Events, Verisoph

1906 Police Ordinance puts Kenya policing on military lines 2 cit. The Kenya Police was legally constituted by the 1906 Police Ordinance. Official DCI history states that up to 1907 the force was organised along military lines and trained in a military manner. Kenya did not begin with a community-policing ideal. It began with a disciplined colonial force built for order, labour control and settler security. politics / society / war ●●●●

31 August 1907 Anglo-Russian Convention 0 cit. Agreement dividing Persia into spheres of influence and settling disputes over Afghanistan and Tibet. It completed the Triple Entente of Britain, France, and Russia. diplomacy / politics ●●●

9 December 1907 Founding of the Office International d'Hygiène Publique 0 cit. Twelve states sign an agreement in Rome creating a Paris-based international health office to track epidemic diseases and administer sanitary conventions, a forerunner of the World Health Organization. diplomacy / science / society ●●

17 December 1907 Founding of the Kingdom of Bhutan 0 cit. no story Ugyen Wangchuck is crowned as the first hereditary king of Bhutan, unifying the country under the Wangchuck monarchy. politics ●●

26 September 1907 Dominion of New Zealand 0 cit. no story New Zealand becomes a self-governing dominion within the British Empire, a key step toward full independence. politics ●●●

22 October 1907 Collapse of the Knickerbocker Trust Company 0 cit. A run forces New York's third largest trust company to suspend payments, igniting the Panic of 1907. J.P. Morgan personally organizes a private rescue of the banking system, and the crisis leads directly to the creation of the Federal Reserve. economy ●●●●

20 June 1907 Founding of the Swiss National Bank 0 cit. Switzerland's central bank opens for business, taking over note issue from dozens of cantonal and private banks. It becomes guardian of the Swiss franc, one of the world's key reserve currencies. economy ●●●

1907 Formation of Royal Dutch Shell 0 cit. Royal Dutch Petroleum and Britain's Shell Transport and Trading merge to challenge Standard Oil. The combined group becomes one of the world's largest oil companies. economy ●●●●

15 June 1907 Second Hague Peace Conference 0 cit. A larger follow-up conference of 44 states expanded the rules of warfare and arbitration. It reinforced the idea of a codified body of international law governing relations between states. politics / war ●●

9 April 1907 Indiana passes the world's first sterilization law 1 cit. Indiana enacted the first law allowing the state to forcibly sterilize people it labeled unfit, including prisoners and people with disabilities. It opened the door to tens of thousands of coerced sterilizations across the United States. politics / science ●●●

October 1907 Morgan halts the Panic of 1907 0 cit. During the Panic of 1907 J.P. Morgan organised bankers to pool funds and stop a wave of bank failures. His personal leadership steadied the system and spurred later creation of the Federal Reserve. economy / politics ●●●●

1907 Aleister Crowley Founds the A∴A∴ 0 cit. After leaving the Golden Dawn, Aleister Crowley founded his own magical order, the A∴A∴, to teach his system of spiritual attainment. It became a vehicle for his religious philosophy of Thelema. culture / religion ●●

1907 British Eugenics Education Society founded 0 cit. The Eugenics Education Society was founded in London in 1907 to promote the study and application of eugenics in policy. It became a leading voice arguing that the state should influence which people had children. science / society ●●●

1907 Indiana passes the first compulsory sterilization law 0 cit. Indiana enacted the world's first compulsory sterilization law in 1907, authorizing the forced sterilization of people held in state institutions. It opened the way for similar laws in more than thirty US states. politics / science ●●●●

1907 Anglo-Russian Entente divides Persia (1907) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story German naval rivalry and Russia's defeat by Japan made possible the 1907 Anglo-Russian agreement, which divided Persia into Russian, British, and neutral zones of influence. ●●

1907 Quigley: international banking fraternity strengthened the Triple Entente ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts that the international banking fraternity, largely excluded from German development but linked to France and Russia, helped create and strengthen the Triple Entente. ●●

1907 The Selborne Federation Dispatch issued ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Curtis's memorandum on closer union, with additions by Kerr and Selborne, was issued as the Selborne Federation Dispatch of 7 January 1907. It was published as an Imperial Blue Book. ●●

1907 Committee of Imperial Defence created (1907) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the 1907 Conference, on Haldane's suggestion, a Committee of Imperial Defence was created and Dominion defense forces were reorganized on common patterns. Quigley says its secretariat became a Milner Group branch. ●●

1907 Quigley: RIIA rooted in the 1907 Closer Union movement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts the Royal Institute of International Affairs is the Milner Group writ large, a child of the Round Table, which itself grew from the Closer Union movement organized in South Africa in 1907. ●●

1907 Kenneth Freeman's The Schools of Hellas ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Kenneth Freeman's 1907 study The Schools of Hellas, which concluded there were no schools in ancient Greece in the modern institutional sense. ●●

1907 Bagley's 'Classroom Management' becomes a standard training text ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites William C. Bagley's 1907 book Classroom Management, reprinted thirty times over the next two decades. He argues its big-business metaphors, stressing unquestioned obedience, shaped the pedagogical imagination for the century. ●●

1907 J. P. Morgan and the Panic of 1907 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book asserts, drawing on Quigley, that J. P. Morgan precipitated the Panic of 1907. It argues the panic was used to build public demand for the central bank the Network wanted. ●●

1907 The Panic of 1907 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In October 1907 a failed stock corner set off runs on New York banks and trust companies. With no central bank, the country turned to J. P. Morgan, who marshaled the rescue. ●●

1907 A 1907 New York Times headline, echoing the widespread sentiment that Morga... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A 1907 New York Times headline, echoing the widespread sentiment that Morgan and his crew had masterfully saved the economy, declared Morgan the “world’s central bank.” Morgan... ●●

1907 The 1907 panic had revealed the weakness in the Morgan-dominated banking sy... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 1907 panic had revealed the weakness in the Morgan-dominated banking system, in that it relied too heavily on the maneuvers and money of an elite group of men who wielded... ●●

1907 Jekyll Island, 1910 After the Panic of 1907, bankers and politicians alike... rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Jekyll Island, 1910 After the Panic of 1907, bankers and politicians alike sought a more stable banking system, though for different reasons. Despite J. P. ●●

1907 It served to push memories of the Panic of 1907 and the Pujo hearings into... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It served to push memories of the Panic of 1907 and the Pujo hearings into a receding spot in the national consciousness. Citizens began to view the bankers not as crooks but as... ●●

1907 Anglo-Russian Convention signed over Asian routes ai_extracted 1 cit. no story I n 1907, Russia signed a treaty with the British, who were set on controlling the routes to India. ●●

1907 Britain and Russia divide Iran into spheres ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Britain and Russia sign a treaty dividing Iran into spheres of influence, with Britain controlling southern provinces and Russia the north. ●●

1907 Theodore Roosevelt launches the Great White Fleet ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Theodore Roosevelt deployed the Great White Fleet, consisting of sixteen battleships carrying 14,000 troops. The massive naval display on December 16, 1907, demonstrated U.S. military power across the Caribbean and South America. ●●

1907 Some have traced the origins of the war back to the naval race of the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Some have traced the origins of the war back to the naval race of the mid-1890s; others to events in the Balkans after 1907. ●●

1907 He had long bewailed his inability to delegate authority—“It rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He had long bewailed his inability to delegate authority—“It is my nature and I cannot help it”—and held no formal meeting of his partners until after the 1907 panic.55 Despite the scope of his vision... ●●

1907 After Pierpont’s heroic role in the 1907 panic, Schiff said, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Pierpont’s heroic role in the 1907 panic, Schiff said, “Probably no one could have got the banks to act together . ●●

1907 Maxine Elliott builds first woman-owned Broadway theater ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Maxine Elliott was the first woman to build a Broadway theater, purchasing the needed lot two months after the 1907 panic. Scandalmongers attributed the financing to Morgan. ●●

1907 The October 1907 panic found him at the Episcopal Convention rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The October 1907 panic found him at the Episcopal Convention in Richmond, Virginia. As a lay delegate from New York, he would attend these conventions in opulent style, bringing bishops down by privat... ●●

1907 “They do not know what to do, and I don’t know what to do, b rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “They do not know what to do, and I don’t know what to do, but I am going back.”3 The 1907 panic was Pierpont’s last hurrah. Although semiretired, reporting to work periodically for only an hour or t... ●●

1907 The 1907 panic would be the last time that bankers loomed so rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 1907 panic would be the last time that bankers loomed so much larger than regulators in a crisis. Afterward, the pendulum would swing decidedly toward government financial management. ●●

1907 Morgan rescues Trust Company of America ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the 1907 panic, Pierpont proved that American finance could aspire to high drama. In an elaborate finale on Saturday night, November 2, he devised a rescue for the still-shaky Trust Company of ... ●●

1907 Despite this controversy, Pierpont reached the zenith of his rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Despite this controversy, Pierpont reached the zenith of his influence with the 1907 panic. As his biographer Frederick Lewis Allen wrote, “Where there had been many principalities, there was now one ... ●●

1907 The 1907 panic exposed many systemic defects rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 1907 panic exposed many systemic defects. As people hoarded money and banks called in loans, there was no central bank to instill confidence or offset the sudden credit contraction. ●●

1907 As was clear in the 1907 panic, the handsome Davison had sta rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As was clear in the 1907 panic, the handsome Davison had star quality, a square-jawed toughness noticed by everyone on Wall Street. He had grown up in a small Pennsylvania town, the son of a farm-tool... ●●

1907 U.S. Steel acquires Tennessee Coal and Iron ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Steel’s acquisition of Tennessee Coal and Iron during the 1907 panic. This was the deal that Judge Gary and Henry Frick had gotten TR to approve during his breakfast. ●●

1907 After the 1907 panic, Pierpont also took a large block of Na rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the 1907 panic, Pierpont also took a large block of National City stock and put Jack on its board. The public could be forgiven for suspecting that these “Morgan banks” avoided competition and e... ●●

1907 James Markoe, who pumped Pierpont with medication during the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story James Markoe, who pumped Pierpont with medication during the 1907 panic, received a $25,000 annuity, which was to revert to his pretty wife, Annette, should she outlive him. ●●

1907 Steel, the cornering of Northern Pacific, the negotiations i rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Steel, the cornering of Northern Pacific, the negotiations in the 1907 panic—were exclusively American in character. After Pierpont Morgan’s death, the House of Morgan would become less autocratic, le... ●●

1907 When he solicited a gold loan in Paris during the 1907 panic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When he solicited a gold loan in Paris during the 1907 panic, the Banque de France rebuffed him—a hard knock for Junius Morgan’s grandson. Wall Street wits said that after returning to New York in 190... ●●

1907 Where Pierpont held no regular meetings until the 1907 panic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Where Pierpont held no regular meetings until the 1907 panic, Jack scheduled daily partners’ meetings in the informal style of a British merchant bank. No stenographer was present, and no minutes were... ●●

1907 The son of eastern European immigrants, a Harvard Law gradua rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The son of eastern European immigrants, a Harvard Law graduate, Brandeis was already a millionaire lawyer in 1907 when he took on the New Haven as a public-interest cause. That year, he spearheaded th... ●●

1907 He was a protege of Harry Davison, who had made him a secret rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He was a protege of Harry Davison, who had made him a secretary of Bankers Trust and brought him in as Pierpont’s personal auditor during the 1907 panic. There was an emotional bond between the two me... ●●

1907 Why did Continental choose Morgan to lead the rescue—a choice so re... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Continental began to unravel during the Fourth of July weekend of 1982 with the failure of the Penn Square Bank. This was the notorious Oklahoma shopping-center bank that had booked and resold to Continental $1 billion in bum energy loans. (One pi... ●●

1907 In August 1907, still baffled in its search rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In August 1907, still baffled in its search for Doc Rockefeller, the World ran the interview with Frank recorded a year and a half earlier. “My father is alive and well,” a defiant Frank was quoted as saying. ●●

1907 In the summer of 1907, his dear friend rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the summer of 1907, his dear friend Henry H. Rogers had suffered a stroke, and Twain had stayed with him in Bermuda from February 24 to April 11, 1908, easing his convalescence. Twain’s favorite daughter, Susy, had died of spinal meningitis a decade earlier at age twenty-four. ●●

1907 Judge Landis rules in the Standard Oil case ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the morning of August 3, 1907, as more than a thousand people sought entrance to his courtroom, Landis read aloud his decision in the Standard Oil case. ●●

1907 With the final amalgamation of Royal Dutch and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story With the final amalgamation of Royal Dutch and Shell in 1907, Standard Oil at last faced a worthy competitor abroad, while the Anglo-Persian Oil Company was tapping rich new fields in the Middle East. At home, more oil poured forth from Texas, Oklahoma, California, Kansas, and Illinois, providing an opening wedge for assertive newcomers. ●●

1907 Only later did Gates learn that Gould had rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Only later did Gates learn that Gould had been tipped off by a trusted aide that the company management was “rotten” and that its top executives were a pack of “liars,” “swindlers,” and “thieves.”1 To strengthen CFI, Gates convinced Rockefeller in 1907 to import a new management team, and he had an ideal candidate in mind: his sixty-year-old uncle, LaMont Montgomery Bowers, whose consumptive wife might benefit from the Colorado mountain air. ●●

1907 Standard Oil Production Committee Formed rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Rockefeller and Archbold later claimed in 1907 when their subsequent behavior was questioned, “Since the enactment of the interstate commerce law in 1887, the Standard Oil Co. has most carefully... ●●

1907 Oil Industry Development rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1907, Standard Oil was briefly slapped with the largest fine in corporate history for a practice it had supposedly given up long before. ●●

1907 During this time, if I may use a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During this time, if I may use a bold comparison, I have taken from the British one trench after another and I have attacked again and again, as soon as I could find the means for it.”24 Max hoped to... ●●

1907 Max Warburg's Bank Day speech on war readiness ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1907, he created a sensation by delivering a Bank Day speech about Germany’s lack of financial preparedness for war. ●●

1907 As in 1907, he felt duty-bound to act, even though he knew... (1907) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As in 1907, he felt duty-bound to act, even though he knew he would be crucified. ●●

1907 1907 Diplomatic Agreement rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first was the 1907 Anglo-Russian entente over Persia, Tibet, and Afghanistan, in itself a regional affair but with wider implications for not only did it eliminate those Asian ... ●●

1907 Great Britain joined the Franco-Russian bloc with ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Great Britain joined the Franco-Russian bloc with agreements in 1904 and 1907. ●●

1907 Instead of wrecking the Entente Cordiale, it led t... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Instead of wrecking the Entente Cordiale, it led to Franco-British military cooperation and lent impetus to the Anglo-Russian Entente of 1907. After A ●●

1907 1907: anufacturing specialists, and ingenious tinkerers. BELL LABS In 1907 t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story anufacturing specialists, and ingenious tinkerers. BELL LABS In 1907 the American Telephone and Telegraph Company faced a crisis. The patents of its f ●●

1907 Event of 1907 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story have learned, cannot be gained by goodwill alone.” Peace would be strengthened, not obstructed, he assessed, by continued demonstrations of American power and a proven willingness to act globally—which evoked shades of Theodore Roosevelt sending the ●●

1907 Einstein publishes the equivalence principle ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In November 1907, Einstein published a fifth section in the Yearbook of Radioactivity and Electronics outlining his new equivalence principle and sketch of ideas for extending relativity to accelerated reference systems. ●●

1907 US states enact compulsory sterilization laws ai_extracted 1 cit. Beginning in 1907, more than thirty US states enact compulsory sterilization laws based on eugenic ideology ●●

1907 1907 - Honduras - March rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1907 - Honduras - March 18 to June 8: To protect American interests during a war between Honduras and Nicaragua; troops were stationed for a few days or weeks in Trujillo, Ceiba, Puerto Cortez, San Pedro, Laguna and Choloma ●●

1907 As Eichner points out: “The government’s objectives in the suit had, to a certai rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Eichner points out: “The government’s objectives in the suit had, to a certain extent, already been accomplished through the death in 1907 of the A ●●

26 September 1907 Dominion of New Zealand established 0 cit. New Zealand's status changed from colony to dominion within the British Empire, granting it greater self-governance while remaining under the Crown. New Zealand had already granted women the vote in 1893, ahead of Britain itself. The dominion retained the British monarch as head of state. politics ●

1907 Native ordinances entrench land and labor controls 0 cit. German colonial authorities issued ordinances stripping surviving Herero and Nama communities of remaining land rights and requiring Africans over the age of seven to carry identification passes. The measures barred African land and cattle ownership on the scale that had existed before the war and pushed survivors into wage labor on settler farms and mines. These laws formed the legal basis for decades of racial land dispossession in the territory. politics ●●

c. April 1907 Shark Island camp closed 0 cit. German authorities close the camp at Shark Island after its death toll, documented at several thousand Herero and Nama prisoners, draws criticism even from within the colonial administration. Estimates of deaths at the camp between 1905 and its closure range from roughly 1,000 to 3,000, out of an interned population never much larger than that. war ●●

c. 31 March 1907 Colonial administration declares the uprisings over 0 cit. The German colonial government formally declares the Herero and Nama wars ended, after roughly 80 percent of the pre-war Herero population and roughly half of the Nama population have died from combat, exposure in the Omaheke, and camp conditions, according to the scholarly consensus drawn from German census and mission records. Survivors are stripped of land and cattle by decree and required to carry identification passes, restricted from owning livestock or land, and bound into a colonial labor system. politics / war ●●●

25 January 1907 German Reichstag election fought over colonial policy 0 cit. Chancellor Bülow dissolves the Reichstag after the Center Party and Social Democrats criticize colonial military spending and the conduct of the war in South-West Africa, and calls a snap election. The vote, remembered as the "Hottentot election," becomes a referendum on German colonial policy and returns a nationalist majority supportive of continued colonial rule. politics ●

9 March 1907 Indiana Passes First Sterilization Law 0 cit. Indiana enacted the first eugenic sterilization law in the world, authorizing forced sterilization of people in state institutions judged "confirmed criminals, idiots, imbeciles and rapists." The law was signed by Governor J. Frank Hanly and applied to inmates of state prisons, reformatories, and homes for the "feeble-minded." It became the model that other states copied over the following decades. politics / science / society ●●●

c. 1 January 1907 Estimated 60,000 Americans Sterilized Under Eugenics Programs 0 cit. Historians including Paul Lombardo and Alexandra Minna Stern have estimated that more than 60,000 Americans were sterilized under state eugenics laws between 1907 and the programs' effective end in the 1970s, with some researchers placing the number closer to 70,000 once undercounted institutional and welfare-linked sterilizations are included. California, North Carolina, and Virginia accounted for a large share of the total. science / society ●●●

c. 1907 Policing the colour bar 0 cit. Colonial Kenya ran on a racial hierarchy that reserved land, jobs, and town spaces for Europeans, and the police enforced it through pass laws, vagrancy rules, and segregation of urban areas. Africans in towns needed passes and could be detained for being in the wrong place. Everyday policing kept the colour bar in place. politics / society ●●

18 August 1907 The Stuttgart Congress and the war question 0 cit. The Second International's Stuttgart congress adopts a resolution committing socialist parties to work against militarism and war. An amendment pressed by Lenin, Rosa Luxemburg and Julius Martov added that, should war break out, socialists should use the resulting crisis to hasten the fall of capitalism. How far parties would actually resist a war was left unresolved. diplomacy / politics / war ●●

c. 1907 The whole nine yards: origin unknown, Masonic claim unproven unproven 0 cit. The whole nine yards, meaning the entire amount, has one of the most argued origins in American English, with theories ranging from ammunition belts to concrete trucks to cloth for a suit; a Masonic explanation circulates among these. The earliest known print uses are American from the early twentieth century, and no source, Masonic or otherwise, has been proven. It belongs firmly in the disputed column. culture / society ●●

1907 The Abolition of Slavery on the Coast 0 cit. Britain abolished the legal status of slavery in the coastal protectorate in 1907, ending the labour system on which the Arab and Swahili plantations of cloves, grain, and coconuts had run. Freed slaves and Mijikenda migrants stayed on as squatters and low-paid workers, and former owners were compensated while the freed were not. The change reshaped coastal society and left a tangle of land and labour disputes that outlived colonial rule. economy / society ●●

1907 Abolition of the legal status of slavery on the coast 0 cit. Britain abolished the legal status of slavery in the coastal strip, freeing the enslaved labour force that had worked the Arab-Swahili grain and clove plantations. Emancipation came with compensation for slaveholders but little land or support for the freed, many of whom drifted into squatting and casual labour. The end of coerced labour broke the plantation economy without building anything to replace it. economy / society ●●

1907 A Tumbuka "kingdom" invented under colonial rule ai_extracted 1 cit. Under colonialism, mission-educated Africans and appointed chiefs created a Tumbuka paramountcy that had not existed before. Chilongozi Gondwe was appointed chief in 1907 and began promoting his royal status, supported by an elite that manufactured a myth-history of an ancient Tumbuka empire. ●●

1907 The Kenya coast abolishes the legal status of slavery 5 cit. In 1907 the British East Africa Protectorate abolished the legal status of slavery in the coastal strip that the sultan of Zanzibar still nominally ruled. As in Zanzibar, the end was gradual and compensated, and courts and officials moved cautiously to avoid upsetting the coastal landowners. Slavery lost its legal backing, but many people remained tied to their former owners by debt, land, and lack of options. economy / politics ●●●●

1907 Nairobi becomes Kenya's colonial capital 6 cit. The colonial administration moved its capital from the coast to Nairobi, turning a railway depot into the command centre of the Kenya Protectorate. The move pulled power inland toward settler agriculture, railway logistics and highland administration. economy / politics ●●●●

c. 1907 Colonial policing imports the Irish and Indian model 3 cit. The force was not simply copied from the unarmed London beat constable. British colonial policing in Kenya mixed the Royal Irish Constabulary model of barracked, semi-military political control with Indian colonial police law and some Metropolitan Police practices in towns and detective work. The result was a force closer to gendarmerie than public service. politics / society ●●●●

1908 Havenstein becomes Reichsbank president ai_extracted 1 cit. Rudolf von Havenstein became president of the German Reichsbank in 1908 and was a strong defender of central bank independence. ●●

16 September 1908 Founding of General Motors 0 cit. William Durant founds General Motors as a holding company for Buick, soon adding Oldsmobile, Cadillac, and Chevrolet. Under Alfred Sloan it becomes the world's largest automaker and a model of the modern corporation. economy / technology ●●●●

26 July 1908 Founding of the FBI 0 cit. Attorney General Charles Bonaparte creates a small force of special agents in the Justice Department; it grows into the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the national police and counterintelligence service. politics ●●●

1908 The Ford Model T 0 cit. Henry Ford launched the Model T, a sturdy car simple enough to be affordable for ordinary families. It put millions on the road and made the automobile a mass product. technology ●●●●

1 October 1908 Ford introduces the Model T 0 cit. Henry Ford launched the Model T, a sturdy, affordable car meant for ordinary buyers. Strong demand pushed Ford to find faster ways to build it. economy / technology ●●●●

c. 1908 Women's Freemasonry in Britain 0 cit. Co-Masonry reached Britain around 1902, and a women-only order that became the Honourable Fraternity of Ancient Freemasons emerged from it by 1908. These bodies work Masonic ritual for women but are not recognized by the male-only United Grand Lodge of England. culture / society ●●

1908 Young Turk revolt restores the constitution, 1908 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In July 1908 the Young Turk conspirators, having penetrated the army, revolted and forced the sultan to reestablish the Constitution of 1876. ●●

1908 Austria annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina (October 1908) ai_extracted 2 cit. no story While Izvolski sought the Powers' consent for opening the Straits, Aehrenthal suddenly annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina on October 6, 1908, leaving Russia empty-handed and creating a lasting war crisis. ●●

1908 Sorel's Reflections on Violence ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley traces one response to the twentieth-century crisis, an embrace of irrationalism, back to Georges Sorel's 1908 Reflections on Violence. ●●

1908 Round Table Groups organized ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley says the Round Table Groups were organized in 1908-1911 by Lionel Curtis, Philip Kerr, and William Marris on behalf of Lord Milner, to federate the English-speaking world along lines laid down by Cecil Rhodes. ●●

1908 A hidden buyer, Northcliffe, acquires control of The Times ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley recounts that in 1908 a purchaser known only as 'X' gained control of The Times. Esher visited Lord Northcliffe, who was 'X', to secure assurances that the paper's policy would not change. ●●

1908 Publisher Henry Holt calls for central control of industry ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites publisher Henry Holt, who in 1908 said there was 'too much enterprise' and argued that whole industries, including schooling, should be put under central control. ●●

1908 NEA convention questions schooling the masses, 1908 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes a 1908 National Education Association convention admission questioning whether the masses should be schooled the same way as future leaders. ●●

1908 Carnegie trustees ask whether war can alter a people ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book relays researcher Katherine Casey's account that in 1908 Carnegie trustees discussed whether any means more effective than war existed to alter the life of an entire people. It presents this as documentary proof of a war-seeking agenda. ●●

1908 General Motors founded by William Durant ai_extracted 1 cit. no story General Motors was founded in 1908 by William Crapo Durant. He assembled Buick, Oldsmobile, Cadillac, and Pontiac before losing control in 1910, regaining it in 1915, and losing it again in 1920. ●●