Events, Verisoph

27 April 1898 Execution of Nehanda and Kaguvi 0 cit. After the rising was crushed, the mediums Nehanda and Kaguvi were captured, tried, and hanged. Oral tradition holds that Nehanda went to the gallows defiant, and later accounts credit her with the promise that her bones would rise again, a line that made her an icon of the later independence war. The details of her final words are remembered through tradition and cannot be fully documented. politics / religion / war ●●

1898 Church of Scotland Mission opens at Kikuyu 0 cit. A Scottish industrial mission moved from Kibwezi to Thogoto in the Kikuyu highlands in 1898, and the Church of Scotland took it over a few years later. The station built a church, school, and hospital and trained African teachers and evangelists. It became a leading force in Kikuyu Christianity and, later, a central actor in the female-circumcision dispute of 1929. religion / society ●●

1898 The Church of Scotland Mission settles at Thogoto 0 cit. Scottish missionaries established a station at Thogoto in the Kikuyu highlands, taken over by the Church of Scotland Mission in 1901, building a church, school, and hospital. The mission won converts and trained African teachers and evangelists, but it also set European Christian norms against Kikuyu custom. Its schools became the main road to literacy and colonial employment, which gave the mission leverage over the community it served. religion / society ●

1898 Man-eating lions of Tsavo kill railway workers 0 cit. Two lions preyed on workers building the bridge over the Tsavo river, halting construction for weeks. The engineer J. H. Patterson later claimed the pair killed 135 people, though a scientific study of the lions' remains put the toll closer to 28 to 31. The episode became one of the most retold stories of the railway. society ●

c. 1898 Birth of Kamuzu Banda near Kasungu 0 cit. Hastings Kamuzu Banda is born to a Chewa farming family in the Kasungu district of the Nyasaland Protectorate. He kept no record of his birth and gave differing accounts over his life, so the year is uncertain and estimates range from about 1898 into the 1900s. This uncertain date is the beginning of a life spent mostly outside Africa. society ●●

1898 Black Americans build their own fraternal orders 0 cit. Barred from most white fraternal orders, Black Americans founded parallel organizations, among them the Improved Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks of the World, started in Cincinnati. Black lodges and the older Prince Hall Masons provided insurance, leadership, and community networks under segregation. Their existence reflects the racial exclusions written into much of the fraternal and service-club world. politics / society ●●

1898 The Anglo-German naval arms race 0 cit. Germany's Naval Laws of 1898 and 1900, driven by Admiral Tirpitz, set out to build a battle fleet capable of challenging Britain at sea. Britain answered with its own building program, and the two nations raced to out-produce each other in warships. The rivalry strained budgets and helped poison relations before the First World War. politics / technology / war ●●●

1899 to 1923 Sixth cholera pandemic wikidata 0 cit. no story historically sixth cholera pandemic ●●●

29 July 1899 Hague Convention of 1899 0 cit. Conventions from the first Hague Peace Conference codifying the laws of war on land, creating the Permanent Court of Arbitration, and banning certain weapons. It was the first broad multilateral attempt to regulate warfare. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●

29 July 1899 Founding of the Permanent Court of Arbitration 0 cit. The first Hague Peace Conference adopts a convention creating the Permanent Court of Arbitration, the first global mechanism for the peaceful settlement of disputes between states. diplomacy / politics ●●●

4 February 1899 to 2 July 1902 Philippine-American War 0 cit. no story Filipino forces that had fought Spain resist American annexation of the islands. The war and its accompanying famine and disease kill hundreds of thousands of Filipinos. war ●●●

11 October 1899 to 31 May 1902 Second Boer War 0 cit. Britain conquers the Boer republics of the Transvaal and Orange Free State after a long guerrilla phase met with farm burning and concentration camps. The war leads to the Union of South Africa under British rule. war ●●●

November 1899 to 7 September 1901 Boxer Rebellion 0 cit. An anti-foreign, anti-Christian movement besieges the foreign legations in Beijing with Qing backing. An eight-nation alliance crushes the rising and imposes a crushing indemnity on China. religion / war ●●●

30 March 1899 Founding of United Fruit 0 cit. The United Fruit Company forms from a merger of banana traders in Boston. Its control of land, railways, and politics in Central America gives rise to the term 'banana republic.' economy / politics ●●●

23 January 1899 Anglo-Kuwaiti Agreement 0 cit. Sheikh Mubarak Al Sabah signed a secret agreement placing Kuwait's foreign relations under British control. The pact shielded Kuwait from Ottoman claims and made it a British protectorate. politics ●●●

18 May 1899 First Hague Peace Conference 0 cit. Delegates from 26 states met to discuss disarmament and the laws of war. The conference adopted conventions on the peaceful settlement of disputes and created the Permanent Court of Arbitration. politics / war ●●●

1899 Standard Oil of New Jersey becomes the holding company 0 cit. In 1899 Standard Oil of New Jersey became the central holding company for the group under permissive New Jersey law. This structure held the combine together after the trust was dissolved. economy ●●●

c. 1899 Dewey shapes progressive education 0 cit. John Dewey argued that schools should teach through experience and prepare students for democratic life. His progressive ideas influenced teaching methods in the United States and abroad. culture / science ●●●

1899 The Boer War, 1899-1902 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley calls the Boer War of 1899-1902 one of the most important events in British imperial history; the Boers' resistance shook faith in British power. ●●

1899 Smuts drafts the ultimatum that begins the Boer War ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the 1899 Bloemfontein Conference Smuts urged Kruger toward concessions to Milner. Yet Quigley notes it was Smuts who drafted the 9 October ultimatum that led to the outbreak of war. ●●

1899 William James addresses Harvard's new teachers on Chautauqua ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto recounts that in 1899 William James spoke to a new brigade of teachers recruited by Harvard, telling them of the dream that the whole planet might be turned into a vast Chautauqua. ●●

1899 William Z. Ripley publishes The Races of Europe, 1899 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes William Z. Ripley's 1899 MIT book The Races of Europe, which divided Europeans into three races and armed the racial-suicide movement. ●●

1899 William H. Baldwin's speech at Capon Springs ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes railroad president William H. Baldwin, who in 1899 told the Capon Springs Conference on Southern Education that it was a crime to educate a Negro for positions not open to him. Gatto presents it as a blunt statement of schooling's political use. ●●

1899 John Hay declares the Open Door Policy in China ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1899, Secretary of State John Hay had declared an “open door” policy toward China that was supposed to guarantee unrestricted foreign access. Under Taft, however, the open door was converted into a... ●●

1899 US reaches peak number of state and national banks rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1899 there were fewer than 12,000 state and national banks in the US, at the beginning of an era of rapid growth in banking. ●●

1899 Where the trust had pumped 32 percent of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Where the trust had pumped 32 percent of American crude oil in 1899, its share had slumped to 14 percent by 1911. Even Standard’s historic strength in refining dipped from an 86 percent market share to 70 percent in the five years before the breakup. ●●

1899 Courts rule Ida Alice Flagler insane ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the courts ruled Ida Alice Flagler insane in 1899, Henry set up a trust fund for her, stocked with $2 million in Standard Oil shares, which would appreciate to more than $15 million by her de... ●●

1899 Standard Oil Production Committee Formed rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With Archbold at the helm, by contrast, the dividends surged, jumping to 31 percent in 1896 and 33 percent in 1897 and 1899. ●●

1899 Chamberlain proposes a Teutonic alliance ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In a major speech in November 1899, Chamberlain called for a “Teutonic” alliance, consisting of Great Britain, Germany, and the United ●●

1899 Indeed, as the twentieth century wore on, the Afrikaners turned their military rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Indeed, as the twentieth century wore on, the Afrikaners turned their military defeat by the British in the second Boer War (1899-1902) into a gradual rebuilding of Afrikaner ascendancy, removing what political rights had existed for non-whites in so ●●

1899 Harry Sharp performs first coerced vasectomy on a prisoner ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In October 1899, Dr. Harry Sharp of the Indiana Reformatory became the first person in the world to impose vasectomy on a person in custody, operating on a nineteen-year-old prisoner. This marked the beginning of forced sterilization in America. ●●

1899 In 1899 it purchased a leading Japanese producer, and two years later it bought rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1899 it purchased a leading Japanese producer, and two years later it bought manufacturing companies in Germany and Britain ●●

1899 Standard Oil of New Jersey holding company formed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The holding company, the Standard Oil Company (New Jersey), that legally took its place was not formed until 1899 ●●

1899 48 In 1899 his firm, the Boston Fruit Company, became the core enterprise in the... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 48 In 1899 his firm, the Boston Fruit Company, became the core enterprise in the United Fruit Company, which, in addition to its distribution system, came to own a fleet of refrigerated steamers and a vast acreage of plantations in the Caribbean region ●●

11 October 1899 to May 1902 Second Boer War and concentration camps 1 cit. Britain fought the Boer republics of the Transvaal and Orange Free State for control of South Africa's territory and gold and diamond wealth. British forces herded Boer and Black African civilians into concentration camps as part of a scorched-earth strategy, where disease and malnutrition killed an estimated 26,000 Boer women and children and at least 14,000 Black Africans. The term concentration camp entered wide use because of this war. society / war ●●●

c. 1899 Rhodes drafts his final will 0 cit. Cecil Rhodes drafted the sixth and final version of his will, formalizing the scholarship scheme he had sketched in earlier drafts since the 1880s. The will directed his fortune, built on Kimberley diamonds and Rand gold, toward funding students from Britain, its colonies, the United States, and Germany to study at Oxford. Rhodes stated the explicit goal of instilling British imperial sentiment in a rising generation of English-speaking leaders. politics ●●

11 October 1899 Second Anglo-Boer War begins 0 cit. War broke out between Britain and the Boer republics of the Transvaal and Orange Free State over British mining interests, political rights for Uitlanders, and control of the goldfields. Boer commandos initially won a string of victories using mobile guerrilla tactics against British forces. Britain eventually poured in over 400,000 troops to defeat the much smaller Boer forces. war ●●●

February 1899 Rudyard Kipling publishes 'The White Man's Burden' 0 cit. British writer Rudyard Kipling published the poem 'The White Man's Burden,' urging the United States to take up colonial rule in the Philippines as a supposed moral duty to civilize non-European peoples. The poem became a widely quoted expression of the ideology used to justify colonial rule as a benevolent civilizing mission. It has since become a byword for the racial paternalism underlying imperial expansion. culture / politics ●

14 October 1899 Siege of Kimberley during the Second Boer War 0 cit. Boer forces besieged Kimberley for 124 days, trapping Cecil Rhodes inside the town along with the De Beers mining operations. De Beers workshops were converted to produce an armored train and an artillery piece, nicknamed Long Cecil, for the town's defense until British forces relieved the siege in February 1900. war ●●

30 May 1899 Uganda Railway reaches Nairobi 6 cit. The Uganda Railway construction line from Mombasa reached the site that became Nairobi on 30 May 1899. Railway headquarters moved from Mombasa to Nairobi two months later, turning a supply depot into a colonial administrative town. Among the railway's British engineers and officials were several Freemasons, who would soon organize the territory's first lodge. economy / technology ●●

1899 Bohemian Club acquires the Bohemian Grove 0 cit. The club acquired a large redwood grove north of San Francisco for its annual summer encampment, which continues to this day and draws a membership that has included business executives, media figures, and multiple U.S. presidents. Attendance and the existence of the retreat are documented facts; specific claims about policy deals being struck there are largely anecdotal and contested. politics / society ●●

c. October 1899 Dundee Masonic Lodge plundered and artefacts returned 0 cit. During the Boer invasion of Natal in October 1899, at the outbreak of the Anglo-Boer War, the Dundee Masonic Lodge was plundered. Its regalia and artefacts were later found and respectfully returned to the lodge by Boer Freemasons, a documented instance of Masonic fraternal courtesy crossing the war's front lines. society / war ●●

1899 Fiat founded in Turin ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Italian motor company Fiat was founded in Turin and grew within sixty-three years into the second-largest motor manufacturer in Europe, part of the financial web Nkrumah traces into African investment. ●●

1899 Hague Peace Conference Codifies Laws of War 0 cit. Representatives of major and smaller powers met at The Hague and adopted conventions restricting the means and methods of warfare, including bans on certain weapons and rules for the treatment of prisoners. It was the first large multilateral conference dedicated specifically to limiting how wars could be fought, building on the humanitarian principles of the Geneva Convention. The Hague Conventions became a core part of the codified laws of war. diplomacy / war ●●

11 October 1899 Second Boer War Begins 0 cit. War broke out between Britain and the Boer republics of the Transvaal and Orange Free State. After early Boer successes, British forces turned to a scorched-earth strategy against the countryside that fed the guerrilla commandos. That strategy produced the camp system that followed. diplomacy / war ●●

4 February 1899 Philippine-American War Begins 0 cit. Fighting broke out between US forces and Filipino revolutionaries after the United States annexed the Philippines from Spain rather than recognizing the independence Filipino forces had already declared. The war became a prolonged counterinsurgency campaign marked by torture, summary executions, and destruction of villages. US forces used the water cure, a form of waterboarding, on captured and suspected insurgents. diplomacy / war ●●

c. 1899 Mazet Committee investigates Tammany corruption 0 cit. A second state legislative inquiry, the Mazet Committee, investigated corruption under Van Wyck's Tammany administration, including police graft and municipal contracts. Testimony implicated boss Richard Croker in profiting from city business, contributing to his retirement from active leadership a few years later. politics ●●

1899 William Sheppard exposes the Kuba massacres 0 cit. William Sheppard, an African American Presbyterian missionary, documented a massacre by state-allied Zappo Zap raiders and counted scores of severed hands preserved as trophies. His reports gave detailed, credible eyewitness evidence of the atrocities to audiences in Europe and America. Sheppard and fellow missionary William Morrison were later sued for libel by a concession company, and their acquittal in 1909 became a public rebuke of the system. religion / society ●●

1899 Heart of Darkness reflects the Congo horror 0 cit. Joseph Conrad, who had captained a steamer on the Congo River in 1890, published the novella Heart of Darkness, a fictional descent into greed and violence in an unnamed Central African colony. Many readers and critics have read it as a veiled indictment of Leopold's Congo. It shaped how later generations imagined the moral rot of the venture, though as fiction it is a literary reflection rather than a documentary source. culture / society ●●

1899 The United Fruit Company is founded 0 cit. Minor Keith's Central American holdings merge with Andrew Preston's Boston Fruit Company to form the United Fruit Company. The new firm controls plantations, railroads, ports, and shipping across the Caribbean and Central America. It quickly grew into one of the most powerful corporations in the hemisphere. economy ●●●

1899 Robert Williams founds Tanganyika Concessions 0 cit. Scottish mining engineer Robert Williams, an associate of Cecil Rhodes, formed Tanganyika Concessions Limited to prospect for minerals in Central Africa. His teams confirmed the vast copper deposits of Katanga in the south of the Congo. British capital and expertise, routed through this company, would become a founding partner in the exploitation of the Congo's copper belt. economy / technology ●●

1899 Bavaria opens a central register of the Roma 1 cit. Bavaria set up a special police office in Munich to track and register Roma, gathering names, photographs, and fingerprints. Run for years by the official Alfred Dillmann, it treated the Roma as a standing security problem to be catalogued. The files and methods it built up were later available to the Nazi state. politics / society ●●

1899 Nairobi founded as a railway depot 6 cit. The railway reached a swampy plain the Maasai called Enkare Nyrobi, cool water, and engineers made it a depot and supply yard before pushing on toward the Rift Valley escarpment. The camp grew into the colonial capital and, later, the capital of independent Kenya. Its origin as a railhead, rather than an older African or Swahili town, shaped its segregated colonial layout. economy / society ●●

1899 Holy Ghost Fathers found St Austin's mission near Nairobi 0 cit. As the Uganda Railway pushed into the highlands, the Holy Ghost Fathers established St Austin's mission on the edge of the new town of Nairobi in 1899. The station planted coffee, ran schools, and served the growing settler and African populations of the capital. It became a hub of Catholic life in central Kenya and is remembered as one of the first places coffee was grown in the country. religion ●

1899 Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan launches the Dervish revolt 0 cit. Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, a Somali religious leader and poet the British derided as the Mad Mullah, called for holy war against Christian colonial powers and their local allies. He built the Dervish movement, a disciplined armed and religious state drawing on Sufi networks and Somali nationalism. His forces fought British, Italian, and Ethiopian troops across the northern interior for two decades. politics / religion / war ●●●

October 1899 The Boer War exposes imperial overstretch 0 cit. Britain needed nearly three years and almost half a million troops to defeat the two small Boer republics in South Africa, at a cost of more than two hundred million pounds. The struggle shocked opinion at home and abroad and exposed the growing gap between imperial commitments and British strength that Kennedy and other historians describe as overstretch. economy / politics / war ●●

1899 Delaware writes a corporation law to attract companies 0 cit. Delaware passed a lenient General Corporation Law in 1899 to lure businesses away from New York and New Jersey. Cheap fees, light rules, and a friendly court made it the legal home of most large American firms. Today more than a million companies are registered at a single address in Wilmington, and the state does not require owners' names to be made public. economy / politics ●●

9 October 1899 The ultimatum and the outbreak of war 0 cit. With British troops massing on its borders, the Transvaal issues an ultimatum demanding they withdraw. Britain rejects it, and on 11 October 1899 war begins between the British Empire and the two Boer republics, the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. Both sides expect a short campaign; it becomes the longest, costliest, and bloodiest war Britain fights between 1815 and 1914. diplomacy / war ●●●●●

October 1899 The Boer offensive and the invasion of the colonies 0 cit. The Boers strike first, invading British Natal and the Cape before reinforcements can arrive. Their mounted commandos, expert marksmen armed with modern Mauser rifles, move faster than the British columns and win early actions. Within weeks they have pushed deep into British territory and laid siege to three towns. war ●●●

October 1899 The sieges of Ladysmith, Kimberley, and Mafeking 0 cit. Boer forces surround and besiege the British garrison towns of Ladysmith in Natal, and Kimberley and Mafeking on the western front. The trapped garrisons and civilians endure months of shelling, hunger, and disease. The sieges fix British attention and manpower, and their relief becomes the emotional heart of the war back in Britain, above all the small garrison at Mafeking under Robert Baden-Powell. society / war ●●●

10 December 1899 Black Week 0 cit. In a single week in December 1899 the British suffer three heavy defeats, at Stormberg, Magersfontein, and Colenso, as generals send troops in frontal assaults against entrenched Boer riflemen. The losses shock the British public and shatter the assumption of an easy victory. London recalls the commander and sends its two most famous soldiers to take charge. war ●●●●

c. 1900 United States overtakes Britain economically ai_extracted 1 cit. Growing rapidly without a central bank, the United States had just about overtaken Britain, then the world's leading economic power, by 1900. ●●●

27 February 1900 Founding of the Labour Representation Committee 0 cit. British trade unions and socialist societies meet at Memorial Hall and form the Labour Representation Committee to elect workers to Parliament. It becomes the Labour Party in 1906. politics ●●●

23 July 1900 First Pan-African Conference 0 cit. Henry Sylvester Williams convenes delegates from Africa, the Caribbean, and the United States at Westminster Town Hall, with W. E. B. Du Bois among them. The meeting launches Pan-Africanism as an organized movement. politics / society ●●●

14 March 1900 Gold Standard Act of 1900 0 cit. The Gold Standard Act made gold the sole standard for redeeming paper money and fixed the dollar's value in gold. It settled decades of political conflict over gold versus silver. economy / politics ●●●●

1900 The US Gold Standard Act of 1900 0 cit. Congress formally placed the United States on the gold standard, ending the long dispute over silver. The dollar was defined in terms of gold alone. economy / politics ●●●

c. 1900 to c. 1903 Golden Dawn Schisms and Decline 0 cit. Internal disputes, including a revolt against Mathers and a clash involving Aleister Crowley, split the Golden Dawn into rival offshoots. The original order fragmented within about fifteen years of its founding. culture / society ●●

c. 1900 Indirect rule in colonial Africa 1 cit. Frederick Lugard developed indirect rule, governing colonies cheaply through existing or invented chiefs under British oversight. The system entrenched ethnic authorities and shaped African politics long after independence. politics / society ●●●

28 March 1900 War of the Golden Stool 0 cit. The Ashanti rose against British rule after a governor demanded the sacred Golden Stool, led in part by the queen mother Yaa Asantewaa. Britain won and annexed Ashanti, ending a long series of Anglo-Ashanti wars. culture / war ●●

c. 1900 New Thought roots of the prosperity gospel 0 cit. The prosperity gospel draws heavily on New Thought, which taught that thoughts and spoken words have the power to shape material reality and attract wealth and health. Historians trace the movement's mind-over-matter core back to this earlier metaphysical teaching rather than to traditional Christian theology. economy / religion ●●●

c. 1900 Goodyear's winged foot comes from the god Mercury 0 cit. The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, founded in Ohio in 1898, adopted a winged-foot logo around 1900. It is based on the winged sandals of Mercury, the Roman messenger god also known to the Greeks as Hermes. economy / religion / technology ●●

c. 1900 Modern ceremonial monarchy emerges 0 cit. In many countries the monarch became a symbol of unity while elected governments held real power. These crowned republics keep a royal head of state with almost no political authority. politics / society ●●●

c. 1900 Proportional representation reshapes parliaments 0 cit. Many democracies adopted systems that award seats in proportion to each party's share of the vote. This produced multiparty legislatures and coalition governments, unlike winner-take-all districts. politics ●●●

c. 1900 First-past-the-post shapes two-party systems 0 cit. In single-member districts the candidate with the most votes wins, even without a majority. This method tends to favor two large parties and is used across much of the English-speaking world. politics ●●●

1900 Yamagata excludes Ito, forms second cabinet (1900) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1900 Yamagata won a decisive victory over Ito and formed a second Cabinet from which the Ito group was completely excluded, and he made the army and navy ministries require active officers. ●●

1900 Eastern Establishment dominates both U.S. parties since 1900 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts that a semi-aristocratic Eastern Establishment had been the dominant element in both American parties since 1900, practicing the political techniques of William C. Whitney and J. P. Morgan. ●●

1900 Rhodes urges Milner to keep their intimacy hidden ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley says Milner needed an intermediary because he thought it politic to hide his closeness to Rhodes. He quotes Rhodes recalling on 10 April 1900 Milner's line that the less they were seen together the better. ●●

1900 Federation of the Australian colonies takes effect ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Brand's father, as Governor of New South Wales, was among the instigators of Australian federation. The federation of the Australian colonies came into effect in 1900. ●●

1900 Bionomics taught at Indiana University ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that by 1900 Indiana University offered a course called Bionomics, created and taught by president David Starr Jordan, dealing with producing a new evolutionary ruling class. ●●

1900 Thomas Davidson publishes 'History of Education' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto highlights Thomas Davidson's 1900 History of Education, the most talked-about education book of its year. He notes Davidson was also the first president of the Fabian Society and presented education as the highest form of evolution. ●●

1900 Capitalist development indeed produced the "great divergence," led rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Capitalist development indeed produced the "great divergence," led by Great Britain, between the economic power of societies in western Europe and els... ●●

1900 In 1900, with the dowager empress Cixi favoring candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1900, with the dowager empress Cixi favoring war against foreigners and the military and admiriistration hesitant and inef fectual in containing th... ●●

1900 Japan joins the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Japan was conciliatory to ward its rival empires and j oined them in 1900 in putting down the Boxer Rebellion in China. ●●

1900 First Pan-African Conference meets in London ai_extracted 1 cit. Racializing ideologies were also challenged on the empires' global scale when, for instance, the first pan-African Conference met in London in 1900, b... ●●

1900 The covert coups of the Cold War era were carried rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The covert coups of the Cold War era were carried out quite differently from the invasions and stagemanaged revolutions that the United States used in (1900) ●●

1900 The most shocking death was Coster’s, in March 1900, at age rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The most shocking death was Coster’s, in March 1900, at age forty-eight. He contracted flu or pneumonia and died within a week. ●●

1900 Mixing sympathy with outrage, the New York Times charged tha rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mixing sympathy with outrage, the New York Times charged that the tasks piled upon Coster had grown “far heavier than any one man ought to bear, or could bear with safety.” Naming Morgan partners who ... ●●

1900 Generous contributions by Morgan and other bankers to the ca rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Generous contributions by Morgan and other bankers to the campaign of William McKinley—23 Wall Street was hung with banners in his support—were thought instrumental in persuading him to champion the g... ●●

1900 Sir Clinton Dawkins called the chancellor, Hicks-Beach, “not rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Sir Clinton Dawkins called the chancellor, Hicks-Beach, “notoriously stupid and most unbusinesslike.”13 The Boer War financing of 1900 had disquieting effects in the City. ●●

1900 In 1900, he signed up as a partner Sir Clinton E rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1900, he signed up as a partner Sir Clinton E. Dawkins, a distinguished civil servant who had just completed a tour of duty in Egypt and was about to become a finance minister in India. ●●

1900 They wanted to avenge a 10-percent wage increase granted the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story They wanted to avenge a 10-percent wage increase granted the miners in 1900—a deal that Pierpont had helped to broker—and reacted to the strikers with feudal ferocity. By the fall of 1902, schools wer... ●●

1900 JPMJ, Box 6, Folder 3, letter to Frances Tracy Morgan, January 2, 1900 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 45. Winkler, Morgan the Magnificent, p. 284. ●●

1900 Rockefeller regarded his fortune as a public trust rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rockefeller regarded his fortune as a public trust, not as a private indulgence, and the pressure to dispose of it grew imperative in the early 1900s as his Standard Oil stock and other investments appreciated fantastically. ●●

1900 Rockefellers rebuild the Spelman Seminary campus ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1900, the Rockefeller family had virtually made over the Spelman campus, paying for a new hospital, two dormitories, a dining hall and kitchen, a power plant, and a residence for the school president. ●●

1900 After he took over the class from Charles rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After he took over the class from Charles Evans Hughes in 1900, the number of young men in attendance at once quadrupled from 50 to 200 and ultimately reached 500, including many bookkeepers, clerks, salesmen, and students. ●●

1900 With Archbold at the helm, returns soared from rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With Archbold at the helm, returns soared from 21 to 27 percent between 1900 and 1906. This might have been smart business but it was very poor politics: The trust was booking record profits just when it could least afford to enrage public opinion. ●●

1900 Oil Industry Development rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1892, Gates joyously proclaimed to Rockefeller, “Our denomination has a larger, better distributed, better organized, and more efficient educational property than any other denomination in Ameri... ●●

1900 Rockefeller and Carnegie Philanthropy candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Morgan decided to create a steel trust in late 1900, he knew he would have to tangle with two men who were confirmed cynics about Wall Street: Carnegie, master of the steel mills, and Rockefeller, ... ●●

1900 Standard Oil Asset Acquisition rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1900, Rockefeller had acquired 1,600 acres and eventually the Pocantico Hills estate expanded to 3,000 acres, threaded by dozens of miles of winding roads and bridle paths. Rockefeller could tol... ●●

1900 Rothschild New Year Celebration at Mentmore rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A New Year's Eve gathering at Mentmore brings together leading Liberals and Conservatives to celebrate the Rothschild family. Rosebery's emotional toast moves Natty to tears. ●●