Events, Verisoph

6 April 1896 The first modern Olympic Games open in Athens 0 cit. Athletes from 14 nations compete in the first Games of the modern Olympiad, held in the restored Panathenaic Stadium. The event drew heavily on Greek revival symbolism and launched the IOC as the Games' permanent governing body. culture ●●●

16 February 1896 Weyler's Reconcentración Order in Cuba 1 cit. Spanish Captain-General Valeriano Weyler ordered rural Cuban civilians herded into fortified towns to cut off support for independence guerrillas. The word "reconcentración" entered the language here, years before the British used "concentration camp" in South Africa. Conditions in the camps were squalid, with little food or sanitation provided. politics / war ●●●

c. 1896 Railway police for the Uganda Railway 0 cit. As construction of the Uganda Railway pushed inland from Mombasa from 1896, armed guards and railway police were raised to protect the line, its depots, and its largely Indian labour force. This security force was one of the earliest organised policing bodies in the protectorate and tied the origins of the police closely to protecting colonial infrastructure. politics / technology ●

1896 The Crown Domain and personal enrichment 0 cit. Leopold set aside a vast, especially rich rubber region as the Domaine de la Couronne, reserved for his personal profit and hidden from Belgian public accounts. The wealth funded grand building projects in Belgium, including works at Tervuren, Ostend, and Brussels, monuments the king framed as gifts to the nation. The concentration of Congo profits in the king's own hands is the clearest evidence that personal enrichment was the driving motive. economy / politics ●●

1 March 1896 Ethiopia defeats Italy at Adwa 0 cit. Emperor Menelik II united Ethiopia's forces and crushed an invading Italian army at Adwa, killing around 7,000 Italian and allied troops and taking thousands prisoner. The dispute grew out of the Treaty of Wuchale, whose Italian text claimed Ethiopia as a protectorate while the Amharic text did not. Adwa kept Ethiopia independent and became a lasting symbol of African resistance for the whole continent. politics / war ●●●

c. 1896 First Chimurenga: Shona and Ndebele uprising 0 cit. The Shona and Ndebele peoples rose against the British South Africa Company's rule, land seizures, and forced labor. Spirit mediums helped rally and coordinate the revolt across communities. The company crushed the rising by 1897, but it is remembered in Zimbabwe as the First Chimurenga, an early war of liberation. religion / society / war ●●

1896 New York creates the Certified Public Accountant 0 cit. New York passed the first law licensing the title Certified Public Accountant, requiring an examination and setting a legal standard for who could audit and certify accounts. Other states followed, building the American profession around the CPA license rather than the British chartered model. economy / politics ●●

1896 Uganda Railway construction begins 1 cit. Britain began building the Uganda Railway from Mombasa toward Lake Victoria to secure the interior and the headwaters of the Nile. Critics in Parliament mocked it as the Lunatic Line for its cost and uncertain purpose; Hansard later put the total cost at about GBP 5.5 million, against an early GBP 2.24 million estimate and offer. The line became the spine of colonial Kenya, deciding where towns rose, where settlers took land, and how the economy was organized around exports. economy / politics / technology ●●●

June 1896 to 1897 The mediums Nehanda and Kaguvi and the First Chimurenga 0 cit. In the 1896-97 risings against the British South Africa Company, the Shona spirit mediums Nehanda (Charwe) and Kaguvi (Gumboreshumba) gave the revolt its unity and sanction. As voices of powerful mhondoro ancestor spirits, they called on people to reject Company rule and its cattle and tax demands. Their leadership shows how far the war was organized through the religious authority of mediums rather than through chiefs alone. politics / religion / war ●●●

c. 1896 Africa for the Africans and the independent church movement 0 cit. Across southern Africa, Africans broke from white-controlled missions to found their own churches, often linking with the African Methodist Episcopal Church from the United States. The slogan 'Africa for the Africans' captured the mood, blending religious independence with an early nationalism. Colonial officials watched these churches closely, fearing that self-rule in the pulpit would spread to politics. politics / religion / society ●●

1 March 1896 Ethiopia defeats Italy at the Battle of Adwa 0 cit. The army of Emperor Menelik II routed an invading Italian force at Adwa, halting Italy's attempt to colonize Ethiopia. It was a rare and decisive defeat of a European power by an African state during the scramble for the continent. Adwa and an independent Ethiopia became a powerful symbol of Black sovereignty for Pan-Africanists worldwide. politics / war ●●●

May 1896 Construction of the Uganda Railway begins at Mombasa 6 cit. Britain began building a railway from Mombasa toward Lake Victoria to secure the route to Uganda and the Nile headwaters. Critics in Parliament mocked the cost and doubtful purpose, dubbing it the Lunatic Line; Hansard later put the total cost at about GBP 5.5 million, against an early GBP 2.24 million estimate and offer. The project would reshape the interior and the makeup of its population. economy / politics ●●

c. 1896 Britain imports indentured Indian labour to build the line 0 cit. Because local labour was scarce and resistant, the railway authority recruited nearly 32,000 indentured workers, mostly from Punjab and Gujarat, on fixed-term contracts. Colonial records called them coolies. They laid the track through harsh terrain under heavy discipline, disease and danger. economy / society ●●●

1896 The Anglo-Zanzibar War 0 cit. When a sultan Britain disliked took the throne in 1896, the Royal Navy bombarded the palace and installed a compliant ruler in about thirty-eight minutes. It is remembered as the shortest recorded war in history. politics / war ●●

January 1897 to October 1898 Cretan Revolt of 1897-1898 wikidata 0 cit. no story revolution ●●●

20 July 1897 Founding of Marconi's wireless company 0 cit. Guglielmo Marconi registers the Wireless Telegraph and Signal Company in London to commercialize radio. Its transatlantic transmissions and ship-to-shore wireless launch the radio communications industry. economy / science / technology ●●●

29 August 1897 First Zionist Congress 0 cit. Theodor Herzl convenes the First Zionist Congress, which founds the Zionist Organization and calls for a Jewish home in Palestine. Political Zionism becomes an organized movement. politics / religion ●●●●

February 1897 Fall of the Kingdom of Benin 0 cit. In February 1897 a British expedition captured and looted Benin City, exiling its oba. The punitive raid ended the independent Kingdom of Benin in present-day Nigeria. politics / war ●●

1897 Fall of the Merina Kingdom 0 cit. In 1897 France abolished the Merina monarchy and exiled Queen Ranavalona III. Madagascar was made a French colony, ending the island's main precolonial state. politics / war ●●

22 June 1897 The Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria 0 cit. Britain celebrated Victoria's sixty years on the throne with a huge imperial procession through London. Troops and dignitaries from across the empire marked its apparent peak of power and prestige. culture / politics ●●●●

1897 Indian famine of 1897 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1897 the monsoon rains failed in India, causing a loss of 18 million tons of food crops and one million lives from famine, a disaster repeated in 1899-1900. ●●

1897 Reflation from rising gold output after 1897 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Prices had been rising slowly from about 1897 because of increased gold output from South Africa and Alaska, easing the agricultural distress that had prevailed since 1873. ●●

1897 Milner appointed High Commissioner to South Africa ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Through Goschen's patronage Milner rose through a series of posts. In 1897 he became High Commissioner to South Africa, the turning point Quigley builds his account around. ●●

1897 John Dewey's Pedagogic Creed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Dewey's 1897 Pedagogic Creed, in which Dewey wrote that the teacher is a social servant set apart to maintain the proper social order. ●●

1897 The Banque de France's gold arms race with Germany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From 1897 governor Georges Pallain had the Banque de France steadily accumulate gold to prepare for a war of revenge against Germany. By July 1914 it held over $800 million in bullion, the largest hoard in the world. ●●

1897 Karl Lueger becomes mayor of Vienna ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Karl Lueger allowed to become mayor of Vienna ●●

1897 In 1897, Pierpont’s brother-in-law Walter Hayes Burns died a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1897, Pierpont’s brother-in-law Walter Hayes Burns died and was replaced by Jack’s cousin Walter Spencer Morgan Burns. The senior Burns’s death left the London bank short of experienced hands. ●●

1897 After 1897, he gave steadily to the Metropolitan Museum of A candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After 1897, he gave steadily to the Metropolitan Museum of Art and became its board president in 1904. The board of trustees often met in his house. ●●

1897 On summer vacation with his family in the candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On summer vacation with his family in the Catskill Mountains in 1897, Gates tackled a book of door-stopping length: Principles and Practice of Medicine, a thousand-page tome by William Osler of the Johns Hopkins Medical School, the most renowned contemporary physician. ●●

1897 Though Rockefeller studiously avoided the campus and visited rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Though Rockefeller studiously avoided the campus and visited only three times (1897, 1901, and 1903), he got little credit for this self-abnegation. The public was quick to pounce on his every move as yet another ruse. ●●

1897 After they had toured some pretentious “châteaux” on rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After they had toured some pretentious “châteaux” on Long Island’s north shore, Junior said that Kykuit, by comparison, was “far less elaborate than many houses we have seen” but “more perfect of its kind, more harmonious and more charming.”41 John and Abby enlisted the services of Ogden Codman, the Boston interior designer who helped Edith Wharton refurbish her Newport home and coauthored a book with her, The Decoration of Houses, in 1897. ●●

1897 Oil Industry Development rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As he later explained, “I felt that at fifty it was due me to have freedom from absorption in active business affairs and to devote myself to a variety of interests other than money making, which h... ●●

1897 Standard Oil Production Committee Formed rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With Archbold at the helm, by contrast, the dividends surged, jumping to 31 percent in 1896 and 33 percent in 1897 and 1899. ●●

1897 It was true that after 1897 the pursuit of Weltpolitik was m rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was true that after 1897 the pursuit of Weltpolitik was motivated to a considerable extent by the calculation that this would be politically popular and divert attention from Germany’s domestic-pol ●●

1897 Felix Warburg becomes Kuhn, Loeb partner ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Felix was admitted as a partner in Kuhn, Loeb & Co., Jacob Schiff's firm. His charm and ebullience made him quickly Americanized despite being the first Warburg to leave Europe in 14 generations. ●●

1897 Thomson identifies the electron ai_extracted 1 cit. no story in his identification of what he called the “negative corpuscle”—the electron, the first atomic particle to be identified. ●●

1897 Thomson demonstrated that the beam of glowing matter in a cathode-ray tube was not made up of light rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thomson demonstrated that the beam of glowing matter in a cathode-ray tube was not made up of light waves, as (he wrote drily) “the almost unanimous opinion of German physicists” held. ●●

1897 Event of 1897 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ation of Afghanistan has been achieved by foreigners only unintentionally, when the tribes and sects coalesce in opposition to an invader. Thus what American and NATO forces met in the early twenty-first century was not radically different from the s ●●

1897 Bell System hires mathematician George Campbell ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ate substrate of meaning, perhaps best left to philosophers. The Bell System had none of those, but the company had hired its first mathematician in 1897: George Campbell, a Minnesotan who had studied ●●

1897 Nelson Mandela as president symbolized the commitment to a Christian reconciliation when rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nelson Mandela as president symbolized the commitment to a Christian reconciliation when he proclaimed that the old Afrikaner national anthem Die Stem (‘The Call’) should continue to stand alongside the serene Xhosa Christian hymn written in 1897 by ●●

1897 The only specialized nonoperating officer he consulted was the head of the legal... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The only specialized nonoperating officer he consulted was the head of the legal department—an office formally established only in 1897 ●●

1897 In addition to a sizable patent and law department, the company added in 1897 a... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In addition to a sizable patent and law department, the company added in 1897 a publicity bureau whose task was to publicize broader developments within the industry as well as within the company ●●

1897 American Association of Public Accountants founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1897 members of these firms helped to form the American Association of Public Accountants, which included railroad comptrollers as well as executives from accounting firms ●●

1897 Alfred Milner appointed High Commissioner for South Africa 0 cit. Alfred Milner was appointed British High Commissioner for South Africa, a post from which he pursued confrontation with the Boer republics and, after the Boer War, their reconstruction under British rule. Milner shared Cecil Rhodes's belief in the imperial destiny of the English-speaking peoples, though the two men's personal ties are documented through correspondence and mutual associates rather than a joint secret society founding. Milner's tenure in South Africa set the stage for the group of aides he gathered there. diplomacy / politics ●●

c. 1897 Rinderpest epizootic devastates Herero cattle herds 0 cit. A rinderpest outbreak kills most Herero cattle, the basis of their wealth, social structure, and independence from colonial markets. German traders and administrators extend credit and buy land on exploitative terms during the crisis, deepening Herero dependence and dispossession in the years before the uprising. economy ●●

c. 1897 Mass Deaths in Cuba's Reconcentration Camps 1 cit. Disease and starvation killed huge numbers of Cubans confined under the reconcentración policy over 1896-1898. Historians' estimates of the toll vary widely, from roughly 150,000 to over 300,000 dead, out of a rural population of about 1.5 million forced into the camps. US press coverage of the suffering helped build American public support for war with Spain. society / war ●●

c. April 1897 Roosevelt resigns as Police Commissioner 0 cit. Theodore Roosevelt resigned from the Police Board to become Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President William McKinley. His reforms had reduced some forms of graft but did not eliminate the underlying system, and corruption resurfaced in the department after his departure. politics ●●

November 1897 Tammany-backed Robert Van Wyck elected first mayor of Greater New York 0 cit. Robert Van Wyck, chosen by Tammany boss Richard Croker, was elected the first mayor of the newly consolidated Greater New York, which combined Manhattan, Brooklyn, and the outer boroughs into one city in 1898. His administration restored Tammany's grip on city patronage, including police appointments, after the reform interlude under Mayor Strong. politics ●●

1897 German indirect rule through the Tutsi monarchy 1 cit. Germany claimed Rwanda as part of German East Africa and chose to rule indirectly through the existing king and Tutsi aristocracy. Convinced by Hamitic race theory that Tutsi were natural rulers, German officers backed the court and used it to extend control. This favoritism began turning a flexible social order into a fixed hierarchy backed by colonial power. diplomacy / politics ●●

c. 1897 Indian laborers build the railway 0 cit. The railway was largely built by around 32,000 indentured laborers recruited from British India, alongside African workers, laying track through harsh terrain for low pay. Thousands died from disease, accidents, and the man-eating lions of Tsavo; many survivors stayed on, forming the roots of Kenya's Asian community of traders, clerks, and artisans. That community would later face discrimination from both colonial rulers and, after independence, African governments. economy / society ●●

c. 1897 Birth of Kamau wa Ngengi 0 cit. The future Jomo Kenyatta was born Kamau, son of Muigai, in the Kikuyu farming country of Kiambu, north of Nairobi. He later became known as Kamau wa Ngengi after his father died and his mother married his uncle. No birth was registered, so the exact year is unknown; estimates run from the early 1890s to about 1897, and Kenyatta himself gave differing accounts. society ●●

c. 1897 France, Ethiopia, and Kenya complete the five-way partition 0 cit. By the late 1890s Somali-inhabited lands were split five ways. France held the port colony that became French Somaliland, later Djibouti; Ethiopia under Menelik II pushed east to absorb the Ogaden; and the Somali-populated Northern Frontier District fell inside Britain's Kenya colony. Anglo-Ethiopian treaties in 1897 handed grazing lands to Ethiopia, a boundary Somalis long disputed. This scattering of one people across five jurisdictions set up decades of conflict. diplomacy / politics ●●●

c. 1897 Menelik's conquests double the size of the empire 0 cit. In the same years he fought off Italy, Menelik pushed his armies south, east, and west, roughly doubling the territory of the empire and drawing in many peoples who had not been under highland rule, including the Oromo, Sidama, and others. Supporters saw this as building the modern nation, while critics describe conquest, heavy taxation, and in places a system of servitude. Some scholars and community accounts allege very large death tolls in campaigns such as the conquest of the Arsi and the south, and these figures remain contested and politically charged today. politics / society / war ●●

1897 Slavery Abolished in Zanzibar 0 cit. In 1897 Britain abolished the legal status of slavery in Zanzibar. Former slaves had to apply for their freedom, and labour conditions on the plantations changed only slowly. society ●●

c. 1897 Chamberlain and Milner drive toward war 0 cit. Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain and the new High Commissioner in South Africa, Sir Alfred Milner, take a hard line against Kruger. Milner presses the uitlander franchise as a lever and reports to London that only pressure, and if needed force, will bring the Transvaal to heel. At the Bloemfontein Conference of 1899 he rejects Kruger's concessions, and the diplomacy is steered toward a breakdown. diplomacy / politics ●●●●

April 1897 Zanzibar abolishes the legal status of slavery 0 cit. On 6 April 1897 the sultan issued a decree abolishing the legal status of slavery in Zanzibar and Pemba. Slavery was no longer recognised in law, but freedom was not automatic. Enslaved people had to claim it before a court, owners could receive compensation, and many stayed on the plantations because they had nowhere else to go. diplomacy / politics ●●●

12 June 1898 Independence of the Philippines 0 cit. no story Emilio Aguinaldo proclaims Philippine independence from Spain; after decades of US rule, full sovereignty came on 4 July 1946. politics / war ●●●

21 April 1898 to 13 August 1898 Spanish-American War 0 cit. no story The United States defeats Spain in a short war fought in Cuba and the Philippines. Spain loses the remnants of its empire and the United States emerges as an overseas colonial power. politics / war ●●●●

10 December 1898 The Spanish-American War and American empire 0 cit. The Treaty of Paris ended the Spanish-American War and gave the United States control of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines. The war turned the country into an overseas imperial power. politics / war ●●●●

2 September 1898 The Battle of Omdurman and the Reconquest of Sudan 0 cit. Kitchener's army used machine guns and artillery to destroy the Mahdist forces in Sudan. The one-sided slaughter reconquered Sudan and confirmed British dominance of the Nile. war ●●●

1898 Hundred Days' Reform 0 cit. In 1898 the Guangxu Emperor launched sweeping reforms to modernize government and education. Conservatives led by the Empress Dowager Cixi crushed the movement after about one hundred days. politics ●●●

1898 Spain loses its last colonies in 1898 0 cit. Defeat in the Spanish-American War stripped Spain of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, which passed to the United States. The loss ended more than four centuries of Spanish empire in the Americas and the Pacific. politics / war ●●●●

1898 Sinking of the Maine and the Spanish-American War, 1898 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The battleship Maine's mysterious explosion in Havana harbor in February 1898 gave interventionists the pretext to bring the United States into war with Spain over Cuba. ●●

1898 Battle of Omdurman, 1898 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1898 a British force under Kitchener fought south against the Sudanese and won a decisive victory at Omdurman, reestablishing Anglo-Egyptian control of the Sudan. ●●

1898 Spanish defeat by the United States ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues the compromise with the West in Spain was undermined by the Restoration Monarchy of 1875-1931 and by Spain's defeat at the hands of the United States in 1898, which widened the gap between progressives and reactionaries. ●●

1898 Rhodes pledges to support Milner without reserve ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues Rhodes saw Milner as his heir in leading the society. He quotes an 1898 conversation with Stead in which Rhodes said he would support Milner absolutely, peace or war. ●●

1898 D.A.R. begins issuing school propaganda lectures, 1898 ai_extracted 1 cit. Gatto states that in 1898 the Daughters of the American Revolution began issuing designed propaganda lectures on American history and government. ●●

1898 United States adopts a bankruptcy law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Although the 1787 Constitution charged the new US government with creating a bankruptcy law, attempts were repeatedly rejected on moral grounds. A lasting law was not adopted until 1898. ●●

1898 Year 1898: As a young soldier in 1898, he had charged the Der rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As a young soldier in 1898, he had charged the Dervish lines at the decisive Battle of Omdurman that secured Sudan as a British colony. During World War I, he helped conceive the i... ●●

1898 US defeats Spanish forces at Manila ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The American military's quick defeat of Spanish forces in Manila in 1898 quickly proved deceptive. ●●

1898 Lueger Christian Socials showcase German and Christian art rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lueger Christian Socials showcase German and Christian art ●●

1898 Roosevelt called his critics “futile sentimentalists of the interna... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Roosevelt called his critics “futile sentimentalists of the international arbitration type” who exhibited “a flabby type of character which eats away (1898) ●●

1898 The standard Lloyd’s policy had in fact already been modified (in 1898) to exclude ‘the candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The standard Lloyd’s policy had in fact already been modified (in 1898) to exclude ‘the consequences of hostilities or warlike operations’ (the so-called f. ●●

1898 ’ (implying that it really should be) as long ago as 1898. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ’ (implying that it really should be) as long ago as 1898. ●●

1898 In 1898, a friend, architect William West Durant, defaulted rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1898, a friend, architect William West Durant, defaulted on a loan and signed over the rustic camp as payment. Deep in the woods, Camp Uncas crouched beneath wooded cliffs that were thick with ever... ●●

1898 In 1898, over his heated protest, the navy conscripted Corsa rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1898, over his heated protest, the navy conscripted Corsair II for use in the Spanish-American War. The Morgans had opposed the war, and Jack (later labeled a warmonger for his role in World War I)... ●●

1898 As Jack told his mother of one 1898 ocean voyage, “JPM has b rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Jack told his mother of one 1898 ocean voyage, “JPM has been so worried and bothered by the number of things on his mind and this annoyance of war rumor that it will be a great thing for him to hav... ●●

1898 When Jack arrived in 1898, his father gave him and his wife, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Jack arrived in 1898, his father gave him and his wife, Jessie, the use of 13 Princes Gate. Pierpont added 14 Princes Gate to the property and joined the two townhouses. ●●

1898 US troops sent to Cuba against Spanish rule ai_extracted 1 cit. no story President William McKinley dispatches American troops to Cuba to help local rebels overthrow Spanish colonial authority. The rebellion succeeds, beginning US domination of Cuba. ●●

1898 Archbold puts Senator Foraker on Standard Oil's payroll ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first documented instance of Archbold suborning an official occurred in 1898, during Frank Monnett’s suit against Standard of Ohio, when Archbold placed Senator Joseph B. Foraker of Ohio on the payroll. ●●

1898 Another favorite recipient of Standard Oil largesse was candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Another favorite recipient of Standard Oil largesse was Senator Matthew Quay of Pennsylvania, who received $42,500 between 1898 and 1902. ●●

1898 Oil Industry Development rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (The trust’s share of American crude production peaked at 33 percent in 1898.) By narrowing the range of competition in oil production, the move hastened the day of political reckoning for Standard... ●●

1898 Letter from Nina to Jim rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Letter from Nina to Jim Loeb—April 16, 1898. 24. ●●

1898 Olga Warburg marries Paul Kohn-Speyer ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Olga Warburg married Paul Kohn-Speyer in a Hamburg wedding. The marriage to the stern, humorless metal trader would prove deeply unhappy. ●●

1898 1898, France and Great Britain had been on the ver... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1898, France and Great Britain had been on the verge of war over Egypt. ●●

1898 when Rutherford first turned his attention to the phenomenon Henri Becquerel found and which Marie C rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story when Rutherford first turned his attention to the phenomenon Henri Becquerel found and which Marie Curie named radioactivity, and 1911, when he made the most important discovery of his life, the young New Zealand physicist systematically dissected th ●●

1898 ics, especially illnesses. This research can take two rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ics, especially illnesses. This research can take two paths: 1. Testing of all twins in a specific geographic area, done at our institute by Miss Liebmann. All twins in the Frankfurt district back to 1898 have been listed and almost all have been examined; she discussed some interesting cases in sev ●●

1898 That company, formed in 1898, was a merger of three regional consolidations—New candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story That company, formed in 1898, was a merger of three regional consolidations—New York Biscuit, American Biscuit and Manufacturing, and the United State ●●

1898 The first year that the company was listed at 111 Fifth Avenue was 1898 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first year that the company was listed at 111 Fifth Avenue was 1898 ●●

1898 Only after the financial and administrative reorganization of the company in 189... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Only after the financial and administrative reorganization of the company in 1898, when it became the American Linseed Company, did it begin to achieve financial success ●●

1898 It first centralized the administration of its productive facilities, and then i... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It first centralized the administration of its productive facilities, and then in 1898 purchased two leading liquor wholesalers ●●

1898 As indicated by Poor’s “List of Officers Operating Railroads” in the Manual of R... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As indicated by Poor’s “List of Officers Operating Railroads” in the Manual of Railroads for the United States for 1898, the Erie, the Reading, the Chesapeake & Ohio and the Southern all had a centralized form of organization ●●

2 September 1898 Battle of Omdurman 0 cit. An Anglo-Egyptian force under Herbert Kitchener, equipped with machine guns and artillery, killed an estimated 10,000 Mahdist fighters while suffering around 50 dead of their own. The lopsided battle secured British control of Sudan and was later criticized, including by Winston Churchill who fought in it, as an act of slaughter against poorly armed opponents. Kitchener had the Mahdi's tomb desecrated and reportedly kept his skull as a trophy. war ●●

September 1898 Fashoda Incident 0 cit. French and British colonial expeditions raced to claim Fashoda on the Nile, bringing Britain and France to the brink of war over control of the Nile Valley and rival visions for African empire. France backed down, ceding control of Sudan to Britain and Egypt. The crisis marked the effective end of French ambitions for a continuous African empire from west to east. diplomacy / politics ●●

10 December 1898 United States annexes the Philippines 0 cit. The Treaty of Paris ending the Spanish-American War transferred the Philippines from Spain to the United States for 20 million dollars, over the objections of Filipino revolutionaries who had already declared independence. The United States then fought the Philippine-American War to suppress the resulting insurgency, killing hundreds of thousands of Filipinos. The Philippines remained a US colony until independence in 1946. politics / war ●●

28 June 1898 Curtis Act 0 cit. Congress extended the allotment policy to the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole nations in Indian Territory, which had previously been exempt from the Dawes Act under their removal-era treaties. The law abolished tribal courts and dissolved tribal governments' control over their own land, clearing the way for Oklahoma statehood in 1907 and further loss of communal tribal land. politics ●●

15 February 1898 USS Maine Explosion unproven 1 cit. The battleship USS Maine exploded and sank in Havana harbor, killing 266 sailors, and American newspapers immediately blamed a Spanish mine, helping push the United States into the Spanish-American War. Later technical investigations, including a 1976 U.S. Navy study, concluded the explosion most likely resulted from an internal coal-bunker fire igniting the ship's magazines, not external sabotage. Claims that the U.S. government itself staged the explosion as a pretext for war are a persistent but unproven conspiracy theory, not supported by the physical evidence. diplomacy / war ●●

c. 25 April 1898 Militia mobilized for the Spanish-American War 0 cit. When war with Spain began, President McKinley's call for volunteers drew heavily on state militia units, which supplied a large share of the roughly 200,000 men mustered into federal volunteer service. Poor equipment, sanitation, and training in militia-derived units caused far more deaths from disease than combat, exposing the weakness of the old militia system. The war's logistical failures gave reformers, including Secretary of War Elihu Root, the argument they needed for an overhaul of the militia laws. politics / war ●●

25 April 1898 The Spanish-American War ends Spanish rule in Cuba 0 cit. The United States entered the Cuban conflict and quickly defeated Spain, which gave up Cuba along with Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. Cuba came under US military occupation rather than immediate independence. The war marked the rise of the United States as an overseas power. politics / war ●●

1898 The man-eaters of Tsavo contested 3 cit. During construction of the Tsavo River bridge, two maneless male lions preyed on railway workers over several months, halting work and terrifying the camps until engineer J.H. Patterson shot them. Patterson later claimed the lions killed 135 people, but studies of the lions' remains and bone chemistry suggest a toll closer to 35, so the true number is contested. The episode became one of the most famous stories of the colonial railway. society ●