Events, Verisoph

2010 Sociometric Solutions founded for workplace surveillance ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Zuboff documents that Pentland and colleagues founded Sociometric Solutions to bring Skinner's longed-for behavioral instruments and methods to marketplace as people analytics. ●●

2010 Between 1970 and 2010, the number of democracies around the world increased from about 35 to nearly rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between 1970 and 2010, the number of democracies around the world increased from about 35 to nearly 120, or some 60 percent of the world’s countries, in what Samuel Huntington called the Third Wave of democratization. ●●

2010 To avoid this problem, some economists choose an absolute level of consumption, ranging from a low o rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To avoid this problem, some economists choose an absolute level of consumption, ranging from a low of US$5 a day, or $1,800 in parity purchasing power per year, up to a range of $6,000–$31,000 annual income in 2010 U. ●●

2010 Affordable Care Act passed under Obama ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Barack Obama was able to get the Affordable Care Act passed in 2010 only because he abdicated virtually any role in shaping the legislation, leaving the final bill in the hands of multiple congressional committees. ●●

c. 2010 Confucius Institutes pass 300 worldwide 0 cit. The number of Confucius Institutes hosted at universities around the world passed 300, alongside hundreds of affiliated Confucius Classrooms in schools. The rapid expansion drew growing scrutiny in the United States and Europe over the institutes' funding structure, curriculum oversight, and ties to the Chinese Communist Party. Some universities began reviewing or ending their agreements around this period. culture / diplomacy ●

29 June 2010 Tesla goes public 0 cit. Tesla Motors held its initial public offering, becoming the first American car company to go public since Ford in 1956. Elon Musk, chairman and by then CEO, remained the company's largest shareholder. economy / technology ●●

27 December 2010 Khodorkovsky convicted at second trial 0 cit. A second trial found Khodorkovsky and business partner Platon Lebedev guilty of embezzlement and money laundering, extending their imprisonment. Critics, including European human rights bodies, called the charges implausible and politically motivated since they contradicted findings from the first trial; Russian authorities maintained the prosecution was legitimate. economy / politics ●●

2 December 2010 FIFA awards the 2018 and 2022 World Cups to Russia and Qatar 0 cit. FIFA's executive committee votes to hold the 2018 World Cup in Russia and the 2022 tournament in Qatar, decisions later dogged by allegations of vote-buying among committee members. Several officials involved in the vote were later banned or indicted, and the awards became central evidence in the broader FIFA corruption investigations. economy / politics ●●●

2 December 2010 Qatar wins the right to host the 2022 World Cup amid controversy 0 cit. Qatar becomes the first Middle Eastern nation awarded a World Cup, a decision that drew immediate scrutiny over the country's summer heat, its treatment of migrant construction workers, and allegations of vote manipulation. Investigations by journalists and labor groups later documented thousands of migrant worker deaths linked to stadium and infrastructure construction. economy / politics ●●●

1 May 2010 Expo 2010 0 cit. This fair set the record for attendance of any world's fair, with over 73 million visitors, and was staged to showcase China's rapid modernization under the theme "Better City, Better Life." Its scale and budget dwarfed prior expos, reflecting China's growing economic weight on the world stage. economy / technology ●●

c. 2010 Anderson and Elkins named expert witnesses 0 cit. Historians David Anderson and Caroline Elkins were engaged as expert witnesses for the Mau Mau claimants, drawing on their research into the Kenyan emergency to argue that Britain's official record was incomplete. Anderson's search for files he believed were missing from the public archive pushed the Foreign and Commonwealth Office to disclose what it actually held. politics ●●

21 January 2010 Citizens United allows unlimited independent campaign spending 0 cit. The US Supreme Court rules in Citizens United v. FEC that corporations, unions, and other groups may spend unlimited money on independent political advertising, treating such spending as protected free speech. The ruling opens the door to super PACs and a large rise in outside election spending, and remains one of the most contested rulings in American campaign finance law. politics ●●●

27 August 2010 New Constitution mandates policing reform 0 cit. Kenya's new Constitution, approved by referendum and promulgated on 27 August 2010, set out a framework for police reform in response to decades of documented abuse, including provisions for a unified National Police Service, civilian oversight, and constraints on the use of force. It followed years of advocacy by human rights groups and recommendations from bodies including the Waki Commission and the National Task Force on Police Reforms. politics ●●●

8 December 2010 Cobell settlement funded 0 cit. President Obama signed the Claims Resolution Act, funding a $3.4 billion settlement of the Cobell v. Salazar class action lawsuit, which Blackfeet activist Elouise Cobell had filed in 1996 over the federal government's decades-long mismanagement of individual Native American trust land accounts and royalties. The settlement compensated roughly 300,000 individual account holders and funded a program to consolidate fractionated tribal land. Cobell died in 2011, shortly after the settlement was finalized. economy / politics ●●

c. 1 January 2010 North Carolina Task Force Recommends Compensation 0 cit. Governor Beverly Perdue convened the North Carolina Justice for Sterilization Victims Foundation to locate living victims of the state's eugenics program and recommend compensation. The task force's work, built on years of investigative reporting by journalist Kevin Begos, led to legislative action three years later making North Carolina the first state to approve direct payments to sterilization survivors. politics / society ●●

15 June 2010 Saville Inquiry report published 0 cit. Lord Saville published the report of his twelve-year public inquiry into Bloody Sunday, finding that none of those shot by paratroopers had posed a threat, that soldiers had given false accounts afterward, and that the killings were unjustified and unjustifiable. It overturned the findings of the original 1972 Widgery Tribunal, which had largely exonerated the soldiers. Prime Minister David Cameron apologised in the House of Commons on the day of publication, and a police investigation into the killings was subsequently opened. politics / war ●●●

10 February 2010 Court of Appeal rules MI5 knew of Binyam Mohamed's torture 0 cit. The Court of Appeal ordered the disclosure of a summary showing UK intelligence officers had known of the mistreatment of British resident Binyam Mohamed during his detention and interrogation abroad after 9/11. The ruling was part of a wider set of legal cases alleging British agencies were complicit in the rendition and torture of terrorism suspects held by other countries. The government maintained it did not condone torture but faced sustained litigation and settlements over the allegations. politics / war ●●●

6 July 2010 Government announces detainee inquiry into rendition claims 0 cit. Prime Minister David Cameron announced an inquiry, chaired by retired judge Sir Peter Gibson, into whether British intelligence agencies were implicated in the rendition and mistreatment of detainees after 9/11. The inquiry was suspended in 2012 amid ongoing police investigations and its work was later folded into review by the Intelligence and Security Committee, which published its own findings on the allegations in 2018. politics / war ●●

c. 1 October 2010 Undercover officer Mark Kennedy exposed 0 cit. Environmental activists exposed Mark Kennedy as an undercover police officer who had spent years infiltrating protest groups under a false identity, including forming relationships with activists. The revelation triggered wider disclosures about the Special Demonstration Squad and the National Public Order Intelligence Unit, prompting several criminal trials involving undercover evidence to collapse. politics ●●●

15 June 2010 Saville Report on Bloody Sunday 0 cit. The Saville Inquiry's report found that the killings on Bloody Sunday were unjustified and unjustifiable, that none of the victims posed a threat, and that soldiers had fired first and then lied about it afterward. Prime Minister David Cameron apologised in the House of Commons on the report's publication, calling the killings 'unjustified and unjustifiable'. The findings reversed the 1972 Widgery Tribunal's conclusions that had largely blamed the victims. politics / war ●●●

c. 2 May 2010 European sovereign debt crisis 0 cit. Greece received the first of several bailouts as high public debt threatened to break up the eurozone, followed by rescues for Ireland, Portugal, Spain, and Cyprus. The crisis forced new bailout funds and tighter budget rules, and tested whether the single currency could survive without deeper political union. diplomacy / economy / politics ●●●

c. 2010 The lithium rush opens a new scramble 0 cit. Demand for electric-vehicle batteries turned the salt flats of Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina, the so-called lithium triangle, into a prize for foreign investors and carmakers. Governments in the region have tried to claim a bigger share through state control, wary of repeating the copper and tin history where wealth left the country. The contest over lithium is a live test of whether producing nations can avoid the old resource curse. economy / politics / technology ●●

October 2010 UN peacekeepers bring cholera to Haiti 0 cit. Cholera erupted in Haiti after UN peacekeepers from Nepal leaked sewage into a river system, sparking an epidemic that killed roughly ten thousand people and sickened hundreds of thousands. For years the UN denied responsibility and hid behind legal immunity. Only in 2016 did the secretary-general admit the organization played a role and apologize, though promised aid fell short. politics / science ●●●

July 2010 MONUC becomes MONUSCO 0 cit. The UN mission was renamed MONUSCO to reflect a shift toward stabilization, and later gained an offensive Force Intervention Brigade to fight armed groups directly. Despite tens of thousands of troops, it struggled to end the violence in the east and drew local anger over its failures. It remained one of the UN's largest missions for years. diplomacy / politics ●

c. 2010 Rwanda's development gains under Kagame 0 cit. Under Kagame, Rwanda posted years of strong economic growth and made documented progress in health, life expectancy, cutting poverty, women's share of parliament, and low corruption and street crime. The capital Kigali became known as one of Africa's cleanest and safest cities, and admirers abroad held the country up as a model of recovery. These gains are real and measured, even as critics question the official figures and the human cost behind them. economy / society ●●

c. 2010 The counterpoint that most humanitarian work is what it says 0 cit. Against the sharper critiques stands the honest counterpoint that the great bulk of humanitarian work is simply that: feeding the hungry, treating the sick and sheltering the displaced. Ties to donor states and the odd intelligence overlap are real and documented, but they do not make aid a mere front. Both truths hold at once, and a fair account keeps them in view. politics / society ●●

2010 France dismantles Roma camps and deports residents 0 cit. In 2010 the French government under President Nicolas Sarkozy cleared hundreds of Roma camps and deported many Roma, mostly Romanian and Bulgarian citizens, back to their countries. The campaign drew sharp criticism from the European Union and rights groups as collective punishment aimed at an ethnic group. It highlighted how Roma across Europe still faced eviction and expulsion in the 21st century. politics / society ●●

2010 Congress tries to curb over-classification 0 cit. The Reducing Over-Classification Act ordered agencies to train staff and audit their own classification, an official admission that too much was being stamped secret. Government reviews had estimated that a large share of classification decisions were wrong or needless, at a cost of billions of dollars a year. Whether the law changed the deep habit of over-classifying remains widely doubted. economy / politics ●●

20 April 2010 Deepwater Horizon blows out in the Gulf 0 cit. BP's Deepwater Horizon rig explodes, killing 11 workers and unleashing the largest marine oil spill in history over nearly three months. The blowout exposed the dangers of drilling ever deeper offshore and led to record fines and tighter rules. science / technology ●●

c. 2010 The shale revolution and fracking remake oil 0 cit. Hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling unlock vast oil and gas from shale rock, turning the United States into the world's top producer within a decade. The boom upended peak-oil forecasts and OPEC's grip on prices, while raising new fights over water, methane, and climate. economy / technology ●●●

21 January 2010 Citizens United frees corporate political spending 0 cit. In Citizens United v. FEC, the US Supreme Court ruled that limits on independent political spending by corporations and unions violated free-speech rights. The decision extended the logic of corporate personhood into elections and helped open the way for super PACs and large flows of outside money. Supporters framed it as protecting speech, while critics saw it as handing companies outsized influence over democracy. economy / politics ●●●

27 August 2010 The 2010 constitution and devolution 4 cit. Kenyans approved a new constitution by referendum in 2010, a direct answer to the abuses of centralized power exposed by the post-election violence. It created a strong bill of rights, an independent judiciary, presidential term limits, and 47 devolved county governments meant to spread resources and power beyond Nairobi. Devolution reshaped Kenyan politics, though it also spread patronage and corruption to the county level. politics ●●●

16 May 2010 Death of Aiyana Stanley-Jones in a televised raid 0 cit. A Detroit police tactical team, followed by a reality-television crew, threw a flash-bang grenade and forced entry into a home during a murder investigation, and an officer's gun fired a shot that killed 7-year-old Aiyana Stanley-Jones as she slept. The presence of the camera crew and the death of a child made the raid a national symbol of the risks of aggressive tactical entries. The officer was tried twice without a conviction, while the department faced lasting criticism over the operation. politics / society ●●

2010 The Wachovia money-laundering settlement 0 cit. US authorities found that the bank Wachovia had failed to police hundreds of billions of dollars flowing through Mexican currency exchanges tied to drug traffickers. The bank paid about 160 million dollars to settle, with no executives charged, exposing how cartel money moves through the legitimate financial system. economy / politics ●●

2010 The Fair Sentencing Act narrows the crack gap 0 cit. Congress passed the Fair Sentencing Act, cutting the crack-to-powder cocaine sentencing disparity from 100 to 1 down to 18 to 1. It was a partial retreat from the harshest drug-war laws after decades of criticism over their racial impact. politics / society ●

2010 Devolution and the Equalisation Fund confront the map 0 cit. The 2010 constitution created 47 county governments and an Equalisation Fund aimed specifically at marginalised areas, an explicit attempt to undo the colonial pattern of uneven development. The list of marginalised counties reads almost exactly as the old neglected margins: the north, the pastoralist drylands, and parts of the coast. That the state had to name and target these regions is itself evidence of how durable the colonial map had proven. economy / politics ●●●

July 2010 Somaliland's contested democratic transfers of power contested 0 cit. Somaliland held a presidential election in 2010 in which the incumbent lost and handed power to the opposition, a rare peaceful transfer in the region. Later votes, including the 2024 election that again unseated a sitting president, reinforced its record as a functioning democracy. Yet it still holds no formal international recognition, leaving it unable to borrow, trade, or join bodies as a state. Its claim remains contested by Mogadishu, which regards it as part of Somalia. politics / society ●●

27 August 2010 Chapter Six, integrity, and the impunity argument 0 cit. Kenya's 2010 constitution included Chapter Six on 'Leadership and Integrity', meant to bar unfit people from office. In practice few have been disqualified. Writers such as Michela Wrong, Daniel Branch and Charles Hornsby argue that impunity in Kenya is structural: patronage protects its own, so scandals produce commissions and headlines but rarely convictions. That reading is their argument, offered to explain the pattern rather than stated as settled fact. politics / society ●●

November 2010 Conflict-of-interest storm forces chairman Kiplagat to step aside 0 cit. Rights groups and some fellow commissioners argued that chairman Bethuel Kiplagat could not credibly lead the inquiry because he was linked to episodes it was meant to investigate, including the Wagalla massacre and a disputed land matter. Kiplagat, who was a senior government official in the 1980s, denied wrongdoing. Under pressure he stepped aside in late 2010 while a tribunal considered whether he should be removed. politics / society ●●

c. 2010 The Training Lands and Airfield at Nanyuki 0 cit. BATUK is not only the Nanyuki barracks: British units train across vast leased ranges in Laikipia and Samburu and use the airfield at Nanyuki, one of the largest foreign-army training footprints on the continent and a standing military presence on Kenyan soil decades after independence. The live-fire ranges are the source of the unexploded ordnance that has killed and maimed herders and of recurring disputes over land and compensation. society / war ●●

December 2010 The ICC cases against Kenyatta and Ruto collapse 1 cit. In December 2010 ICC prosecutor Luis Moreno-Ocampo named six suspects over the 2007 to 2008 violence, and charges of crimes against humanity were confirmed against four, including Uhuru Kenyatta and William Ruto, who were on opposite sides in 2007. The two later ran together and won the 2013 election, and the cases fell apart, with the charge against Kenyatta withdrawn in 2014 and the case against Ruto and Joshua Sang terminated in 2016. Judges and the prosecutor cited witnesses who were bribed, intimidated, or withdrew. The prosecutions and their collapse are documented, including the finding of witness interference. diplomacy / politics ●●

2010 The WEF publishes its Global Redesign Initiative 0 cit. The World Economic Forum released the Global Redesign Initiative, a set of proposals to reshape global governance around what it called multistakeholder cooperation. The idea was to give corporations, civil society, and governments a joint seat at the table on global problems. Supporters saw it as pragmatic; critics argued it gave unelected private interests a formal role in decisions once left to states. economy / politics ●

1 July 2010 East African Community Common Market opens 0 cit. The EAC Common Market Protocol enters into force, providing for free movement of goods, labour, services, and capital across member states. Kenya aligns domestic rules on work permits, investment, and professional recognition with the protocol. Supporters see deeper regional integration, while some note the loss of national discretion over cross-border movement and investment. diplomacy / economy ●●

c. 2010 Chinese manufactured imports surge into Kenya 0 cit. Through the 2000s and 2010s low-priced Chinese manufactured goods, from household items to building materials, took a large share of the Kenyan market. China became one of Kenya's biggest sources of imports, widening the trade deficit. Local producers of similar goods struggled to match the prices. diplomacy / economy ●●

c. 2010 Mauritius offshore regime becomes a conduit into Africa 0 cit. Mauritius built a network of double-taxation treaties with African states alongside a low-tax Global Business regime, making it a favored routing point for investment into the continent. Investors channel holdings through Mauritius to reduce withholding taxes on dividends, interest and capital gains owed in the source country. Tax Justice Network Africa calls this treaty shopping that strips revenue from African treasuries; Mauritius presents itself as a legitimate, well-regulated financial hub. diplomacy / economy / politics ●●

May 2010 The World Health Assembly adopts the Global Code on health recruitment 0 cit. WHO member states adopt the Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel, discouraging active recruitment from countries facing critical shortages. The code recognizes that poorer states train health workers whom richer states then hire, shifting the cost of training onto the origin countries. The code is voluntary and relies on states reporting their own conduct. diplomacy / society ●●●

2010 China passes Japan as the world's number-two economy 0 cit. In 2010 China's output overtook Japan's, ending Japan's four-decade hold on the second spot behind the United States. China's rise rested on its own reforms, cheap labor, huge investment, and access to world markets. Japan, still wealthy, had spent two decades barely growing. economy ●●●●

c. 2010 The claim that Japan was crushed to clear the way for China contested 0 cit. Some commentators argue that Japan's bubble and long stagnation were engineered to hold it down and let China take its place as Asia's rising power. Proponents tie this to the Plaza Accord pressure and Richard Werner's reading of Bank of Japan policy. Critics answer that Japan's slump and China's rise had separate causes: the strong yen after Plaza, the central bank's easy money and later tightening, Japan's aging population, and China's own independent reforms. The engineered reading is an interpretation held by its proponents, not an established fact. economy / politics ●●●

21 May 2010 The World Health Assembly adopts the Global Code of Practice 0 cit. The World Health Assembly adopted the WHO Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel as resolution WHA63.16. It urges richer countries not to actively recruit from places with critical shortages and asks members to report on their practices every three years. The Code is voluntary and not legally binding. diplomacy / politics / society ●●●●

c. 2010 Others defend migration as a right and a benefit 0 cit. Economists and some source-country governments argue that health workers have a right to move and that blocking them is unfair. They point to remittances, which fund families and economies, and to the skills and money that return migrants bring home. In this view the answer is better training, pay and conditions, not limits on the freedom to leave. economy / politics / society ●●

c. 2010 Jiggers persist as a disease of poverty in Kenya 0 cit. More than a century after it arrived, tungiasis remains endemic in poorer parts of Kenya, affecting well over a million people, many of them children. The World Health Organization classes it as a neglected tropical disease, and campaigns by groups such as the Ahadi Kenya Trust push treatment and shoes. society ●●

2010 Veracini and the field of settler-colonial studies contested 0 cit. The scholar Lorenzo Veracini set out a general theory of settler colonialism and helped launch the journal Settler Colonial Studies, arguing that settler colonies differ from other colonies because settlers come to stay and to build a new society. The field treats cases like Australia, the United States, and Algeria through this shared lens. It is an academic framework attributed to Veracini and his colleagues, and its reach and limits are contested. politics / society ●●

February 2010 African Commission rules for the Endorois 0 cit. The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights found that Kenya had violated the Endorois' rights by evicting them from Lake Bogoria without proper consultation or compensation. It recognised them as an indigenous community with rights to their ancestral land and told Kenya to restore access and pay damages. It was a landmark African ruling that conservation could not simply erase a community's land rights. diplomacy / politics / society ●●●

2010 The Luhya and Maasai Become Global Reference Genomes 2 cit. Two Kenyan communities became standard reference populations for human genetics worldwide. The Luhya of Webuye, coded LWK, are part of the 1000 Genomes Project, and the Maasai of Kinyawa, coded MKK, were sampled for the HapMap Project. Researchers everywhere compare against these panels. Their custodians caution that neither sample is a fixed, pure type, and that Luhya population history in particular is complex and mixed. science / society ●●●

27 August 2010 The two-thirds gender rule and women's land rights 0 cit. The 2010 constitution guaranteed women's equal rights to own and inherit land and set a rule that no elected body should be more than two-thirds one gender. It was the fruit of a long campaign to undo the colonial erasure of women's land and political rights. The two-thirds rule has been hard to enforce and parliament has repeatedly failed to meet it. The fight is best read as recovering a power women held before, not inventing a new one. politics / society ●●●

c. 2010 Foragers reclaim their own names over "Dorobo" 2 cit. Communities once labelled Dorobo increasingly reject the term as demeaning and assert their own names, such as Ogiek, Yaaku, and Sengwer. The shift ties into wider indigenous-rights organising and claims to ancestral land and recognition. Some still use Dorobo among themselves, but many treat it as an outsiders' insult. culture / politics / society ●

c. 2010 Reviving Yaakunte from the edge of extinction 1 cit. By the twenty-first century only a handful of elderly Yaaku still spoke Yaakunte, and the language was ranked among the world's most endangered. Community members began revival efforts, recording speakers and teaching words as part of reclaiming a distinct Yaaku identity. Too few fluent speakers remain to restore the language as it was. culture / science / society ●●

c. 2010 Community efforts push to revive the Suba language 0 cit. Suba activists, dancers, teachers and heritage groups began organised efforts to keep the language alive. Work included school lessons, cultural festivals, radio and digital recordings on phones and the internet. The projects aim to pass Olusuba and Ekisuba to a generation that mostly grew up speaking Luo. culture / technology ●

c. 2010 Kenyan Iteso remain a cross-border minority in Busia County 0 cit. Today the Iteso in Kenya number in the hundreds of thousands and live mainly in the Teso North and Teso South areas of Busia County. They speak Ateso and keep close ties with the larger Iteso community across the border in Uganda. Many are bilingual with neighbouring Luhya and other languages. politics / society ●

c. 2010 Kuria in Migori County live with border ties and cattle disputes 0 cit. The Kenyan Kuria live mainly in Kuria East and Kuria West in Migori County, still bound by clan to Kuria across the Tanzanian border. Cross-border cattle rustling and clan feuds have caused recurring insecurity. Traditional female initiation has also become a point of debate with campaigns against female genital cutting. politics / society ●

c. 2010 Sakuye herds and standing never fully recover 0 cit. Decades after the Shifta War, Sakuye livestock numbers had not returned to pre-war levels, held back by recurrent drought and banditry. The Sakuye remain one of Kenya's smaller and more marginalised communities, at times folded into the counts of larger neighbours. Efforts to rebuild herds and assert a distinct identity continue. economy / society ●

12 February 2010 Marakwet furrow landscape enters UNESCO's tentative list 0 cit. On 12 February 2010 Kenya submitted the Marakwet Escarpment Furrow Irrigation System to UNESCO's tentative list of possible World Heritage sites. The listing recognises the furrows as a clan-owned engineering landscape sustained for centuries by shared labour and water rules. The furrows face growing pressure from modern farming methods and from deforestation in the Cherangani catchment that feeds them. culture / environment ●●

February 2010 African Commission backs the Endorois of Lake Bogoria over eviction contested 0 cit. The Endorois are a Baringo community around Lake Bogoria who speak a Kalenjin dialect close to Tugen but see themselves as a distinct people. In the 1970s the government evicted them from land around the lake to create a game reserve. In 2010 the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights ruled that Kenya had violated their rights, a landmark decision recognising indigenous land claims in Africa. environment / politics / society ●●

c. 2010 The modern Stoic revival 0 cit. Stoicism returned as popular self-help and therapy, its ideas echoed in cognitive behavioural therapy and spread through books, Stoic Week and online communities. Critics warned that the pop version often dropped the demanding ethics for calm and productivity. ●●

December 2010 ICC prosecutor names Uhuru and Ruto among the Ocampo Six 2 cit. In December 2010 ICC prosecutor Luis Moreno-Ocampo named six Kenyan suspects over the 2007-08 post-election violence, including Uhuru Kenyatta and William Ruto, who had been on opposite sides of the political crisis. The cases made accountability a central issue in the next election, but they also created the conditions for the two accused politicians to build a joint survival coalition. diplomacy / politics ●●●●●

27 August 2010 The 2010 Constitution protects property while opening a land-injustice channel 3 cit. The 2010 Constitution classified land as public, community or private, protected property rights, and created the National Land Commission. The Commission could manage public land and investigate present or historical land injustices, but only recommend redress. The settlement therefore acknowledged original dispossession while routing it through property-protecting law, public-land administration and future claims rather than immediate redistribution. economy / politics / society ●●●●●

2010 Naboisho pools hundreds of Maasai landowners into one conservancy 2 cit. Mara Naboisho Conservancy was formed by pooling land leased from hundreds of Maasai landowners near the reserve. Its defenders present it as community-led conservation: owners retain land, receive lease payments, and earn from jobs, bursaries and tourism services. Its harder land meaning is just as important: the open pastoral landscape survives because it has been converted into a high-value wildlife-tourism lease zone. economy / environment / society ●●●●

9 July 2011 Independence of South Sudan 0 cit. no story South Sudan becomes the world's newest country after a referendum that followed decades of civil war with the north. politics / war ●●●

15 February 2011 to 23 October 2011 First Libyan Civil War 0 cit. no story An Arab Spring uprising against Muammar Gaddafi becomes a civil war in which NATO air power backs the rebels. Gaddafi is captured and killed, but Libya fragments in the years that follow. politics / war ●●●

15 March 2011 to 8 December 2024 Syrian Civil War 0 cit. no story Protests against Bashar al-Assad spiral into a multi-sided war drawing in Iran, Russia, Turkey, the United States, and jihadist groups. Over half a million die and half the population is displaced before rebels topple Assad in December 2024. politics / war ●●●●

11 March 2011 Fukushima Daiichi disaster 0 cit. A magnitude 9 earthquake and tsunami knock out cooling at the Fukushima Daiichi plant, melting three reactor cores. The worst nuclear accident since Chernobyl forces mass evacuations and prompts several countries to phase out nuclear power. environment / technology ●●●●

17 September 2011 Occupy Wall Street 0 cit. Protesters occupy Zuccotti Park near Wall Street under the slogan We are the 99 percent, denouncing inequality and finance-driven capitalism. The movement spreads worldwide and puts inequality at the center of political debate. economy / society ●●●

22 July 2011 Norway attacks by Anders Breivik 0 cit. A far-right extremist bombed government buildings in Oslo and then shot dead participants at a youth camp on Utoya island, killing 77 people in total. politics / society ●●●

24 January 2011 Domodedovo airport bombing 0 cit. A suicide bomber attacked the international arrivals hall at Moscow's Domodedovo Airport, killing 37 people. A North Caucasus militant group claimed responsibility. politics / war ●●

c. January 2011 Social media and the Arab Spring 0 cit. During the 2011 uprisings across the Arab world, protesters used Facebook, Twitter, and mobile video to organize and broadcast events past state media. The wave showed social media's power to mobilize political movements, though states soon adapted to monitor and disrupt them. politics / society ●●●

c. 2011 Esports go mainstream 0 cit. Competitive gaming grew into a spectator sport with big prize pools and packed arenas for events like the League of Legends World Championship. Millions began watching others play online. culture ●●

6 June 2011 Twitch and live game streaming 0 cit. Twitch launched as a platform for people to broadcast themselves playing games live. It turned watching others play into a mass pastime and a career path. culture / technology ●●

14 February 2011 Bahrain Uprising of the Arab Spring 0 cit. Mass protests in Bahrain, led largely by the Shia majority, demanded political reform from the Sunni monarchy. The uprising was the most serious Arab Spring challenge to a Gulf state. politics / society ●●●●

14 March 2011 Peninsula Shield Intervention in Bahrain 0 cit. Saudi Arabia and the UAE sent GCC forces into Bahrain to help crush the protests. The intervention showed the Gulf monarchies' resolve to prevent unrest from spreading. politics / war ●●●

c. 2011 New Thought churches continue today 0 cit. Organized New Thought bodies such as Unity and Centers for Spiritual Living, formerly Religious Science, remain active and teach the divine potential of the individual. They keep the historic New Thought stream alive as recognizable churches alongside the looser New Age. religion ●

21 July 2011 End of the Space Shuttle program 0 cit. The shuttle Atlantis landed after the final mission, STS-135, ending thirty years of flights. NASA then relied on Russian rockets to reach the space station until commercial vehicles were ready. politics / technology ●●●●

27 January 2011 Egypt cuts the internet during the Arab Spring 0 cit. As protests grew during the 2011 uprising, Egypt shut off nearly all internet and mobile networks for several days. It was one of the first national governments to unplug an entire country during unrest. politics / technology ●●●●

c. 2011 Circumvention tools help users evade the firewall 0 cit. Tools such as Psiphon and Lantern were built to help people in censored countries reach blocked sites. They became part of an ongoing cat-and-mouse contest with state filtering systems. society / technology ●●

22 July 2011 Breivik's manifesto and the term's link to violence contested 0 cit. The Norwegian terrorist Anders Breivik, who murdered 77 people, built his manifesto around the cultural Marxism conspiracy theory. The case is the clearest documented instance of the narrative feeding lethal violence, and it drew scholarly attention to the theory's antisemitic and far-right lineage. politics / society ●●●

2011 Monti and Papademos installed as prime ministers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 2011, amid the European debt crisis, Mario Monti was installed as prime minister of Italy and Lukas Papademos as prime minister of Greece. Wood notes both were Trilateral Commission members widely described in the press as technocrats. ●●

2011 America rides Russian rockets after the Shuttle 0 cit. When NASA retires the Space Shuttle, the United States depends for nearly a decade on Russian Soyuz rockets to reach the station it helped build. The nation that won the Moon race had to buy seats from its old rival. diplomacy / technology ●●●

2011 and 2012 was claimed back by banks, including JPMorgan Chase, in the form o rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2011 and 2012 was claimed back by banks, including JPMorgan Chase, in the form of penalties for having defaulted on loans ●●

2011 on May 15, Colau, heeding social media calls to “take the cities, take the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story on May 15, 2011, Colau, heeding social media calls to “take the cities, take the squares,” joined thousands of others in Barcelona to protest government corruption and austerity ●●

2011 Arab Spring uprisings begin ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Political and social upheavals spread across Arab world; few political scientists predicted their emergence. ●●

2011 2011: Steve Jobs (1955–2011) and Steve Wozniak (1950– ) in 1976. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Steve Jobs (1955–2011) and Steve Wozniak (1950– ) in 1976. Jobs graphic on the original Macintosh in 1984. Richard Stallman (1953– ). Linus Torvalds (1969– ). ●●

2011 2011: When Wales and his new wife had a daughter in 2011, they nam... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story er of computers being woven together like a tapestry. When Wales and his new wife had a daughter in 2011, they named her Ada, after Lady Lovelace. 112 LARRY PAGE, SERGEY BRIN, AND SEARCH When Justin H ●●

2011 2011: At his last such appearance, for the iPad 2 in 2011, he stoo... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the intersection of the Liberal Arts and Technology. At his last such appearance, for the iPad 2 in 2011, he stood in front of that image and declared, “It’s in Apple’s DNA that technology alone is no ●●

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2011 2011: es were really crucial in learning how to program.” 35 Shortly before rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story es were really crucial in learning how to program.” 35 Shortly before she died in 2011, Jean Jennings Bartik reflected proudly on the fact that all th ●●

2011 2011: le exceptions, toward a more proprietary approach. In 2011 a milestone rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story le exceptions, toward a more proprietary approach. In 2011 a milestone was reached: Apple and Google spent more on lawsuits and payments involving pat ●●

2011 2011: Steve Jobs (1955–2011) and Steve Wozniak (1950– ) in 1976. Jobs graphi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Steve Jobs (1955–2011) and Steve Wozniak (1950– ) in 1976. Jobs graphic on the original Macintosh in 1984. ●●

2011 2011: of computers being woven together like a tapestry. When Wales and his rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story of computers being woven together like a tapestry. When Wales and his new wife had a daughter in 2011, they named her Ada, after Lady Lovelace. 112 LA ●●

2011 2011: e intersection of the Liberal Arts and Technology. At his last such ap rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story e intersection of the Liberal Arts and Technology. At his last such appearance, for the iPad 2 in 2011, he stood in front of that image and declared, ●●

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2011 Information history in 2011 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Copyright © 2011 by James Gleick All rights reserved. Published in the United States by Pantheon Books, a division of Random House, Inc. ●●