Events, Verisoph

1933 German business pays into the Adolf Hitler Endowment 1 cit. After Hitler took power, major companies paid regular contributions into a fund known as the Adolf Hitler Endowment of German Industry. It channeled business money to the Nazi leadership on an ongoing basis. The arrangement bound German industry to the regime and bought a measure of quiet cooperation. economy / politics ●●

c. 1933 IBM's German subsidiary supplies punch-card machines 1 cit. IBM's German subsidiary Dehomag leased and serviced Hollerith punch-card tabulating machines used in German censuses and record-keeping. In his book IBM and the Holocaust, Edwin Black argues this data technology helped the regime identify and track victims. Black's charge of knowing complicity is his interpretation; the machines and the business relationship are documented. economy / technology ●●●

c. 1933 Luhya families are displaced and given token compensation 4 cit. Luhya families whose land fell inside the mining area were moved aside so prospecting and mining could go ahead. Compensation was small and set by the administration, not by the people who lost the use of their land. The reserve had been redrawn around European interests, and its residents had little say in the outcome. economy / society ●●●

c. 1933 Kalecki sketches a demand-led theory of output 1 cit. Michal Kalecki developed an independent demand-led macroeconomics in the early 1930s, before The General Theory appeared in English. His work is a useful warning against treating Keynesian economics as one man inventing the whole field from nothing; similar problems were pushing several economists toward aggregate-demand explanations. economy / science ●●●

c. 1934 to c. 1975 Sweden runs decades-long sterilization program 1 cit. Sweden forcibly or coercively sterilized around 60,000 people, mostly women, under eugenic and social policy. The program showed that eugenics took hold in democracies, not only under the Nazis. politics / society ●

1934 Shifting membership of the League of Nations Council ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Germany joined the League in 1926 and withdrew with Japan in 1933; the Soviet Union was admitted in 1934 and expelled in 1939 after attacking Finland. ●●

1934 German budget reveals rearmament (March 1934) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The German budget released in March 1934 showed 210 million marks for an air force forbidden by Versailles and a sharp increase in the army appropriation. ●●

1934 United States returns to gold at a devalued dollar ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On February 1, 1934, the United States went back on the gold standard at a large devaluation, cutting the gold content to 59.06 percent of the 1932 figure and offering to buy gold at $35 an ounce. ●●

1934 Hull Reciprocal Trade Program enacted ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The reciprocal trade act of 1934, renewed thereafter, let the US executive negotiate tariff cuts of up to 50 percent in exchange for concessions. Through most-favored-nation clauses these bilateral deals worked multilaterally. ●●

1934 Night of the Long Knives (blood purge) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 30, 1934, Hitler had the SS arrest SA leaders gathered at Bad Wiessee and shot most at once. Several thousand were killed, making the Nazi movement a counterrevolution of the Right protecting the economic status quo. ●●

1934 Hitler combines presidency and chancellorship ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Hindenburg's death in August 1934, the army let Hitler become president. Combining the two offices gave him the power to rule by decree and supreme command of the army, secured by a personal oath from every soldier. ●●

1934 Charter of Labor reshapes German industrial relations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Charter of Labor of January 20, 1934, declared the plant leader decided against the followers in all statutory matters. Quigley argues it stripped workers of collective agreements and any defense against employers. ●●

1934 The Chinese Communist Long March ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Chinese Communist army, its exactions having disillusioned peasant supporters, retreated in an orderly withdrawal on a six-thousand-mile route to northwestern China in 1934-1935. ●●

1934 Nazi coup and murder of Dollfuss in Austria ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hitler attempted a Nazi coup in Austria, murdering Chancellor Dollfuss in July 1934, but was blocked when Mussolini mobilized Italian troops on the Brenner frontier and issued a stern warning. ●●

1934 Assassination of King Alexander and Barthou at Marseilles ai_extracted 1 cit. no story An assassination plot condoned by Mussolini and carried out by revisionist elements murdered King Alexander of Yugoslavia and French foreign minister Jean Louis Barthou at Marseilles in October 1934. ●●

1934 Spanish conspirators' arms agreement with Mussolini ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Four men representing the officers, Carlists, and Alfonsist party signed an agreement with Mussolini on 31 March 1934, receiving money, rifles, grenades, and machine guns for the revolutionary movement against the Spanish republic. ●●

1934 Austria's corporative constitution of 1934 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Using the emergency decree power of 1917, a new constitution was declared on 24 April 1934, changing Austria from a democratic republic into a Christian, German, corporative, federal state, though the government continued to rule by decree. ●●

1934 German army adopts armored warfare theory ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The new theory of concentrated armored warfare, rejected in France where its advocate Colonel de Gaulle remained a colonel, was accepted in the German army notably by Heinz Guderian in 1934 and used effectively against Poland and the Western Front in 1940. ●●

1934 Nye Committee investigates arms sales and WWI ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1934 a U.S. Senate committee, which fell under isolationist control, investigated the role of foreign loans and munitions sales in drawing America into World War I. Its findings fed the belief that bankers and 'merchants of death' had pushed intervention. ●●

1934 Fermi splits uranium atoms in Rome ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As early as 1934 Enrico Fermi and Emilio Segre in Rome split uranium atoms with neutrons without realizing they had done so, an early step toward fission. ●●

1934 Smuts's 1934 RIIA speech opens the second appeasement phase ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley marks Smuts's November 1934 speech before the Royal Institute of International Affairs as the start of the Group's active appeasement period, calling for full equality of status for Germany. ●●

1934 Curtis publishes Civitas Dei ai_extracted 1 cit. Lionel Curtis's three-volume work argued that all history leads to a federation of the English-speaking peoples. Quigley treats it as central Milner Group propaganda for an Oceanic bloc. ●●

1934 Technocracy, Inc. incorporated ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Howard Scott and M. King Hubbert filed articles of incorporation in early 1934 to create Technocracy, Inc. in New York as a membership organization. ●●

1934 Technocracy Study Course published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1934 Scott and Hubbert published the 280-page Technocracy Study Course, largely written by Hubbert. It laid out a detailed framework for an energy-based society. ●●

1934 Cubberley's Public Education 1934 edition ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto points to the 1934 edition of Ellwood P. Cubberley's Public Education in the United States, which he says openly explains how the factory system lengthened childhood dependence. ●●

1934 Congress investigates William Wirt's statements ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A House select committee held hearings in April 1934 to investigate statements by Dr. William Wirt, the former Gary superintendent, who had testified about a plan to prolong the Depression. ●●

1934 Dollar stabilized at $35 an ounce ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In January 1934, Roosevelt agreed to fix gold at $35 an ounce, ending months of daily price-setting. The dollar had now been devalued by more than 40 percent, and the move helped reverse deflation. ●●

1934 Irving Fisher's counterfactual on Strong ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1934, Yale economist Irving Fisher told a House committee that when Strong died his policies died with him. Fisher was the first of many to argue the Depression might have unfolded differently had Strong lived. ●●

1934 US ends dollar convertibility to gold for citizens ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From 1934 onward, US citizens were no longer able to cash in their dollars for gold. ●●

1934 Securities Exchange Act bill introduced in Congress ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To deal with this matter, the Fletcher-Rayburn bill, which would become known as the Securities Exchange Act, was introduced on February 10, 1934. It met with an intense and... ●●

1934 8 OUN activists had been rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 8 OUN activists had been in the business of assassination and terror since the earliest days of the group and were responsible for the 1934 murder of Polish Interior Minister General Bronislav Pieracki, among others. ●●

1934 Soviet State 'Victory' in Agricultural Collectivization rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1934, the Soviet state had militarily defeated peasant resistance to collectivization. However, this Pyrrhic victory failed to achieve most high-modernist agricultural goals while achieving only state appropriation and political control. ●●

1934 Stavisky scandal triggers French political crisis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The suicide of fraudster Stavisky in January 1934 exposed a major financial scandal that precipitated an attempted right-wing coup the following month, destabilizing the French government. ●●

1934 Like many sons of strong (1934) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As a classical scholar, Max Adolph shared Aby’s delight in untangling myths and decoding symbols. In 1934, he received a teacher’s diploma from Hambur... ●●

1934 In comparing their later attitudes toward Germany (1934) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In comparing their later attitudes toward Germany, Grunfeld would always stress that Siegmund had left Germany voluntarily, whereas he had fled from p... ●●

1934 In late 1934, she went to Nevada to get a divorce from Jimmy (1934) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In late 1934, she went to Nevada to get a divorce from Jimmy. ●●

1934 In late 1934, he published a book, It’s Up to Us, that drew... (1934) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In late 1934, he published a book, It’s Up to Us, that drew an analogy between the New Deal and the totalitarian states in Europe. ●●

1934 By late 1934, he insisted upon an end to the marriage to... (1934) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By late 1934, he insisted upon an end to the marriage to Kay Swift, who got a Reno divorce. ●●

1934 (After arriving in London, Siegmund remained a Warburg... (1934) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (After arriving in London, Siegmund remained a Warburg partner in Hamburg and Amsterdam, retaining personal liability there.) Submitting a naturalization petition in 1934, Siegmund was sponsored by the barons of British finance—the Rothschilds, the Hambros, the Barings, and Lord Bearsted of M. ●●

1934 On June 28, 1934, Max met with Franz von Papen to protest... (1934) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 28, 1934, Max met with Franz von Papen to protest the treatment of Jews, and the vice-chancellor was charming, if noncommittal. ●●

1934 In July 1934, he met with Hitler in Bayreuth, where the... (1934) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In July 1934, he met with Hitler in Bayreuth, where the Führer drank in inspiration at the Wagner festival. ●●

1934 After the 1934 “Night of the Long Knives” came a crackdown... (1934) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the 1934 “Night of the Long Knives” came a crackdown on homosexuality, which had been rampant in the SA. ●●

1934 In 1934, he had spearheaded the Joint’s... (1934) rejected ai_extracted 3 cit. no story In 1934, he had spearheaded the Joint’s three-million-dollar effort to resettle Jews there as honorary president of the Palestine Economic Corporation. ●●

1934 7. Weizmann, Letters and Papers, Vol. XVI, pp rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 7. Weizmann, Letters and Papers, Vol. XVI, pp. 276–77. Letter to Lola Hahn-War-burg, April 22, 1934. ●●

1934 9. Ibid., letter to Lola Hahn-Warburg, April 22 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 9. Ibid., letter to Lola Hahn-Warburg, April 22, 1934. ●●

1934 1. Der Stürmer, September 1934 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1. Der Stürmer, September 1934. ●●

1934 3. FW. B297 F3, letter to Paul Baerwald rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 3. FW. B297 F3, letter to Paul Baerwald, October 27, 1934. ●●

1934 Philosophical Research Society founded in Los Angeles ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ground was broken on the Philosophical Research Society campus in Los Angeles, founded by Manly Hall as an academy to house his extensive book collection and serve as a meeting place for esoteric discussions. Hall supervised the distinctive Mayan-Egyptian-Art Deco architecture. ●●

1934 As Fermi’s team had discovered in Rome in 1934, hydrogen was more efficient than candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Fermi’s team had discovered in Rome in 1934, hydrogen was more efficient than any other element at slowing down neutrons, and slow neutrons avoided the parasitic capture resonance of U238. ●●

1934 in the wake of Fermi’s June Nature article “Possible production of elements of atomic number higher candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story in the wake of Fermi’s June Nature article “Possible production of elements of atomic number higher than 92,” a curious paper appeared in a publication seldom read by physicists, the Zeitschrift für Angewandte Chemie—the Journal of Applied Chemistry. ●●

1934 makes the assumption explicit: “It is reasonable to assume that the atomic number of the active elem rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story makes the assumption explicit: “It is reasonable to assume that the atomic number of the active element should be close to the atomic number . ●●

1934 Meitner and Hahn renew uranium neutron work ai_extracted 1 cit. no story when, challenged by Fermi’s work, she “persuaded Otto Hahn to renew our direct collaboration” to explore the consequences of bombarding uranium with neutrons. ●●

1934 he had arranged for Brasch and his colleagues in Berlin to break up beryllium with hard X rays; the candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story he had arranged for Brasch and his colleagues in Berlin to break up beryllium with hard X rays; the experiment had been a success and Brasch and four other contributors had signed the report to Nature along with Chalmers and Szilard. ●●

1934 hydrogen was more efficient than any other element at slowing down neutrons, and slow neutrons avoid rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story hydrogen was more efficient than any other element at slowing down neutrons, and slow neutrons avoided the parasitic capture resonance of U238. ●●

1934 1934: tician, and her father was an insurance executive. She graduated from rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story tician, and her father was an insurance executive. She graduated from Vassar with a degree in math and physics, then went on to Yale, where in 1934 sh ●●

1934 was the first in his family to attend college rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jack Rosenberg, from New Brunswick, New Jersey, was the first in his family to attend college, entering MIT in 1934 at age sixteen ●●

1934 The citizenry was never given the opportunity to approve or disapprove... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The citizenry was never given the opportunity to approve or disapprove the wholesale transfer of broadcasting rights to commercial interests back in 1934,25 and the pledge made by those interests, and ●●

1934 Event of 1934 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 59 As in the failed effort to coordinate American population organiza- tions in 1934, these difficulties reflected disagreement over basic strategy ●●

1934 assurances to protestors that they were not funding rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story assurances to protestors that they were not funding Rüdin himself but rather two doctors working under his direction. But this hardly believable story was itself internally contradicted. A March 16, 1934, letter to Appleget by the foundation’s Paris representative reminded, “There is however another ●●

1934 le its grants specified that money go to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story le its grants specified that money go to one project, Nazi science administrators were quite willing to divert it to another department with a greater ideological priority. For example, in October of 1934, Alan Gregg, director of the foundation’s Division of Medical Sciences received a blunt letter ●●

1934 Hitler, his articles continued to be cited in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hitler, his articles continued to be cited in Eugenical News.14 Even after the Nazis assumed power in 1933, the American eugenic and medical media kept Verschuer in the spotlight. In January of 1934, t h e Journal of the American Medical Association cited a paper he presented at the German Congress ●●

1934 ear, both Eugenical News and American Journal of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ear, both Eugenical News and American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology highlighted him as a leader for his work in developing more than a thousand Nazi marriage screening centers. In September of 1934, JAMA questioned Verschuer’s estimate that the frequency of hereditary blindness in vulnerable ●●

1934 rains in batches of 150-250 at a time. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story rains in batches of 150-250 at a time. … I accepted the brains, of course.”121 Direct Rockefeller funding for Hallervorden and Spatz’s Institute for Brain Research during the Hitler regime stopped in 1934, and funding for ●●

1934 hrop Stoddard, The Rising Tide of Color (New rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story hrop Stoddard, The Rising Tide of Color (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1926) p . xxix-xxxi, p. 306-308. 18. “Delegates Urge Wider Practice of Sterilization,” Richmond Times- Dispatch, 16 January 1934. 19. International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg Military Tribunal, Green Book, Volume V, p. 159 ●●

1934 t annual state Conference of Charities and Corrections candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story t annual state Conference of Charities and Corrections that the kindest “act of charity” society could show to an economically disadvantaged or “degenerate” person was to sterilize the individual. In 1934, Connecticut Congregationalist Pastor George Reid Andrews walked away from his pulpit to assume ●●

1934 Goebbels and Goering re- garded Berlin as their personal fiefdom.’' Hamburg lived up to its repu- ta rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Goebbels and Goering re- garded Berlin as their personal fiefdom.’' Hamburg lived up to its repu- tation as a dangerous centre of revolution by returning the lowest support for Hitler, in the referendum following Hindenburg’s death in November 1934. ●●

1934 Schacht suspends all German foreign debt payments ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The economic crisis came to a head right on cue.’* On 14 June 1934 Schacht declared a complete suspension of foreign currency payments on all Germany’s international debt. ●●

1934 Once the initial violence of the seizure of power had passed, Jewish emigration dwindled to only 23, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Once the initial violence of the seizure of power had passed, Jewish emigration dwindled to only 23,000 in 1934 and 21,000 in 1935. ●●

1934 However, by the spring of 1934, as the Reichsbank’s reserves fell to crisis levels, this optimism be rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story However, by the spring of 1934, as the Reichsbank’s reserves fell to crisis levels, this optimism began to wear rather thin.** Despite its prom- ising beginnings the export subsidy system based on debt buy-backs was not working. ●●

1934 Reichsbank cuts foreign exchange quotas for importers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story True to his word, in March 1934 the Reichsbank began progressively reduc- ing the monthly foreign exchange quotas for Germany’s importers. ●●

1934 The markets responded with a flurry of speculation.** Mean- while, in the summer of 1934 business ci rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The markets responded with a flurry of speculation.** Mean- while, in the summer of 1934 business circles began to make their own preparations. ●●

1934 Though its critics denounced the Krogmann Plan as just one more cranky currency scheme, a similar sy rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Though its critics denounced the Krogmann Plan as just one more cranky currency scheme, a similar system was in fact adopted by Austria in early 1934 and this was widely cited as an example in German debates.*° By 19 July 1934 the RWM had finalized a ●●

1934 The American government could protest on behalf of its private creditors, as it did in early 1934. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The American government could protest on behalf of its private creditors, as it did in early 1934. ●●

1934 Anglo-German Payments Agreement signed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The British for their part allowed themselves to be enrolled in a bilateral commercial agreement in the form of the Anglo-German Payments Agreement of 1 November 1934. ●●

1934 US Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act enacted ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With the dollar having finally ended its precipitatecollapse, Hull began a systematic campaign for trade liberalization with the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of June 1934.” This sought to use selective reductions in American tariffs as a way of pr ●●

1934 The national campaign against ‘critics and rubbishers’, which he had launched with his anti-Semitic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The national campaign against ‘critics and rubbishers’, which he had launched with his anti-Semitic tirade of May 1934, had not gone well. ●●

1934 Schacht takes over the Reich Economics Ministry ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In early 1934 Hitler began to exert personal pressure for a more substantial programme and once Hjalmar Schacht took over at the RWM in August 1934, in the midst of the disastrous foreign exchange crisis, he got his wish. ●●

1934 Kranefuss’s appointment to head Brabag was approved by Hitler himself in a meeting with Schacht and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kranefuss’s appointment to head Brabag was approved by Hitler himself in a meeting with Schacht and Keppler in early November 1934. ●●

1934 Fritz Todt put in charge of autobahn construction ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To remedy this deficit, the autobahn project was announced in the summer and by early 1934 responsibility for national road construction and repair had beenconsolidated in the hands of Fritz Todt. ●●

1934 In general, however, a wholesale increase in food prices was ruled out by fear of provoking the kind rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In general, however, a wholesale increase in food prices was ruled out by fear of provoking the kind of public outrage that had shown itself in 1934.It was this political freezing of the price system that created the appearance of shortages, forcing ●●

1934 He could not afford to allow Britain to unpick 233 THE WAGES OF DESTRUCTION the complex structure o rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He could not afford to allow Britain to unpick 233 THE WAGES OF DESTRUCTION the complex structure of bilateral agreements he had established since 1934, of which the Anglo-German Payments Agreement was the corner- stone. ●●

1934 1915-34 - Haiti - July rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1915-34 - Haiti - July 28, 1915 to August 15, 1934: To maintain order during a period of chronic and threatened insurrection ●●

1934 1934 - China: Marines landed rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1934 - China: Marines landed at Foochow to protect the American Consulate ●●

c. 1 January 1934 Nazi Eugenics Officials Praise the California Model 2 cit. Nazi officials and eugenicists publicly credited American sterilization laws as their inspiration. Dr. Falk Ruttke, a Nazi legal official, and Dr. Fritz Lenz both praised California's program, and a German eugenics researcher wrote to Human Betterment Foundation co-founder Paul Popenoe that his organization's work "had been studied with great interest by the National Socialist Government." Historian Stefan Kuhl documented extensive correspondence and personal exchanges between American and German eugenicists in this period. diplomacy / politics / science ●●

1934 The Kenya Land Commission Report ai_extracted 1 cit. The Kenya Land Commission, which took evidence in 1932, reported in 1934 and confirmed existing European title to the White Highlands. It offered the Kikuyu only small amounts of lower-quality land as compensation and effectively extinguished African claims to lands occupied by whites, deepening the land grievance that fed the rebellion. ●●

c. 1934 Standard Oil fuel additives reach German aviation 1 cit. Through joint ventures tied to the tetraethyl lead process, know-how for high-octane aviation fuel additives passed into German hands in the 1930s. The additive was important for military aircraft engines. The arrangement is documented in corporate records and later investigations, and is a business-history fact rather than a claim of intent. economy / technology ●●

1934 Special Districts Ordinance entrenches separate rule in the north 3 cit. The Special Districts (Administration) Ordinance gave officials in the northern districts sweeping powers to restrict movement, seize livestock and detain people with little check. It formalised the closed-district system, treating the north as a security zone rather than a place to be developed. The framework shaped how the state dealt with Somalis for decades. politics / society ●●●

1934 The Talai clan is deported from the tea highlands 5 cit. Under the Laibons Removal Ordinance of 1934, the colonial government deported the Talai, the Kipsigis ruling clan whose orkoiik led resistance, away from the highlands to Gwassi in South Nyanza. The removal broke community leadership and cleared people from land wanted for settlement and tea. The Talai remained in detention and exile for decades. politics / society ●●●

1934 The El Molo population falls to a few dozen 5 cit. A 1934 count recorded only about 84 El Molo, a low point for one of Africa's smallest peoples. Long isolation and marriage within a tiny group are linked by researchers to health problems and disease vulnerability. A narrow, fish-heavy diet in a harsh setting compounded the strain. science / society ●●

1934 Moi enters Africa Inland Mission schooling at Kabartonjo 2 cit. In 1934 Moi was among the Sacho herdboys recommended for the Africa Inland Mission school at Kabartonjo. The mission-school route was his first major colonial tie: literacy, Christianity, discipline, and connection to the small educated African class that colonial officials could later recognize. religion / society ●●●

March 1935 Triumph of the Will 1 cit. Leni Riefenstahl's film Triumph of the Will, released in 1935, staged the 1934 Nazi Party rally as monumental spectacle. It is studied as a landmark and a warning about the persuasive power of film propaganda. culture / politics ●●●

15 September 1935 Nuremberg Laws codify Nazi racial hierarchy 1 cit. The Nazi regime stripped Jews of citizenship and banned marriage between Jews and other Germans, giving racial hygiene the force of law. The laws laid legal groundwork for persecution that led to the Holocaust. politics / society ●●●

1935 Saar plebiscite votes to rejoin Germany (1935) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When the Saar plebiscite was held in 1935 after League administration, only about 2,000 of some 528,000 voters chose France, the overwhelming majority preferring union with Germany. ●●

1935 Belgium devalues, first to break the gold bloc ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Belgium was the first gold-bloc member to yield, imposing exchange controls on March 18, 1935, and devaluing the belga to about 72 percent of its former gold content on March 30. Recovery followed quickly. ●●

1935 Stakhanovism launched ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1935 a miner named Stakhanov mined 102 tons of coal in a day, fourteen times the usual output. Such staged feats were used to justify speedups, higher quotas, and wider wage differences. ●●

1935 Kirov murder opens the Old Bolshevik purges ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the secret-police murder of Stalinist supporter Serge Kirov in 1935, many Old Bolsheviks including Zinoviev and Kamenev were tried for treason, beginning the great purge trials. ●●

1935 Quigley: the 1935 general election was the most shameful of modern times ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley calls the 1935 general election, which gave the Conservatives ten more years, the most shameful of modern times. He argues they campaigned on collective security while secretly arranging to hand Italy two-thirds of Ethiopia. ●●

1935 Hoare's secret deal on Ethiopia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Publicly pledging Britain's support for collective security against Italy at Geneva, Foreign Secretary Hoare had stopped in Paris to arrange a secret deal giving Italy two-thirds of Ethiopia. ●●

1935 Concentration of assets in eight US power groups ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts that eight power groups (Morgan, Rockefeller, Kuhn Loeb, Mellon, du Pont and three local groups) controlled about $61 billion of the $198 billion held by the 250 largest US corporations at the end of 1935. ●●

1935 Stresa Front against German rearmament ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Germany announced rearmament in March 1935, France, Italy, and Britain formed a common front at the Stresa Conference in April 1935, and the League of Nations denounced Germany's action the same week. ●●