin America correspondent for pp. 435-437
156 (O’Shaughnessy was the Latin America correspondent for The Observer and before that for The Financial Times, both London; he won a Briti…
Gilmore, The Grenada Intervention: Analysis and Documentation (London, pp. 435-437
Gilmore, The Grenada Intervention: Analysis and Documentation (London, 1984) Part II, “The Grenada Intervention in International Law” and Ap…
11; Bob Woodward, VEIL: The Secret Wars of pp. 438-439
11; Bob Woodward, VEIL: The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981-1987 (New York, 1987), pp.
In December 1992, German officials charged a Palestinian pp. 438-439
In December 1992, German officials charged a Palestinian with the bombing.
1, for a story about Qaddafi’s plans for pp. 438-439
1, for a story about Qaddafi’s plans for new anti-US terrorist attacks and US plans to attack Libya, and Washington Post, 2 October 1986 whi…
The Guardian (London) 23 July 1983 Bob Woodward, pp. 440-441
The Guardian (London) 23 July 1983 Bob Woodward, VEIL: The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981-1987 (New York, 1987), p.
Intervention in the Nicaraguan Elections and American Foreign pp. 440-441
Intervention in the Nicaraguan Elections and American Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War Era (Westview Press, Colorado, 1992) pp.
forces”, Harper’s Magazine (New York), September 1990; 2) pp. 440-441
forces”, Harper’s Magazine (New York), September 1990; 2) Los Angeles Times, 1 April 1990, op-ed article by David and John Kiyonaga, lawyers…
William Jorden, US Ambassador to Panama 1974-78, has pp. 442-443
William Jorden, US Ambassador to Panama 1974-78, has written that he’s almost certain that US intelligence agents gave the plotters tacit ap…
The same article reports that Edward Everett Briggs, pp. 442-443
The same article reports that Edward Everett Briggs, who had been US Ambassador to Panama, had told Bush of Noriega’s connection to drugs in…
In October 1989, President Bush, perhaps in reaction pp. 442-443
In October 1989, President Bush, perhaps in reaction to this congressional rejection, and in anticipation of the upcoming invasion of Panama…
War Crimes in the Gulf (Thunder’s Mouth Press, pp. 444-445
War Crimes in the Gulf (Thunder’s Mouth Press, NY, 1992), pp.
Tariq Aziz, to the Secretary-General of the Arab pp. 444-445
Tariq Aziz, to the Secretary-General of the Arab League, July 15, 1990”, Appendix 1 of Pierre Salinger and Eric Laurent, Secret Dossier: The…
How the Bush Administration Bungled its Way to pp. 444-445
How the Bush Administration Bungled its Way to War in the Gulf”, The Village Voice (New York), 22 January 1991, p.
Bob Woodward, The Commanders (Simon & Schuster, New pp. 446-447
Bob Woodward, The Commanders (Simon & Schuster, New York, 1991), pp.
72; Dilip Hiro, The Longest War: The Iran- pp. 446-447
72; Dilip Hiro, The Longest War: The Iran- Iraq Military Conflict (London, 1989), p.
Needless Deaths in the Gulf War: Civilian Casualties pp. 446-447
Needless Deaths in the Gulf War: Civilian Casualties During the Air Campaign and Violations of the Laws of War, a report of Middle East Watc…
KILLING HOPE Phillip Bonosky, Washington’s Secret War Against pp. 448-449
KILLING HOPE Phillip Bonosky, Washington’s Secret War Against Afghanistan (International Publishers, New York, 1985), pp.
On 16 January 1980, a PDP spokesperson told pp. 448-449
On 16 January 1980, a PDP spokesperson told the Afghan News Agency (Bakhtar): “In September 1979, Amin began preparing the ground for a rapp…
3; though written after the Soviet invasion, the pp. 448-449
3; though written after the Soviet invasion, the article refers to April 1979.
146, 156-7; Liisa North, Bitter Grounds: Roots of pp. 450-451
146, 156-7; Liisa North, Bitter Grounds: Roots of Revolt in El Salvador (Toronto, 1981) Appendix I, Chronology of Events — February 1977-Jun…
“Dissent Paper on El Salvador and Central America”, pp. 450-451
“Dissent Paper on El Salvador and Central America”, 6 November 1980, Section B3, ‘International Context’ (Argentina Chile, Uruguay) - this d…
Bob Woodward, VEIL: The Secret Wars of the pp. 450-451
Bob Woodward, VEIL: The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981-1987 (New York, 1987), pp.
Howard French, New York Times, 27 September 1992, pp. 452-453
Howard French, New York Times, 27 September 1992, p.
B4 See William Blum, “Rogue State: A Guide pp. 454-458
B4 See William Blum, “Rogue State: A Guide to the World’s Only Superpower” (Common Courage Press, Maine, 2000) for brief descriptions of the…
Marc Herold, Blown Away: The Myth and Reality pp. 454-458
Marc Herold, Blown Away: The Myth and Reality of “Precision Bombing” in Afghanistan (Common Courage Press, Maine, 2003), Appendix 4, “Daily…
bombing and special forces attacks, October 7, 2001 pp. 454-458
bombing and special forces attacks, October 7, 2001 until present day” For further discussion, see essay by William Blum: “September 11, 200…
US bombs Iraq over Bush assassination plot pp. 465-468
Government Assassination Plots On June 26, 1993, the United States carried out a bombing attack on Iraq in retal- iation for an alleged Iraq…
1949 - Kim Koo, Korean opposition leader 1950s pp. 465-468
1949 - Kim Koo, Korean opposition leader 1950s - CIA/Neo-Nazi hit list of more than 200 political figures in West Germany to be “put out of…
Germany), 116 Instituto Cultural Trabalho (Brazil), 168 Inter-American pp. 471-474
Germany), 116 Instituto Cultural Trabalho (Brazil), 168 Inter-American Police Academy (Panama), 234 International Police Academy (Washington…
), 345 Wilson, Edwin, 287 Wilson, William, 286 pp. 471-474
), 345 Wilson, Edwin, 287 Wilson, William, 286 Wisner, Frank, 56, 99 Wolfowitz, Paul, 321 Woolsey, James, 392 World Bank, 20, 211, 273, 275,…
His stay in Chile in 1972-3, writing about pp. 471-474
His stay in Chile in 1972-3, writing about the Allende government’s “socialist experiment”, and then its tragic overthrow in a CIA-designed…