Events, Verisoph

10 October 1911 to 12 February 1912 Xinhai Revolution wikidata 0 cit. no story revolution in China that overthrew the Qing dynasty and established the Republic of China ●●●

29 December 1911 Independence of Mongolia 0 cit. no story Outer Mongolia declares independence from Qing China under the Bogd Khan; independence was secured by the 1921 revolution. politics ●●●

29 September 1911 to 18 October 1912 Italo-Turkish War 0 cit. no story Italy seizes Ottoman Libya and the Dodecanese islands, using aircraft in combat for the first time. Ottoman weakness revealed by the war helps trigger the Balkan Wars. war ●●

15 May 1911 Breakup of Standard Oil 0 cit. The U.S. Supreme Court finds Standard Oil an illegal monopoly and orders it split into 34 companies, among them the ancestors of Exxon, Mobil, and Chevron. It remains the landmark antitrust action in business history. economy / politics ●●●●●

16 June 1911 Founding of IBM 0 cit. The Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company forms from a merger of punched card and scale makers, renamed IBM in 1924. Under the Watsons it comes to dominate business machines and then the computer industry. economy / technology ●●●●

c. 1911 Hollywood emerges as a film center 0 cit. The Nestor Company opened Hollywood's first film studio in 1911, and filmmakers drawn by sunshine, varied scenery, and distance from eastern patent enforcers clustered nearby. Within a decade Hollywood was the capital of American cinema. culture / economy ●●●●

1911 Xinhai Revolution and fall of the Qing 0 cit. An uprising at Wuchang in October 1911 sparked a revolution that spread across China. It ended more than two thousand years of imperial rule. politics / war ●●●●●

1911 Taylor publishes The Principles of Scientific Management 0 cit. Frederick Taylor set out a system for studying and timing work to raise output. His scientific management reshaped factory labor and drew criticism for treating workers as machines. economy / society ●●●●

15 May 1911 Supreme Court breaks up Standard Oil 0 cit. On 15 May 1911 the United States Supreme Court ruled that Standard Oil was an illegal monopoly and ordered it split into 34 separate companies. The decision reshaped American antitrust law and the oil industry. economy / politics ●●●●●

c. 1911 Mobil's flying red horse is Pegasus of Greek myth 0 cit. The Socony oil company adopted a flying red horse as its trademark around 1911, the winged horse Pegasus of Greek mythology. The emblem was later carried by Mobil. economy / religion / technology ●●

1911 Assassination of Prime Minister Stolypin, 1911 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Russia's reforming and repressive chief minister Pyotr Stolypin was assassinated in the presence of the tsar in 1911. ●●

1911 Discovery at Hankow precipitates 1911 revolution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The discovery of the revolutionists' headquarters at Hankow in 1911 precipitated the revolution, as Sun Yat-sen returned from abroad and Yuan Shih-kai forced the Manchu abdication. ●●

1911 Payment for Members of Parliament introduced ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Payment for Members of Parliament was adopted first in 1911 at 400 pounds a year, later raised in 1936 to 500 pounds with an expenses allowance. Before this, unpaid seats restricted membership to the well-to-do. ●●

1911 Parliament Act of 1911 curbs the House of Lords ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Parliament bill, law in August 1911, stripped the Lords of any veto over money bills and limited them to a suspensive veto: any other bill became law if passed by the Commons in three sessions over at least two years. ●●

1911 Taylor's Principles of Scientific Management ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley marks the 1911 appearance of Frederick Winslow Taylor's The Principles of Scientific Management as a step in spreading rationalization from production to business efficiency. ●●

1911 Curtis decides the Empire should be renamed 'Commonwealth of Nations' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley claims Lionel Curtis's ideas became policy a generation later. In 1911 Curtis decided the Dominions should be called the 'Commonwealth of Nations', which he says was made official in 1948. ●●

1911 Round Table organization set up in Canada (1911) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley says Arthur Glazebrook, on instructions from Milner and working with Curtis, Kerr and Marris, set up the Round Table organization in Canada in 1911. About a dozen units were established. ●●

1911 Lothian's 1911 warning on two codes of morality ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the August 1911 Round Table, the future Lord Lothian wrote that two codes of international morality, British and German, could not both prevail. Quigley cites it as evidence of the Group's early anti-German stance. ●●

1911 Frederick Taylor publishes Principles of Scientific Management ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Frederick Taylor published Principles of Scientific Management in 1911. Wood says 'Taylorism' shaped business, government and the technocratic emphasis on efficiency. ●●

1911 Public Education Association calls for schools as welfare agencies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that in 1911 the Public Education Association, which he describes as run by bankers and society figures, announced an urgent need to convert public schools into child welfare agencies. ●●

1911 Birth of Frances 'Bootie' Zimmer, Gatto's mother ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto's mother, Frances Zimmer, was born on Halloween 1911 in Monongahela, three years before the country had an income tax or a Federal Reserve Bank. ●●

1911 Robert Michels publishes Political Parties ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites the German sociologist Robert Michels, who in his 1911 book Political Parties warned that large bureaucracies could use their wealth to buy off critics and resist reform. Gatto applies the argument to school bureaucracies. ●●

1911 Wilson meets Colonel Edward Mandell House ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book says Wilson met kingmaker Edward Mandell House in November 1911, beginning House's grooming of Wilson for the presidency. It quotes both men describing an immediate meeting of minds. ●●

1911 2 Also present was Thomas Lamont, a friend of Strong’s who would become the... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2 Also present was Thomas Lamont, a friend of Strong’s who would become the youngest Morgan partner in 1911; he would later rise to run the firm and have a substantive impact on... ●●

1911 In 1911, Munsey’s Magazine described Mellon as the “J.P. Morgan of the Stee... rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In 1911, Munsey’s Magazine described Mellon as the “J.P. Morgan of the Steel City. ●●

1911 United Fruit rose to its mythical status in Guatemala under rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story United Fruit rose to its mythical status in Guatemala under the leadership of Sam Zemurray, the visionary “Banana Man” who had organized the overthrow (1911) ●●

1911 It had forty-five rooms in all, including twelve bedrooms, t rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It had forty-five rooms in all, including twelve bedrooms, thirteen bathrooms, eighteen marble fireplaces, a sixteen-car garage, and even a small gymnasium.9 After Jack and Jessie moved there in 1911 ... ●●

1911 John Foster Dulles joins Sullivan & Cromwell ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Foster Dulles joined Sullivan & Cromwell, the country's most eminent corporate law firm, as a clerk, beginning a nearly forty-year career there. ●●

1911 Because infected people were cured swiftly, it seemed rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Because infected people were cured swiftly, it seemed no less miraculous than faith healing to many people, and the throngs often erupted into singing “Onward Christian Soldiers.” In a single day in 1911, 454 people were cured of the disease. ●●

1911 Precisely because he lost the antitrust suit, Rockefeller rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Precisely because he lost the antitrust suit, Rockefeller was converted from a mere millionaire, with an estimated net worth of $300 million in 1911, into something just short of history’s first billionaire. ●●

1911 In 1911, his luck expired when the Liberal rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1911, his luck expired when the Liberal government fell, depriving him of his ministerial post and throwing him into a state of acute anxiety about money. For three years, a rich British woman named Violet Markham helped him financially. ●●

1911 Oil Industry Development candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the Armstrong investigation of 1905 exposed massive double-dealing between insurance companies and their bankers, reform legislation was enacted in 1911 that forced the Equitable Life Assuran... ●●

1911 Death of Albert von Rothschild in Vienna ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Albert von Rothschild, the last major figure of his generation in Vienna, died in 1911, after which his younger son Louis assumed control of the Vienna house. ●●

1911 Paul was eager to launch a national education rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Paul was eager to launch a national education campaign and Aldrich had to damp his excessive ardor. Frank Vanderlip of National City Bank described these strenuous days as the most stimulating intelle... ●●

1911 Paul exchanged an income estimated at $500,000 a rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Paul exchanged an income estimated at $500,000 a year for one pegged at $12,000. At the time he became a top American financial official, Paul had never even cast a vote: He became a citizen in 1911 a... ●●

1911 At the time he became a top American rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the time he became a top American financial official, Paul had never even cast a vote: He became a citizen in 1911 and was in Europe on election day in 1912. ●●

1911 Schiff was so strict, proper, and correct, Max rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Schiff was so strict, proper, and correct, Max so funny, irreverent, and debonair. During Max’s first American trip in 1911, Schiff had held a breakfast for him, inviting forty business leaders. ●●

1911 During Max’s first American trip in 1911, Schiff rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During Max’s first American trip in 1911, Schiff had held a breakfast for him, inviting forty business leaders. ●●

1911 16. Philadelphia North American, April 12, 1911 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 16. Philadelphia North American, April 12, 1911. ●●

1911 Jim Loeb marries Toni Hambuechen ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jim Loeb married nurse Toni Hambüchen and moved to Hochried, a vast Bavarian estate, where they lived a reclusive life. He never returned to New York. ●●

1911 Official secrecy: the classification of state knowledge 0 cit. Britain's Official Secrets Act and its imitators give the state the power to classify information and punish its disclosure. Control of secret knowledge, what the public may and may not know, became a defining tool of the modern security state. pillar / politics / society ●●●

14 December 1911 Amundsen wins the race to the South Pole 0 cit. Roald Amundsen's Norwegian team becomes the first to reach the geographic South Pole, beating the British party of Robert Scott. It was the climax of the Heroic Age of Antarctic exploration. exploration / society ●●●●

1911 Encyclopedia Britannica published without propaganda definition rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The major 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica contains no definition for the word propaganda, reflecting how unimportant the term was considered before World War One. ●●

1911 Supreme Court orders breakup of Standard Oil ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On May 15, 1911, the Supreme Court ordered that the Standard Oil Company be broken up ●●

1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire kills 146 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, where 146 workers, mainly immigrant teenage girls, died ●●

1911 Speech of the Unknown resurfaces in political oratory candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The tale of the unknown speaker from the Declaration of Independence resurfaced in a collection of American political oratory, this time with the robed figure fancifully identified as Patrick Henry rather than remaining anonymous. ●●

1911 Henri Bergson publishes Creative Evolution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Philosopher Henri Bergson publishes Creative Evolution, associating thought process with form of movie at extreme point of mechanization ●●

1911 Prophetic Writing on the Great War rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Crowley wrote in summer of 1911 that for humanity to accept the Law of Thelema, a great war must be fought, stating this was written three years before its fulfillment. He later interpreted this as having predicted World War I. ●●

1911 Passage on Isadora Duncan's Magical Dancing rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Crowley wrote of the dancer Isadora Duncan as exemplifying magical consciousness through her art and unconscious gesture, referencing her as achieving ecstatic states through movement. ●●

1911 His interest in radioactivity may have been aroused by his father, a chemistry p rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story His interest in radioactivity may have been aroused by his father, a chemistry professor; “probably the most important problem before the physicist today,” the senior Pegram told the North Carolina Academy of Sciences in 1911, “is that of making the enormous energy [within the atom] available for the world’s work.”1121 The next year, as an associate professor of physics at Columbia, Pegram had written Albert Einstein encouraging him to come to New York to lecture on relativity theory. ●●

1911 l as identical and non-identical twins.42 Cold Spring rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story l as identical and non-identical twins.42 Cold Spring Harbor’s handwritten outlines for key Mendelian traits listed twinning as one of the ten salient physical characteristics to explore. Davenport’s 1911 textbook, Heredity in Relation to Eugenics, included a section on twins with the introduction, ●●

1911 Mexican Revolution overthrows Porfirio Diaz ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The resulting social tensions exploded in the Mexican Revolution, another convulsive affair that led to Díaz’s overthrow in 1911 and lasted until 1916. ●●

1911 The China that the European colonial powers encountered was ruled by the Qing (1644–1911), a foreign rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The China that the European colonial powers encountered was ruled by the Qing (1644–1911), a foreign dynasty from Manchuria, late in its dynastic cycle. ●●

1911 Members of the commission traveled to Japan, Europe, and the United States to study alternative cons candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Members of the commission traveled to Japan, Europe, and the United States to study alternative constitutional models, and by 1911 they had drafted an extensively revised code that contained new provisions related to commercial law, procedure, and ju ●●

1911 1911 - Honduras - January rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1911 - Honduras - January 26 and some weeks thereafter: To protect American lives and interests during a civil war in Honduras ●●

1911 New York Times, September-December 1945, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story New York Times, September-December 1945, passim; Barbara W.Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China 1911-45 (New York, 1972), pp ●●

1911 Death of Francis Galton, founder of eugenics ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Francis Galton, the founder of the eugenics movement, died in 1911. His passing marked the transition of eugenic thought from his idealistic vision to more coercive and negative forms of eugenics promoted by followers in America. ●●

1911 By 1911 the company owned its own glycerine and acid-making facilities and had p rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story By 1911 the company owned its own glycerine and acid-making facilities and had purchased large nitrate fields in Chile ●●

1911 All of the independents formed after 1911 listed in table 7 became part of large rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story All of the independents formed after 1911 listed in table 7 became part of larger and older enterprises ●●

1911 On the other hand, nearly all of the independents formed before 1911 and nearly rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the other hand, nearly all of the independents formed before 1911 and nearly all of the old Standard Oil Company subsidiaries are still, in the 197 ●●

1911 Merger forms Computing-Tabulating-Recording, IBM forerunner ai_extracted 1 cit. no story These were to merge in 1911 to form the Computing-Tabulator Recording Company, the forerunner of International Business Machines ●●

1911 Supreme Court breaks up American Tobacco Company ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In tobacco, the American Tobacco Company remained all-powerful until 1911, when it was broken up by a Supreme Court decision ●●

1911 Despite the legal changes instituted by the Supreme Court’s antitrust decision a... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Despite the legal changes instituted by the Supreme Court’s antitrust decision against American Tobacco in 1911, British-American Tobacco remained until the 1920s more of an American than a British owned and managed enterprise and so the worldwide tobacco business stayed more in American than in British hands ●●

1 November 1911 First recorded aerial bombing in warfare 0 cit. During the Italo-Turkish War, Italian aviator Giulio Gavotti dropped small grenades by hand from his monoplane onto Ottoman positions near Tripoli, the first aerial bombardment in the history of warfare. Italy had also used aircraft for reconnaissance earlier that year, another military first. The episode showed early European militaries that aircraft could serve as offensive weapons, not just scouts. technology / war ●●

18 October 1911 House of the Temple Cornerstone Laid 0 cit. The Scottish Rite's Supreme Council laid the cornerstone for the House of the Temple, its new national headquarters in Washington, D.C. Architect John Russell Pope modeled the building on the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world. Grand Master J. Claude Keiper of the Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia presided over the ceremony. Construction took four years to finish. culture / religion ●●

c. 1911 Victoria Nyanza Lodge consecrated in Entebbe, Uganda 0 cit. Victoria Nyanza Lodge No. 3492 was consecrated at Entebbe in the Uganda Protectorate, extending organized English Freemasonry beyond Kenya's borders into the wider East African territories administered from Nairobi and Mombasa. It became one of the founding lodges of what would later be grouped together as the District Grand Lodge of East Africa. The lodge's founding is documented in the District Grand Lodge's own historical records, though some sources give slightly inconsistent dates for the exact year. society ●

1911 Franklin D. Roosevelt is initiated a Freemason 0 cit. Franklin D. Roosevelt was initiated into Holland Lodge No. 8 in New York City in 1911. He remained a Mason throughout his political career, and his membership is documented in lodge and Masonic biographical records. politics / society ●●

18 August 1911 The first Parliament Act ends the Lords' veto over money bills 0 cit. After the unelected House of Lords blocks the Commons' 1909 budget, the Parliament Act removes the Lords' power to veto money bills and limits it to a two-year delay on other legislation. It settles, in law, that the elected Commons holds ultimate authority over finance and, increasingly, over lawmaking generally. politics ●●●

25 March 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist fire spurs labor reform 0 cit. A fire at a garment factory killed 146 workers, most of them young immigrant women trapped behind locked doors. The disaster fueled the women-led labor movement and led to new workplace safety laws. economy / society ●●

1911 Sam Zemurray buys a coup in Honduras 0 cit. The banana trader Sam Zemurray, head of the rival Cuyamel Fruit Company, bankrolls an armed overthrow of the Honduran government to protect his concessions and tax breaks. He hired the mercenary Lee Christmas and helped install the exiled Manuel Bonilla as president. It became a textbook case of a company toppling a government for private gain. economy / politics ●●●

1911 Copper smelting begins in Katanga 0 cit. Union Miniere poured its first Katangan copper at the Star of the Congo mine near the new town of Elisabethville, today Lubumbashi. The colony was reshaped around the mines, drawing in migrant labor and building a railway to ship metal out to the coast. Katanga became one of the world's great copper producers, its output feeding European and American industry rather than local development. economy / technology ●●

1911 Carnegie's fortune becomes a philanthropic engine 0 cit. Andrew Carnegie creates the Carnegie Corporation of New York, adding to earlier bodies like the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. His giving built libraries, funded research and pushed an agenda for international order. Like Rockefeller, he showed how a single industrial fortune could steer public life for generations. culture / economy / society ●●

August 1911 The Official Secrets Act of 1911 passes in a day 0 cit. Amid a public panic about German spies, Parliament rushed a sweeping new Official Secrets Act through in a single day with almost no debate. Its notorious Section 2 made the unauthorized sharing of any official information a crime, no matter how trivial or harmless. The catch-all clause stayed on the books until 1989 and became a model for secrecy laws across the British Empire. politics / war ●●●

1911 Ford takes mass production across borders 0 cit. Ford opened an assembly plant at Trafford Park near Manchester, extending American mass-production methods into Europe, and soon built plants in Germany and beyond. Fordism became a globally exported system, not just a set of factories but a model of industrial organization. The car majors became early examples of firms whose operations, workforce, and influence spanned continents. economy / technology ●●

15 May 1911 Standard Oil is broken up by antitrust 0 cit. The US Supreme Court found Standard Oil an illegal monopoly and ordered it split into 34 separate companies, several of which grew into today's oil majors. It was a landmark moment of the state pushing back against a firm that had grown too dominant. The breakup set a precedent that a government could dismantle a company on grounds of size and market power alone. economy / politics ●●

1911 Muhumusa and the Nyabingi resistance 0 cit. The Nyabingi movement of the Uganda-Rwanda borderlands centered on a female spirit, Nyabingi, whose priestesses claimed her power to heal and to command. The best known, Muhumusa, led armed resistance to German and then British authority until her capture and detention by the British in 1911. The cult continued under other mediums for years, and its persistence pushed the British to outlaw it. politics / religion / war ●●

1911 The Second Maasai Move and the Maasai Case 2 cit. A second agreement in 1911 forced the northern Maasai off the Laikipia plateau, which settlers coveted, and crowded them into an enlarged southern reserve. Some Maasai leaders challenged the move in court in 1912 to 1913, arguing the treaty had been broken, but the case was thrown out on the ground that a dispute between the Crown and its protected subjects was not one the courts could hear. The move stripped the Maasai of about half their remaining land and remains a live grievance. diplomacy / politics / society ●●●

1911 The Second Maasai Move 0 cit. Only seven years after promising the northern reserve was permanent, the government forced the Laikipia Maasai to trek south so their plateau could be opened to settlers. A new agreement in 1911, of doubtful validity, joined the two reserves into one southern block, and the drive south cost many cattle and lives. The broken promise made clear that colonial treaties with Africans held only as long as they suited the settlers. economy / politics ●●

1911 The second Maasai Agreement clears Laikipia for ranches 0 cit. A second Anglo-Maasai Agreement removes the northern Maasai from Laikipia and moves them to an enlarged southern reserve. The plateau is thrown open to European ranching, and its Maasai occupants never regain the land. This forced move is the origin of the large private holdings that still dominate Laikipia. politics / society ●●●

1911 Rotary adopts the motto Service Above Self 0 cit. At its Portland convention Rotary embraced two guiding phrases, later summed up as Service Above Self and He Profits Most Who Serves Best. The idea tied membership to volunteer service rather than only to business contacts. Service Above Self was later declared the principal motto of Rotary. society ●●

1911 The 1911 removal empties Laikipia for white ranchers 3 cit. A second agreement in 1911 forced the northern Maasai to leave Laikipia and crowd into an enlarged southern reserve, breaking the promise that the earlier reserves would last as long as the Maasai existed. The move was pushed through so that settlers could take the well-watered Laikipia grasslands for ranches. Driving herds south cost the Maasai many more cattle along the way. economy / politics ●●●●

1911 Nairobi builds fingerprints, CID and criminal intelligence files 2 cit. Police training in Nairobi was paired with a fingerprint section in 1911, then a Criminal Intelligence Unit in 1926 to record criminals, undesirable persons and suspicious persons. This is where the Scotland Yard side of the inheritance matters: detective bureaucracy, fingerprints, files and political intelligence were built into the colonial police before independence. politics / society / technology ●●●

17 July 1912 Founding of World Athletics 0 cit. no story National federations meeting after the Stockholm Olympics found the International Amateur Athletic Federation to govern track and field and ratify world records. It is now known as World Athletics. culture / diplomacy / society ●●

28 November 1912 Independence of Albania 0 cit. no story Ismail Qemali declares Albania independent from the Ottoman Empire at Vlore during the First Balkan War. politics / war ●●●

1 January 1912 Proclamation of the Republic of China 0 cit. no story The Republic of China is proclaimed after the revolution that ended the Qing dynasty; its government has been based on Taiwan since 1949. politics / war ●●●

8 October 1912 to 30 May 1913 First Balkan War 1 cit. no story Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, and Montenegro drive the Ottoman Empire from almost all its European territory. The victors immediately quarrel over the spoils. war ●●●

5 February 1912 Founding of the Bank of China 0 cit. After the fall of the Qing dynasty, the imperial Da-Qing Bank is reorganized as the Bank of China under the new republic. It serves at times as central bank and foreign exchange bank, and today is one of China's big four state banks. economy / politics ●●●●

12 February 1912 Fall of the Qing Dynasty 0 cit. On 12 February 1912 the child emperor Puyi abdicated, ending the Qing dynasty and more than two thousand years of imperial rule in China. The Republic of China took its place. politics ●●●●●

1912 W.C. Handy publishes the blues 0 cit. W.C. Handy published Memphis Blues, one of the first blues songs to reach print. The blues carried the feeling of Black Southern life into the heart of American music. culture ●●●

c. 1912 Rise of the Ikhwan Movement 0 cit. Ibn Saud organized Bedouin tribesmen into settled Wahhabi military-religious communities called the Ikhwan. The Ikhwan became the shock troops of his conquest of Arabia. religion / war ●●●

1912 Founding of the Republic of China 0 cit. The Republic of China was proclaimed in 1912 with Sun Yat-sen as provisional president, and the boy emperor Puyi abdicated. China became a republic for the first time. politics ●●●●●

24 July 1912 First International Eugenics Congress meets in London 0 cit. Scientists and officials from many countries gathered to promote eugenics as a global movement. The congress helped spread policies of sterilization and racial ranking that had no sound scientific basis. politics / science ●●

1912 to 1913 Pujo Committee money-trust hearings 0 cit. A House subcommittee led by Arsene Pujo investigated concentrated control of finance, the so-called money trust, in 1912 and 1913. Morgan testified in December 1912, and the hearings fed support for banking reform. economy / politics ●●●

c. 1912 to c. 1925 Crowley Reshapes the Ordo Templi Orientis 0 cit. Aleister Crowley joined the OTO and rewrote its rituals around his religion of Thelema, later becoming its head. Under him the order became the main organizational carrier of Thelemic teaching. culture / religion ●●●

1912 Hercules Powder is named for the strongman hero of Greek myth 0 cit. Hercules Powder Company, spun off from DuPont in 1912, made explosives and took the name of Hercules, the Greek hero known for superhuman strength. economy / religion ●

1912 Woodrow Wilson wins the presidency, 1912 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A split in Big Business and in the Republican Party let the liberal East and agrarian West combine to elect Woodrow Wilson president in 1912. ●●

1912 Geoffrey Dawson becomes editor of The Times ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Geoffrey Dawson, a Milner private secretary in South Africa, became editor of The Times in 1912. Quigley treats his long editorship as a key lever of the group's influence. ●●

1912 Quigley dates Milner Group control of The Times to 1912 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts the Milner Group did not own The Times before 1922 but clearly controlled it as far back as 1912. He frames the paper as one of the group's chief instruments of influence. ●●

1912 Milner and Kerr speak in Canada (1912) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes that in 1912 Milner and Kerr went to Canada to address Round Table Groups. The trips were part of the Group's push for imperial organization among the Dominions. ●●

1912 Shailer Mathews publishes 'Scientific Management in the Churches' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Shailer Mathews, dean of Chicago's School of Divinity, who wrote Scientific Management in the Churches in 1912. Mathews urged Protestant churches to adopt the structure and strategy of corporations. ●●