Events, Verisoph

1979 Year 1979: Kashani on foreign yoke: Cottam, Richard W., Natio rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kashani on foreign yoke: Cottam, Richard W., Nationalism in Iran (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1979), p. ●●

1979 Islamic Revolution establishes theocracy in Iran ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Shah's dictatorship produced the Islamic Revolution which brought anti-American theocracy to power that embraced terrorism as statecraft. ●●

1979 Mob attacks the US Embassy in Kabul ai_extracted 1 cit. no story An angry mob broke into the US Embassy compound in Kabul. William Putscher, a US auditor, was present during the violence. ●●

1979 US Marine Stephen Crowley dies in Kabul embassy attack ai_extracted 1 cit. no story US Marine Stephen Crowley died when the oxygen supply ran out while he was being sheltered in the embassy vault. ●●

1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ai_extracted 8 cit. KGB paramilitaries chased Hafizullah Amin through his Kabul palace as Soviet tanks reached their staging areas during the December 1979 invasion. ●●

1979 Gairy flies to New York to discuss cosmic phenomena ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On March 11, 1979, Gairy flew to New York to discuss “cosmic phenomena” with United Nations Secretary General Kurt Waldheim (1979) ●●

1979 Only if one takes the story back to 1979 do British stocks beat British bricks. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Only if one takes the story back to 1979 do British stocks beat British bricks. ●●

1979 (It also bought Hitachi computers for the office, something it woul... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Morgan Stanley directors had an emotional, protracted debate about whether to reject the IBM offer and miss a fee of approximately $1 million. The meeting was filled with high-flown rhetoric about upholding tradition. Bob Baldwin and Fred Whittemo... ●●

1979 In 1979, Morgan Stanley earned a stratospheric $14.3-million fee fo... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story There was more bad news. About two years before, Morgan Stanley had set up a “risk arbitrage” department to speculate in takeover targets. As would become clear during the insider trading scandals of the 1980s, such operations were incompatible wi... ●●

1979 Starting in 1979, the London-based Morgan Guaranty Ltd rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER THIRTY-THREE TRADERS IN the early 1980s, as the final vestiges of fraternity among the Morgan houses disappeared and Morgan Guaranty abandoned wholesale lending to enter global investment banking, it ran into Morgan Stanley. It was also o... ●●

1979 NYT, January 23, 1979 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 23. Ibid., March 22, 1988. 24. ●●

1979 When Peter Stormonth Darling became rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Peter Stormonth Darling became chairman of Warburg Investment Management in 1979, Siegmund instructed him, “Now, Peter, you are the chairman of... ●●

1979 “Siegmund was the most facile rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Siegmund was the most facile and scintillating conversationalist I’d ever met in my life,” Reich recalled.7 In 1979, Siegmund agreed to a rare,... ●●

1979 In 1979, he went to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1979, he went to see the antique collection of the Munich Glyptothek, which had six glass cabinets filled with Jim Loeb’s exquisite Greek figures.... ●●

1979 In 1979, he sailed to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1979, he sailed to Denmark and Poland on the Warburg schooner, Atalanta, with his fellow Hamburger, Chancellor Helmut Schmidt. After one Bonn... ●●

1979 “The Legacy of Displaced Persons—A rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The Legacy of Displaced Persons—A Personal Chronicle.” Presented at a Meeting on the Holocaust, Hunter College, New York, October 22, 1979. Sharp,... ●●

1979 Iran hostage crisis begins ai_extracted 1 cit. no story American hostages were seized in Tehran following the Iranian revolution, held for 444 days and damaging American prestige and the Carter presidency. ●●

1979 China and US establish diplomatic relations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Normalization of relations between China and US provides baseline for measuring recent relationship deterioration. ●●

1979 Kennan, Decline of Bismarck’s European Order (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979), p rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kennan, Decline of Bismarck’s European Order (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979), p. ●●

1979 Carter authorizes covert aid to Afghan rebels ai_extracted 1 cit. no story According to Zbigniew Brzezinski, President Carter signed the first directive for secret aid to opponents of the pro-Soviet regime in Kabul on July 3, 1979. ●●

1979 1979: In May 1979 Fylstra demonstrated an early version of VisiCal... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story conferences into a business of his own and then started a venture capital firm in Manhattan. In May 1979 Fylstra demonstrated an early version of VisiCalc at Rosen’s Personal Computer Forum in his hom ●●

1979 1979: Jobs’s two main visits with his team to Xerox PARC were in D... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story and Engelbart had envisioned. Jobs’s two main visits with his team to Xerox PARC were in December 1979. Jef Raskin, an Apple engineer who was designing a friendly computer that would eventually become ●●

1979 1979: Their exit visas came through in May 1979, when Sergey was f... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story s father applied to emigrate, he and his wife lost their jobs. Their exit visas came through in May 1979, when Sergey was five. With the help of the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, they settled in a wor ●●

1979 1979: then started a venture capital firm in Manhattan. In May 1979 Fylstra rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story then started a venture capital firm in Manhattan. In May 1979 Fylstra demonstrated an early version of VisiCalc at Rosen’s Personal Computer Forum in ●●

1979 1979: hat Bush, Licklider, and Engelbart had envisioned. Jobs’s two main vis rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story hat Bush, Licklider, and Engelbart had envisioned. Jobs’s two main visits with his team to Xerox PARC were in December 1979. Jef Raskin, an Apple engi ●●

1979 1979: lied to emigrate, he and his wife lost their jobs. Their exit visas ca rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story lied to emigrate, he and his wife lost their jobs. Their exit visas came through in May 1979, when Sergey was five. With the help of the Hebrew Immigr ●●

1979 Event of 1979 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story to four wars: in 1948, 1956, 1967, and 1973. In each, Israeli arms prevailed. Sadat’s national-interest-based switch to, in effect, the anti-Soviet orbit inaugurated a period of intense diplomacy that led to two disengagement agreements between Egypt ●●

1979 Information history in 1979 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story OED. Nonce-word, in fact, was coined by James Murray himself. ●●

1979 ptical of the allegations that had received wide publicity by 1977—rightly, so subsequent inquiry re rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ptical of the allegations that had received wide publicity by 1977—rightly, so subsequent inquiry revealed. The Far Eastern Economic Review based its January 1979 conclusion that the population had actually risen during the Pol Pot period on CIA sour ●●

1979 scholar lauded by Freedom House and the exemplar of the new, nonideological scholarship much admired rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story scholar lauded by Freedom House and the exemplar of the new, nonideological scholarship much admired by the New York Times. Pike described Pol Pot in November 1979 as the “charismatic” leader of a “bloody but successful peasant revolution with a subs ●●

1979 aim, with its reference to “the grim reality” of Cambodia under Khmer Rouge rule. Second, the source rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story aim, with its reference to “the grim reality” of Cambodia under Khmer Rouge rule. Second, the source of the manufactured quote is a work published in November 1979, almost a year after the fall of the Pol Pot regime. To cite the date would have raise ●●

1979 President Carter’s National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski state... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President Carter’s National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski stated in 1979 that “I encouraged the Chinese to support Pol Pot. ●●

1979 José Napoleón Duarte joined the junta in March to serve as a fig leaf ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story José Napoleón Duarte joined the junta in March to serve as a fig leaf and public-relations agent of the army, but all those who were not satisfied to serve in that role departed.22 Once the old-guard ●●

1979 At the previously mentioned meeting of the Salvadoran officer corps, C... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the previously mentioned meeting of the Salvadoran officer corps, Colonel Adolfo Majano, the last of the reformers in the “reformist” junta of 1979, was denounced, and he quickly exited from the ju ●●

1979 Initial Western news reports pointed out that Agca was a wanted crimin... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Initial Western news reports pointed out that Agca was a wanted criminal who had escaped from a Turkish prison in 1979, and that his durable political affiliations had been with the Fascist right. ●●

1979 First Jonathan Institute conference in Jerusalem ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the first meeting of the Jonathan Institute, in Jerusalem, in July 1979, at which a large Western political and media contingent were present (including Claire Sterling, George Will, George Bush, a ●●

1979 missiles in Western Europe a major Soviet concern—would seem to milita... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story missiles in Western Europe a major Soviet concern—would seem to militate against taking foolish risks.12 A second problem with the SHK model is that Agca had threatened to kill the pope in 1979 at th ●●

1979 None of them stopped to evaluate Agca’s 1979 letter threatening to kil... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story None of them stopped to evaluate Agca’s 1979 letter threatening to kill the pope on his earlier visit to Turkey. ●●

1979 , Towards Socialism in Tanzania (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1979), pp. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story , Towards Socialism in Tanzania (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1979), pp. ●●

1979 African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis, 1979–1999. rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis, 1979–1999. ●●

1979 Ravenholt’s field representative judged that the “institu- tionalization of [family planning] at ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ravenholt’s field representative judged that the “institu- tionalization of [family planning] at the sub-village level is awesome— perhaps the most socially directed family planning program outside... ●●

1979 Even as other countries began to assume a larger role in financing service programs, the proporti... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Even as other countries began to assume a larger role in financing service programs, the proportion of research funding from public and private sources in the United States actually increased: by 1... ●●

1979 Taylor to Bell, March 8, 1979, FFA, Papers of David Bell, series 5, box 34, folder 800 (emphasis ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Taylor to Bell, March 8, 1979, FFA, Papers of David Bell, series 5, box 34, folder 800 (emphasis in original); “Minutes of the Fourth Meeting,” April 26, 1979, IPPFA, 1.4.1.1.3, “Executive Committe... ●●

1979 Grenada 1979-1984 Interviewed later by the BBC, Scoon rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Grenada 1979-1984 Interviewed later by the BBC, Scoon himself said that an invasion was the “last thing” he wanted ●●

1979 2 The United States began supporting Afghan Islamic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2 The United States began supporting Afghan Islamic fundamentalists in 1979 despite the fact that in February of that ye ●●

1979 In May 1979, British political scientist Fred Halliday rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1979, British political scientist Fred Halliday observed that “probably more has changed in the countryside over ●●

1979 In September 1979, the month that Amin took rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In September 1979, the month that Amin took power, the American chargé d'affaires in Kabul, Bruce Amstutz, began to hold ●●

1979 66, cited in Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 66, cited in Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman, The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism (Boston, 1979) p ●●

1979 d) a Chomsky and Edward Herman, The Washington rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story d) a Chomsky and Edward Herman, The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism (Boston, 1979) see index ●●

1979 3; though written after the Soviet invasion, the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 3; though written after the Soviet invasion, the article refers to April 1979 ●●

1979 Legislative action rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1979, Federal Reserve policy had pushed up interest rates, and the S&Ls had to keep pace to attract deposits ●●

1979 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Deals began to go sour, and 1979 was the first year since the Great Depression of the 1930s that the total net worth of federally insured S&Ls became ●●

1979 VisiCalc demonstrated at the Personal Computer Forum ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Dan Fylstra showed an early version of VisiCalc at Ben Rosen's Personal Computer Forum in New Orleans. ●●

1979 Sergey Brin's family leaves the Soviet Union ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sergey Brin's family received exit visas and left the Soviet Union when he was five. ●●

August 1979 Paul Volcker becomes chairman of the Federal Reserve 0 cit. Paul Volcker becomes chairman of the Federal Reserve amid double-digit inflation in the United States. He moves the Fed toward the monetarist approach of targeting the money supply rather than interest rates directly, applying the logic Friedman had argued for since the 1960s. economy ●●

6 October 1979 The Volcker shock 2 cit. The Federal Reserve under Paul Volcker sharply raises interest rates, pushing the federal funds rate above 19 percent to break the inflation of the 1970s. The policy triggered a severe recession and high unemployment in the early 1980s but succeeded in bringing inflation down, and it is widely seen as the practical vindication of monetarist thinking in U.S. policy. economy ●●●

4 May 1979 Margaret Thatcher becomes British prime minister 0 cit. Margaret Thatcher becomes prime minister of the United Kingdom, having drawn on Hayek's ideas and the Institute of Economic Affairs in developing her program of privatization, trade union reform, and monetary restraint. Her government's policies became one of the two flagship national applications of Hayekian and monetarist economics, alongside Ronald Reagan's in the United States. economy / politics ●●●

21 December 1979 Zimbabwe's Lancaster House independence agreement 0 cit. The Lancaster House Agreement ended white minority rule in Rhodesia and set the terms for Zimbabwean independence in 1980, but it included a constitutional clause protecting existing land ownership from seizure without compensation for ten years, preserving the colonial-era land distribution that had left a small white minority holding most of the best farmland. The delayed and contested land question that followed is widely cited as an example of independence agreements locking in colonial-era economic structures well past the transfer of political power. economy / politics ●●

c. 1979 First IMF structural adjustment programs begin in Africa 0 cit. Facing balance-of-payments crises after the 1970s oil shocks and falling commodity prices, Senegal and several other African governments accepted IMF and World Bank loans conditioned on structural adjustment programs: currency devaluation, subsidy cuts, privatization, and reduced public spending. These programs, which spread across dozens of former colonies through the 1980s and 1990s, are widely documented as having placed macroeconomic policy decisions in newly independent states substantially under the direction of Washington-based lenders. economy ●●●

c. 1979 Tanzania and Julius Nyerere resist IMF conditionality 0 cit. Tanzanian president Julius Nyerere publicly refused IMF loan conditions he said would dismantle his government's social and economic policies, famously asking who elected the IMF to decide Tanzania's economic direction. Tanzania eventually accepted an adjustment program in 1986 after years of economic decline, an outcome frequently cited as evidence that few former colonies could sustain economic policy independence once cut off from Fund-approved financing. economy / politics ●●

c. 1 January 1979 California Repeals Its Sterilization Law 0 cit. California formally repealed the eugenic sterilization statute it had enacted in 1909, ending the legal authority state institutions had used to sterilize an estimated 20,000 people over seven decades, the largest such program of any U.S. state. politics / society ●●

27 August 1979 Mountbatten assassination and Warrenpoint ambush 0 cit. On the same day, the IRA bombed the boat of Lord Mountbatten, a member of the British royal family, off the coast of County Sligo, killing him and three others. Hours later, IRA bombs killed 18 British soldiers in an ambush near Warrenpoint, the British Army's highest death toll in a single incident during the Troubles. The attacks demonstrated the IRA's continued capability more than a decade into the conflict. war ●●●

15 November 1979 Thatcher names Anthony Blunt as the Fourth Man 0 cit. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher told the House of Commons that Anthony Blunt had confessed to being a Soviet spy in 1964, publicly confirming his role as the Fourth Man of the Cambridge Five fifteen years after his secret confession. Blunt was stripped of his knighthood. The disclosure came after journalist Andrew Boyle had already identified him in a book, forcing the government's hand. politics ●●

c. July 1979 Bite-mark evidence helps convict Ted Bundy 0 cit. In the trial for the Chi Omega sorority house murders, prosecutors used bite-mark comparison testimony to help convict Ted Bundy, a case widely credited with popularizing forensic odontology in American courts. Bite-mark analysis, which compares injury patterns on skin to a suspect's teeth, spread to other prosecutions over the following decades. It would later be shown to lack scientific validation and to have contributed to numerous wrongful convictions. science ●●

c. 1979 Koevoet counter-insurgency unit in South West Africa 0 cit. Apartheid South Africa formed Koevoet, a police counter-insurgency unit, to fight SWAPO guerrillas in occupied South West Africa. Nominally a police wing but operating like a military commando force, it recruited local fighters and was paid bounties, and human rights groups documented widespread killings and abuse of civilians. Koevoet is a clear case of a paramilitary police unit built for a colonial war rather than ordinary law enforcement. politics / society / war ●●

7 June 1979 First direct elections to the European Parliament 0 cit. Voters across the nine member states elected members of the European Parliament directly for the first time, rather than having national parliaments appoint them. It gave the assembly a popular mandate, though its powers were still limited. diplomacy / politics / society ●●●

16 January 1979 The Iranian Revolution topples the Shah 0 cit. Mass protests drive Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi into exile, and Ayatollah Khomeini returns to lead a new Islamic republic. Decades of repression under SAVAK and resentment of foreign backing, dating to the 1953 coup, fed the uprising. The revolution turned a close Western client into one of America's fiercest adversaries. politics / religion ●●●

17 July 1979 The Sandinistas overthrow Somoza in Nicaragua 0 cit. A broad revolt led by the Sandinista movement forces Anastasio Somoza Debayle to flee, ending more than four decades of family rule. The fall came after the National Guard's brutality, including the on-camera killing of a US journalist, drained the regime's remaining support. Washington's later backing of the Contra rebels against the new government fueled a long and bloody conflict. politics / war ●●

20 September 1979 France overthrows its own client Bokassa 0 cit. French paratroopers depose Emperor Bokassa in Operation Barracuda while he is abroad, installing a former president in his place. Paris had bankrolled him for years but moved against him after the massacre of schoolchildren drew international outrage. The episode showed how a patron could discard a strongman once he became a liability. diplomacy / politics ●

October 1979 The Volcker shock raises the price of debt 0 cit. The US Federal Reserve under Paul Volcker sharply raises interest rates to fight inflation at home. Because much developing-country debt carried floating rates, repayments ballooned while commodity prices fell. A decision taken for domestic American reasons pushed dozens of borrowing nations toward default. economy / politics ●●

December 1979 Arming the Afghan mujahideen against the USSR 0 cit. After the Soviet invasion, the United States, Britain, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan ran a huge covert program to arm the Afghan mujahideen. Operation Cyclone funneled billions in weapons, including Stinger missiles, to guerrillas fighting the Red Army. The effort helped drive out the Soviets but left a flood of arms and hardened fighters behind. politics / war ●●●

1979 The 1979 oil shock and the Iranian revolution 0 cit. The revolution in Iran disrupts its oil exports and sends prices spiraling upward a second time. The twin shocks of the 1970s reshaped the world economy, driving inflation, conservation, and a hunt for oil outside OPEC. economy / politics ●●●

1979 World Economic Forum ranks nations for competitiveness 0 cit. The forum that became the World Economic Forum began publishing a report that scored and ranked countries on their competitiveness, much like a league table of firms. Later measures such as the World Bank's Ease of Doing Business followed the same logic. Treating states as competitors for capital reframed government as a matter of business performance. economy / politics / society ●●

December 1979 Rhodesia holds out until the Lancaster House settlement 0 cit. Only after a long liberation war did Rhodesia's white rulers agree at Lancaster House to majority rule, leading to independent Zimbabwe in 1980. White minority rule had lasted from UDI in 1965. That fifteen-year hold-out measures how much stronger Rhodesia's settler bloc was than Kenya's, which never attempted the same defiance. diplomacy / politics ●●

10 September 1979 The Lancaster House Conference on Rhodesia opens 0 cit. On 10 September 1979 Foreign Secretary Lord Carrington opened a conference to end the Rhodesian Bush War and settle the future of the territory. Around the table sat the Patriotic Front, with Robert Mugabe of ZANU and Joshua Nkomo of ZAPU, and the Zimbabwe-Rhodesia government of Bishop Abel Muzorewa, backed by Ian Smith. Carrington drove the talks toward a new constitution, a ceasefire, and internationally recognised independence. diplomacy / politics / war ●

October 1979 The willing buyer, willing seller land clause is entrenched 0 cit. The land question nearly broke the conference. The settlement protected white-owned commercial farms by requiring that land be bought on a willing buyer, willing seller basis, with property rights entrenched in the constitution and unchangeable for ten years. Carrington argued this was needed to keep white farming expertise and win agreement. Critics later argued the clause locked in an unjust distribution of land and helped set up Zimbabwe's unresolved land crisis. economy / politics ●

November 1979 Reserved seats for the white minority 0 cit. The independence constitution reserved 20 of the 100 seats in the House of Assembly for white voters, elected on a separate roll, for a set period. The provision was entrenched so it could not be changed for seven years. Defenders saw it as a reassurance to the white minority to make the deal possible, while nationalists accepted it as a temporary price for independence. diplomacy / politics ●●

21 December 1979 The Lancaster House Agreement is signed 0 cit. The agreement was signed on 21 December 1979. It restored British authority for a short transition under a governor, Lord Soames, set a ceasefire monitored by a Commonwealth force, and scheduled supervised elections. The guerrilla armies moved to assembly points as the fighting stopped. After nearly a decade of war, the deal put the territory back under London's control just long enough to hand it over cleanly. diplomacy / politics / war ●

21 December 1979 The Lancaster House Agreement ends white rule in Rhodesia 0 cit. The Lancaster House Agreement is signed in London, ending the war and clearing the way for an independent Zimbabwe under majority rule in 1980. To secure a settlement, the nationalist leaders accept a constitution that protects existing property, most of it white-owned commercial farmland. The land question is largely deferred to buy peace. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●

20 September 1979 French troops remove Emperor Bokassa 0 cit. Jean-Bedel Bokassa, who had crowned himself emperor in a lavish 1977 ceremony, is overthrown by French paratroopers in Operation Barracuda. France flies in his predecessor David Dacko to take power while Bokassa is abroad. The episode shows Paris installing and removing rulers at will. politics / war ●●●

c. 1979 Kenya anchors Western strategy in the Indian Ocean 0 cit. After the Iranian revolution and the Soviet move into Afghanistan, Washington wanted reliable partners near the Gulf. Moi's Kenya, firmly capitalist and anti-communist, became one of them and fit into the new US Rapid Deployment Force posture. Western governments valued Kenya as a stable base in a volatile region. diplomacy / politics ●●

c. 1979 The Nyayo philosophy and the cult of the president 0 cit. Moi built his rule around Nyayo, a Swahili word for footsteps, framed as following peace, love, and unity. In practice it became a loyalty test and a personality cult, with his image, songs, and slogans spread through schools, media, and public life. Citizens were expected to praise the president and follow without question. politics / society ●●

c. 1979 The International Association for Cultural Freedom is dissolved 0 cit. The renamed body wound down and closed at the end of the 1970s, ending nearly three decades of Congress activity. Its history left an open debate about state funding of art and ideas, and about whether hidden sponsorship corrupts the culture it pays for. Frances Stonor Saunders's later account gathered the declassified record into the standard reference on the affair. culture / politics / society ●●

1979 Herat revolt crushed with mass killing by the Afghan communist government ai_extracted 1 cit. The first major anticommunist mutiny erupted in Herat in March 1979 after Kabul's Marxists ordered girls taught to read. Soviet-trained pilots bombed the town in reprisal; by the regime's first anniversary the government had killed as many as twenty thousand people in Herat. ●●

1979 Carter signs the first covert-action finding to aid Afghan rebels ai_extracted 1 cit. On July 3, 1979, months before the Soviet invasion, President Carter signed a presidential finding authorizing the CIA to spend just over $500,000 on propaganda, radios, medical supplies, and cash for the anticommunist Afghan rebels, funneled through Pakistan. ●●●

1979 Mob sacks and burns the U.S. embassy in Islamabad ai_extracted 1 cit. On November 21, 1979, a mob of Pakistani students, inflamed by a false rumor that America had seized Mecca's Grand Mosque, overran the U.S. embassy in Islamabad. CIA officers and Marines sheltered in a vault as the compound burned; Marine Corporal Stephen Crowley and others died, and General Zia's forces took hours to respond. ●●

1979 Armed zealots seize Mecca's Grand Mosque ai_extracted 1 cit. In November 1979 followers of Juhayman al-Utaybi smuggled weapons into Mecca's Grand Mosque and proclaimed a Mahdi, seizing Islam's holiest site. Saudi troops and French commandos retook it after weeks of fighting, hardening the Saudi royal family's embrace of Wahhabi religious rule. ●

1 January 1979 The United States and China normalize relations 0 cit. The US established full diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, building on Nixon's 1972 opening. Washington bet that trade and engagement would draw China into the global order. American investment and know-how helped power China's export industries. diplomacy / politics ●●●

c. 1979 Uhuru grows up in the St Marys Catholic elite pipeline 2 cit. Uhuru grew up between State House privilege, Mama Nginas Catholic household and St Marys School in Nairobi, a Catholic-founded private school for children of Kenya elites. Profiles remember him as a rugby player, prefect and popular school figure. The point is not only personal religion; it is the formation of a postcolonial ruling-class style: Catholic schooling, English-speaking elite networks, and social confidence before electoral politics. culture / politics / religion / society ●●●●

22 September 1980 to 20 August 1988 Iran, Iraq War wikidata 0 cit. 1980-1988 war between Iran and Iraq ●●●●

1980 Benchmark revision of the foreign exchange law ai_extracted 1 cit. Japan's legal restrictions on capital movements were eased over the 1980s, starting with benchmark changes of the foreign exchange law in 1980. ●●●

1980 to June 1991 Window guidance operated continuously through the 1980s ai_extracted 1 cit. Interviews with BoJ officials and bank officers unanimously confirmed that window guidance credit controls were conducted without interruption during the 1980s, in the same form as before, until at least June 1991. ●●●

December 1980 Japan liberalizes capital flows ai_extracted 1 cit. Japan liberalized its international capital flows in December 1980, a major departure from the old economic structure that later served as a parallel to Thailand's deregulation. ●●

1 February 1980 Founding of Médecins du Monde 0 cit. Bernard Kouchner and fourteen other French physicians, after splitting from Médecins Sans Frontières over the rescue of Vietnamese boat people, found Doctors of the World in Paris. diplomacy / society ●●

30 July 1980 Independence of Vanuatu 0 cit. no story The New Hebrides, jointly ruled by Britain and France, becomes the independent Republic of Vanuatu. politics ●●

18 April 1980 Independence of Zimbabwe 0 cit. no story Zimbabwe becomes independent under Robert Mugabe after the Rhodesian Bush War and the Lancaster House Agreement. politics / war ●●●

c. 1980 Tokyo as a global financial center 0 cit. Japan's export boom and the 1980s bubble briefly make the Tokyo Stock Exchange the largest in the world by market value. Despite decades of slow growth after 1990, Tokyo remains Asia's biggest economy's financial heart and a top-ten global center. economy ●●●●

c. 1980 Seoul as a rising financial center 0 cit. South Korea's industrial rise makes Seoul's Yeouido district the country's financial hub, home to the Korea Exchange and major banks. The city now ranks in the top ten of global financial center indices. economy ●●●

c. 1980 Sydney as Australia's financial capital 0 cit. Sydney overtakes Melbourne as Australia's financial center in the late twentieth century, and the national securities exchange formed in 1987 is based there. The city anchors one of the world's largest pension fund pools. economy ●●●

31 August 1980 Founding of Solidarity in Poland 0 cit. Striking shipyard workers led by Lech Walesa win the Gdansk Agreement, and the free trade union Solidarity is founded weeks later. It grows to ten million members and becomes the first mass opposition movement inside the Soviet bloc. politics / society ●●●●