Events, Verisoph

1912 Frederick Taylor testifies before Congress ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes Frederick Winslow Taylor's 1912 congressional testimony on the correct way to shovel, using it to show how scientific management reduced workers to controlled motions later echoed in schooling. ●●

1912 Bobbitt publishes 'Elimination of Waste in Education' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites John Franklin Bobbitt's 1912 article 'Elimination of Waste in Education,' which argued that the Gary Plan schools were the work of businessmen applying scientific management. ●●

1912 Scott Nearing publishes The Super Race in 1912 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that in 1912 the writer Scott Nearing published The Super Race: An American Problem, framing the breeding of a super race as an engineering challenge. ●●

1912 Theodore Roosevelt's 1912 Progressive platform ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto argues that Theodore Roosevelt's 1912 Progressive Party platform was shaped by the ideas of Herbert Croly and Gaetano Mosca, urging the public to defer to experts. He treats it as part of a broader elite redefinition of democracy. ●●

1912 Edward Mandell House publishes Philip Dru: Administrator ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book notes House anonymously published the novel Philip Dru: Administrator in 1912, about a man who overthrows the US government and installs socialism. It uses the novel to characterize House's aims. ●●

1912 Woodrow Wilson wins the 1912 presidential election ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book asserts the Network split the Republican vote by backing Teddy Roosevelt so that Wilson won with only about 42 percent of the vote. It presents Taft's defeat as engineered. ●●

1912 Titanic sinks in the North Atlantic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Morgan was in France when word spread that the Titanic had sunk on April 15, 1912, and with it the investment money Morgan had contributed on behalf of the shipping trust that... ●●

1912 31 Lindbergh’s resolution led to the 1912 House Banking and Currency Commit... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 31 Lindbergh’s resolution led to the 1912 House Banking and Currency Committee hearings, in a subcommittee led by Louisiana Democrat Arsène Pujo. The timing of these hearings was... ●●

1912 The issues of banking and currency reform were central to the 1912 election... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The issues of banking and currency reform were central to the 1912 election. Both parties had to tread carefully, balancing public opinion against the need to keep bankers and... ●●

1912 On November 6, 1912, Samuel Untermyer, who had stumped for Wilson during th... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 6, 1912, Samuel Untermyer, who had stumped for Wilson during the election,45 promptly requested his input on the ongoing “Money Trust Inquiry,” though Wilson had not... ●●

1912 Of the world’s 100 largest companies in 1912, 29 were bankrupt by 1995, 48 had rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Of the world’s 100 largest companies in 1912, 29 were bankrupt by 1995, 48 had disappeared, and only 19 were still in the top 100. ●●

1912 White observed that Perkins “made quick decisions, spoke in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story White observed that Perkins “made quick decisions, spoke in a soft voice, smiled ingratiatingly, easily.” He wrote, “I used to watch him fishing for men with a certain pride in his skill, which I grea... ●●

1912 Taft-Roosevelt split elects Woodrow Wilson ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 1912 split between Taft and Roosevelt brought to power the man who had lectured Pierpont on his moral duty: Woodrow Wilson. ●●

1912 John Foster Dulles Weds Janet Avery rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Foster Dulles married Janet Avery in Auburn, New York. Foster was twenty-four and Janet had just turned twenty-one. ●●

1912 Between January and October 1912, Standard Oil of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between January and October 1912, Standard Oil of New Jersey zoomed from 360 to 595; Standard of New York went from 260 to 580; and Standard of Indiana from 3,500 to 9,500. Thanks to this staggering appreciation, Rockefeller’s net worth reached a lifetime peak of $900 million in 1913—more than $13 billion in 1996 dollars. ●●

1912 Oil Industry Development candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Driven by his faith in Florida’s future, Flagler merged his railroads in 1892 and conceived a master plan for a railroad that would snake down the length of Florida’s Atlantic coast to Key West, wi... ●●

1912 Carl Jung meets John D. Rockefeller at Kykuit ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In October 1912, psychoanalyst Carl Jung spent a day at Kykuit with Edith Rockefeller McCormick and met her father John D. Rockefeller. Jung formed a highly critical assessment of the oil magnate. ●●

1912 In June 1912, Aby learned that HAPAG planned rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In June 1912, Aby learned that HAPAG planned to hang a large portrait of the kaiser in an admiral’s uniform on the main stairway of the new steamship the Imperator, which would be the largest passenge... ●●

1912 In earlier photos, he looked downcast and melancholy rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In earlier photos, he looked downcast and melancholy. By 1912, he angrily confronted the camera, his look restless and agitated. ●●

1912 By 1912, he angrily confronted the camera, his rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1912, he angrily confronted the camera, his look restless and agitated. ●●

1912 Moritz had bought Kösterberg for its quiet, rustic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Moritz had bought Kösterberg for its quiet, rustic charm. Soon after he died, Max built an imposing Renaissance villa in 1912, a red-brick mansion of surprising formality for a bucolic setting. ●●

1912 25. MMW. “Albert Ballin File, November, 1912—December, 19... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 25. MMW. “Albert Ballin File, November, 1912—December, 1914.” Letter from Max Warburg to Jacob Schiff, April 30, 1913. ●●

March 1912 Scott's party dies returning from the Pole 0 cit. Robert Falcon Scott and his companions reach the South Pole a month after Amundsen, then perish on the march home. Their diaries, found with their bodies, made them tragic heroes of empire. exploration / society ●●●

1912 Period of Spiritual Sacrifice Practice rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Crowley's magical records show he performed approximately 150 spiritual sacrifices per year on average between 1912 and 1928, which he interpreted as transformative esoteric practices rather than physical harm. ●●

1912 Had Roosevelt or his ideas prevailed in 1912, the ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Had Roosevelt or his ideas prevailed in 1912, the question of war aims would have been based on an inquiry into the nature of American national intere ●●

1912 Rutherford announced the arrival: “Bohr, a Dane, has pulled out of Cambridge and turned up here to g rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rutherford announced the arrival: “Bohr, a Dane, has pulled out of Cambridge and turned up here to get some experience in radioactive work. ●●

1912 1912: 1890–1974), with his Differential Analyzer at MIT. Alan Turing (1912–5 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1890–1974), with his Differential Analyzer at MIT. Alan Turing (1912–54), at the Sherborne School in 1928. Claude Shannon (1916–2001) in 1951. ●●

1912 Event of 1912 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story del. It combines the legacies of “All Under Heaven,” technocratic modernization, and an unusually turbulent twentieth-century national quest for a synthesis between the two. CHINA AND WORLD ORDER The imperial dynasty collapsed in 1911, and the founda ●●

1912 Einstein begins the Zurich Notebook on field equations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Beginning in summer 1912, Einstein struggled to develop gravitational field equations using tensors in his scratchpad notebook (the 'Zurich Notebook'). He pursued both physical and mathematical strategies simultaneously. ●●

1912 Shelby White and Leon Levy Archives Center, Institute for Ad rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (Shelby White and Leon Levy Archives Center, Institute for Advanced Study) Bernetta Miller, pictured here with her Moisant-Blériot monoplane in 1912, ●●

1912 Event of 1912 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pearl believed that politicians and the public should give scientists “a chance at directing the course of human evolution,” as he told the 1912 Eugen ●●

1912 Toward the end of the nineteenth century, a small middle class began to appear in Chinese cities, fr rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Toward the end of the nineteenth century, a small middle class began to appear in Chinese cities, from which many of the leaders of the 1912 Chinese revolution that ended dynastic China would be drawn. ●●

1912 1912 - Honduras: Small force rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1912 - Honduras: Small force landed to prevent seizure by the Government of an American-owned railroad at Puerto Cortez ●●

1912 Legislative action rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In fact, that process had begun even before the election of 1912 ●●

13 April 1912 Royal Flying Corps formed 0 cit. Britain established the Royal Flying Corps as the air arm of the British Army, absorbing the earlier Air Battalion of the Royal Engineers. It flew reconnaissance and, increasingly, combat missions on the Western Front during the First World War. In 1918 it merged with the Royal Naval Air Service to create the Royal Air Force. technology / war ●

8 January 1912 African National Congress founded 0 cit. Black South African leaders, including lawyers and clergy, founded the South African Native National Congress in Bloemfontein to oppose racial discrimination and advocate for African political rights. The organization was renamed the African National Congress (ANC) in 1923. It would go on to become the central organization of the anti-apartheid struggle and South Africa's governing party after 1994. politics ●●●

1912 Birth of Alan Turing ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Alan Turing is born while his parents are on home leave from India. ●●

1912 Ernest Oppenheimer becomes mayor of Kimberley 0 cit. Ernest Oppenheimer was elected mayor of Kimberley, giving him political standing in the diamond town alongside his growing commercial interests. He used the position and his trade contacts to expand his influence over South African mining finance. politics ●

1912 Italy annexes Libya after war with Turkey ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Following an Anglo-French-Italian carve-up of North Africa, Italy went to war with Turkey and annexed Libya, ending centuries of Ottoman rule that Nkrumah traces back to the sixteenth century. ●●

16 July 1912 Herman Rosenthal murdered outside his protection dispute with police 0 cit. Gambler Herman Rosenthal, who had publicly accused a police lieutenant of extorting protection payments from his gambling operation, was shot dead outside the Hotel Metropole in Manhattan. The killing, arranged to silence him before he could testify, set off a major scandal implicating the police department in organized crime. politics ●●●

c. October 1912 Lieutenant Charles Becker convicted in the Rosenthal murder 0 cit. NYPD Lieutenant Charles Becker was tried and convicted of arranging Herman Rosenthal's murder to prevent him from exposing Becker's extortion of the city's gambling operators. Becker maintained his innocence, and his guilt was and remains debated by historians, but the case became the most prominent single instance of police corruption tied directly to a killing. politics ●●●

24 November 1912 The Basel Manifesto against war 0 cit. An extraordinary congress of the Second International, convened in Basel Cathedral as the Balkan Wars raised fears of a wider conflict, issues the Basel Manifesto. It warned governments that a European war would be met by the united resistance of the working class. Two years later most of the same parties backed their own nations in the First World War. diplomacy / politics / war ●●

1912 to 1913 The Balkan Wars 0 cit. A coalition of Balkan states drives the Ottomans out of nearly all their remaining European territory in the first war, then fights over the spoils in the second. The empire loses almost its entire European heartland and sees another huge wave of Muslim refugees. The defeats deepened the sense of crisis on the eve of World War I. politics / war ●●

1912 The D-Notice system asks the press to stay quiet 0 cit. Britain set up a joint committee of officials and newspaper editors that issued Defence Notices, requests to the press not to publish material said to endanger national security. The system was voluntary and had no legal force, but editors mostly complied. Supporters called it a sensible partnership; critics called it a polite form of censorship that trained the press to self-silence. politics / war ●●

c. 1912 DuPont builds the dashboard of the corporation 0 cit. Engineers and managers at DuPont developed the return-on-investment formula and a chart linking profit margin, asset turnover, and capital, giving head office a single number to judge every division. Combined with Frederick Taylor's scientific management, cost accounting became the nervous system of the big industrial firm, letting a few managers control sprawling operations from the top. economy / technology ●●

1912 The Third Home Rule crisis and the arming of Ulster 0 cit. A third Home Rule Bill passed in 1912 but was fiercely resisted by Ulster unionists, who signed a mass covenant and formed the armed Ulster Volunteers. Nationalists responded with their own Irish Volunteers, and both sides imported weapons. The country edged toward civil conflict before the First World War suspended the crisis in 1914. politics / war ●●

1912 The Native Authority Ordinance Empowers the Chiefs 2 cit. Building on the Village Headman Ordinance of 1902, the Native Authority Ordinance of 1912 gave the appointed chiefs and headmen legal power to issue binding orders, compel labour, and collect taxes, backed by the colonial courts and police. It turned the invented office of government chief into a formal instrument of colonial rule. These men, dependent on the state for their authority, became the first collaborator class that enforced tax, labour, and colonial law on their own people. politics / society ●●●

1912 Colonial banning of the Nyabingi cult 0 cit. After years of Nyabingi-led resistance, the British used witchcraft legislation to outlaw the cult and prosecute its mediums. Labeling the movement witchcraft let the state treat a religious network as simple crime and criminalize belief in the spirit itself. The Nyabingi name later traveled far and is often cited as one root of the word Rastafari, though that link is debated. politics / religion / society ●●

c. 1912 Cattle quarantines and veterinary control undermine the herders 0 cit. The colonial state used disease-control quarantines to block pastoralists from moving and selling stock, ostensibly to protect settler herds from cattle diseases. The rules cut herders off from markets and dry-season grazing while doing little for the pastoralists themselves. Framed as science, the quarantine regime worked in practice to hem in and impoverish the herding economies. economy / science ●●

c. 1912 Nubi soldiers settled at Kibera 6 cit. The Kenyan Nubians descend from Sudanese soldiers, the Nubi, who served the British in the King's African Rifles. From around 1912 the colonial government allotted them land on the edge of Nairobi as a military settlement, in a forested area they called Kibra, meaning bush or forest. Brought to Kenya as servants of empire, they were left as a community with no clear home of their own. politics / society ●●

11 January 1913 Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet wikidata 0 cit. no story treaty of mutual recognition and allegiance between the governments of Mongolia and Tibet ●●●

1913 Founding of the U.S. central bank ai_extracted 1 cit. The United States acquired a central bank as recently as 1913; until the advent of central banks, private banks printed and issued paper money whenever someone took out a loan. ●●●

1913 Founding of the U.S. Federal Reserve ai_extracted 1 cit. The Federal Reserve was founded in 1913, half privately owned, after Congress was persuaded that a central bank could bail out banks in a crisis. ●●●●

23 December 1913 Federal Reserve Act signed 0 cit. President Woodrow Wilson signs the Federal Reserve Act, creating a central bank for the United States. The new system underpins the dollar's rise to global dominance. economy / politics ●●●

29 June 1913 to 10 August 1913 Second Balkan War 0 cit. no story Bulgaria attacks its former allies over the division of Macedonia and is quickly defeated by Serbia, Greece, Romania, and the Ottomans. The unstable settlement feeds the tensions that explode in 1914. war ●●●

23 December 1913 Founding of the Federal Reserve 0 cit. President Wilson signs the Federal Reserve Act, creating a central banking system of twelve regional banks after the Panic of 1907 exposed the need for a lender of last resort. The Fed becomes the most influential central bank in the world. economy / politics ●●●●●

1 December 1913 Ford launches the moving assembly line 0 cit. Ford installs the first moving assembly line for cars at its Highland Park plant, cutting Model T chassis assembly from over 12 hours to about 93 minutes. Mass production transforms manufacturing worldwide. economy / technology ●●●●

3 February 1913 Ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment 0 cit. The amendment gives Congress clear power to tax incomes without apportioning the tax among the states, overriding an 1895 Supreme Court ruling. The modern income tax follows within months and becomes the government's main revenue source. economy / politics ●●●●

4 March 1913 Founding of the Department of Labor 0 cit. On his last day in office, President Taft signs the act splitting Commerce and Labor and creating a separate Department of Labor to promote the welfare of wage earners. It later administers labor statistics, workplace standards, and unemployment programs. economy / society ●●●

1913 The moving assembly line 0 cit. Ford introduced a moving assembly line that brought the work to the worker and slashed the time to build a car. Mass production lowered prices and became the model for modern manufacturing. economy / technology ●●●●

1913 India's first feature film 0 cit. Raja Harishchandra, directed by Dadasaheb Phalke, was India's first full-length feature. It launched what would become the world's largest film industry. culture ●●●

23 December 1913 Federal Reserve Act of 1913 0 cit. President Woodrow Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act, creating a central banking system with twelve regional reserve banks. It gave the United States a lasting institution to manage credit and currency. economy / politics ●●●●●

c. May 1913 Saudi Conquest of Al-Hasa 0 cit. Ibn Saud took the eastern province of Al-Hasa from the Ottomans, extending Saudi rule to the Persian Gulf coast. The region later proved to hold vast oil reserves. politics / war ●●●

9 September 1913 Bosch scales up ammonia production at Oppau 0 cit. Carl Bosch turned Haber's laboratory reaction into a full industrial process at a BASF plant. The Haber-Bosch process made fertilizer on a scale that fed a growing world population. economy / technology ●●●●●

1 December 1913 Ford starts the moving assembly line 0 cit. Ford installed a moving assembly line at Highland Park that carried cars past stationary workers. It cut the time to build a Model T from hours to minutes and made mass production the industrial standard. economy / technology ●●●●●

14 May 1913 Rockefeller Foundation is chartered 0 cit. The Rockefeller Foundation was chartered in New York in May 1913 to promote the well-being of people worldwide. It became one of the most influential philanthropic bodies of the twentieth century. science / society ●●●●

31 March 1913 J.P. Morgan dies in Rome 0 cit. John Pierpont Morgan died in Rome in March 1913. Control of the bank passed to his son, J.P. Morgan Jr. economy ●●●

23 December 1913 Founding of the US Federal Reserve 0 cit. The Federal Reserve Act created a central banking system for the United States after repeated banking panics, most recently the Panic of 1907. It set up twelve regional reserve banks, of which the New York Fed became the most influential. economy / politics ●●●●

1913 New York Federal Reserve Bank established, 1913 ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Quigley observes that America's central bank, the New York Federal Reserve Bank, was set up late, in 1913, only becoming powerful after financial capitalism had begun to fade. ●●

1913 South African Land Act, 1913 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 1913 Land Act reserved about 7 percent of South Africa's land for native purchase and 93 percent for whites, though the native population outnumbered whites at least fourfold. ●●

1913 Foreign loan makes Yuan Shih-kai independent (1913) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Yuan Shih-kai's power rested chiefly on a 25 million pound loan from Britain, France, Russia, and Japan in 1913, which freed him from the assembly and Sun Yat-sen's Kuomintang. ●●

1913 J.M. Rice publishes 'Scientific Management in Education' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that muckraker J.M. Rice published Scientific Management in Education in 1913, part of a national push to apply efficiency methods to schooling. ●●

1913 Congress creates a commission to investigate foundations, 1913 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto reports that in 1913 the 62nd Congress created a commission to investigate the Carnegie, Rockefeller, and other corporate foundations, which concluded they were extending control over education. ●●

1913 John Watson issues the Behaviorist Manifesto, 1913 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that John Watson's 1913 'Behaviorist Manifesto' promoted a utilitarian psychology aimed at the prediction and control of behavior. ●●

1913 Income tax and central bank enacted under Wilson ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book says that before the end of 1913 both the income tax and the central bank became reality under Wilson. It frames these as funding and leverage mechanisms for the Network. ●●

1913 Federal income tax and Federal Reserve System of 1913 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book calls the federal income tax and the Federal Reserve System the Network's two crowning achievements of 1913. It argues both gave the Network power to confiscate and create money. ●●

1913 Lusitania secretly converted to an armed cruiser ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book says the Lusitania, designed to Admiralty specifications, was armored and entered as an armed auxiliary cruiser in 1913. It argues passengers were unknowingly mixed with munitions. ●●

1913 Carl Jung's misdiagnosis of Montagu Norman ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In April 1913 the young psychiatrist Carl Jung told Montagu Norman he had 'general paralysis of the insane' from tertiary syphilis and would soon die. It was an egregious misdiagnosis of the future Bank of England governor's manic depression. ●●

1913 Federal Reserve Act signed into law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After years of debate, Carter Glass's decentralized plan for regional Federal Reserve Banks won over New York bankers. President Woodrow Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act on 23 December 1913. ●●

1913 The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 ai_extracted 1 cit. The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 was a political compromise. It vested decisions over interest rates and credit in twelve banker-dominated regional reserve banks, overseen by a central Board of Governors in Washington. ●●

1913 Cofounder and leader of the First National Bank, 1863–1931 (though after 19... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cofounder and leader of the First National Bank, 1863–1931 (though after 1913, his son George Baker Jr. was more involved running the bank). Lloyd Blankfein: Chairman and CEO of... ●●

1913 On June 18, 1913, he asked Wilson to allow bank representation on the propo... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 18, 1913, he asked Wilson to allow bank representation on the proposed Federal Reserve Board.64 Glass had been up past one o’clock the night before discussing the matter... ●●

1913 Wilson signs the Federal Reserve Act ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After six more months of haggling over minor details, Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act into law on December 23, 1913, establishing the twelve-bank Federal Reserve System and... ●●

1913 2 On February 26, 1913, the Pujo Committee issued its final report, a seari... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2 On February 26, 1913, the Pujo Committee issued its final report, a searing indictment of the dangers of high concentration of money and credit in the hands of a few elite... ●●

1913 J.P. Morgan dies in Rome ai_extracted 1 cit. Six weeks after the report was issued and just past midnight on March 31, 1913, Morgan died at the Grand Hotel in Rome. His partners attributed the death of the great titan to... ●●

1913 Islamic university opens in Medina ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Islamic university opened in Medina ●●

1913 Ambassadors draw Balkan borders at London conference ai_extracted 1 cit. no story European ambassadors draw borders for Balkan states in London ●●

1913 85 Secondly, under the pre-1913 system, before the Fed had been created, a crisis of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 85 Secondly, under the pre-1913 system, before the Fed had been created, a crisis of this sort would have triggered a restriction of convertibility of bank deposits into gold. ●●

1913 In the United States, where public housing was never so important, mortgage interest payments were rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the United States, where public housing was never so important, mortgage interest payments were always tax deductible, from the inception of the federal income tax in 1913. ●●

1913 Wilson signs the Federal Reserve Act ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In December 1913, President Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act, providing the government with a central bank and freeing it of reliance on the House of Morgan in emergencies; the new Federal Reserv... ●●

1913 Pierpont was buried in the family mausoleum at Hartford’s Ce candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pierpont was buried in the family mausoleum at Hartford’s Cedar Hill Cemetery, according to his wishes: “opposite the place where my father’s remains are interred.”63 Perhaps no other event of the ye... ●●

1913 New Haven train wreck kills seven at Stamford ai_extracted 1 cit. no story That Pierpont’s sins would be visited on Jack became evident on June 12, 1913, when a New Haven collision at the Stamford station killed seven passengers. Wilson’s new attorney general, James C. ●●

1913 Sixteenth Amendment ratified, income tax established ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1913, the Sixteenth Amendment was ratified; the following year, income taxes soared, and the Federal Trade Commission was created. Jack accepted the changes bitterly. ●●

1913 But the post-1913 history of the bank has remained virgin territory... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Although I didn’t realize it at first, this was a propitious time in which to write a history of the House of Morgan, perhaps the first time anyone could do it justice. Secrecy has always been a Morgan fetish, and almost all earli... ●●

1913 Aldrich, April 7, 1913 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 28. Ibid., Edward C. Grenfell File, letter from Edward C. ●●

1913 Oil Industry Development candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When he stepped down from Standard Oil, he was probably worth about $200 million—$3.5 billion today—whereas, thanks to the internal-combustion engine, his fortune soared to $1 billion by 1913—surel... ●●

1913 Cettie's Health Deteriorates at Forest Hill rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During summer 1913, Cettie's condition worsened dramatically with multiple serious illnesses compounding. Doctors warned Rockefeller that she was too frail to safely leave Cleveland. ●●

1913 Edith Sails to Switzerland for Analysis rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In April 1913, Edith Rockefeller McCormick sailed to Switzerland with Carl Jung to continue her psychoanalysis. What began as a temporary visit would extend into years of self-imposed European exile. ●●

1913 Jimmy Rothschild Commissions Bakst Decorative Panels rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jimmy de Rothschild commissioned elaborate decorative panels from renowned Diaghilev set designer Léon Bakst in 1913, with multiple family members serving as artistic subjects. ●●

1913 These passing ships connected them to a larger rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story These passing ships connected them to a larger world. As Paul’s son Jimmy wrote, “From our house, high on the hills overlooking the Elbe, I could watch an endless procession of ships of many nations g... ●●