Events, Verisoph

1913 As Paul’s son Jimmy wrote, “From our house, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Paul’s son Jimmy wrote, “From our house, high on the hills overlooking the Elbe, I could watch an endless procession of ships of many nations going to or coming from almost every part of the world.... ●●

1913 By 1913, there were 100,000 arrests for ‘attacks on State po rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1913, there were 100,000 arrests for ‘attacks on State power.’ ”140 Needless to say, all this strained a reluctant army, which was also busy crushing the resentful ethnic minorities—Poles, Finns, G ●●

1913 Separated from other strong nations by thousands of miles of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Separated from other strong nations by thousands of miles of ocean, possessing a negligible army, content to have achieved hemispheric dominance and, at least after Roosevelt’s departure, less eager t ●●

1913 1913 Economic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Industrial/Technological Comparisons with the United States but Without Russia U.K./U.S./France Germany/Austria-Hungary Percentages of world manufacturing production (1913) 51.7 ... ●●

1913 1913 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story World Indices of Manufacturing Production, 1913-19259 ●●

1913 24. EH. SI B144a F 4015, letter from rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 24. EH. SI B144a F 4015, letter from Paul Warburg, July 22, 1913. ●●

1913 Second publication of The Book of the Law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Crowley arranged for the second publication of The Book of the Law in September 1913. He believed this event, combined with his focused magical will, caused significant world disruption and initiated the conditions that led to World War I. ●●

1913 Wilson's first State of the Union Address ai_extracted 1 cit. no story t than vindication of its principles. In Wilson’s first State of the Union Address, on December 2, 1913, he laid down the outline of what later came t ●●

1913 The Russian Foreign Minister, Sergei Sazonov, wrot... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Russian Foreign Minister, Sergei Sazonov, wrote to the Tsar in December 1913: “To abandon the Straits to a powerful state would be synonymous with ●●

1913 1913, already much too late, he had expressed, qui... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1913, already much too late, he had expressed, quite accurately, why German foreign policy proved so uns ●●

1913 meeting of the British Association, the separation of neon into two isotopes by laborious diffusion rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story meeting of the British Association, the separation of neon into two isotopes by laborious diffusion through pipe clay. ●●

1913 when he separated two isotopes of neon by diffusing a mixed sample several thousand times over and o rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story when he separated two isotopes of neon by diffusing a mixed sample several thousand times over and over through pipe clay—that is, unglazed bisque of the sort used to make clay pipes. ●●

1913 1913: John von Neumann (1903–57) in 1954. Herman Goldstine (1913–2004) circa rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John von Neumann (1903–57) in 1954. Herman Goldstine (1913–2004) circa 1944. Presper Eckert (center ) and CBS’s Walter Cronki ●●

1913 Besso helps Einstein study Mercury's orbit ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In June 1913, Michele Besso visited Einstein in Berlin, and they produced over fifty pages of notes studying how the Entwurf theory accorded with Mercury's orbital anomaly, calculating only 18 seconds of arc per century instead of 43. ●●

1913 Einstein and Grossmann publish the Entwurf theory ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1913, Einstein and Grossmann produced the Entwurf ('Outline of a Generalized Theory of Relativity and of a Theory of Gravitation'), a sketchy alternative theory based on physical strategy rather than mathematical formalism. ●●

1913 Event of 1913 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As the German bishops declared in 1913, offering a small but crucial amendment to the 350-year-old Roman catechism, the main point of marriage was pro ●●

1913 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Finally, there is an analysis of the Federal Reserve itself and its dismal record since 1913 ●●

1913 Legislative action candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1913, the year that the Federal Reserve Act became law, a subcommittee of the House Committee on Currency and Banking, under the chairmanship of Ar ●●

1913 Ford develops the moving assembly line ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The moving line was first tried in assembling the flywheel magneto, then other parts of the engine, next the engine itself, and finally, in October 19 ●●

1913 As the Jersey’s legal counsel wrote to a colleague in 1913: “Within a very short... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As the Jersey’s legal counsel wrote to a colleague in 1913: “Within a very short time, Harkness and Pratt resign and their places will be filled by people who own very little of the stock ●●

1913 Federal Reserve allows national banks foreign branches ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1913, for example, the Federal Reserve permitted national banks to open branches abroad ●●

1913 Death of J.P. Morgan Sr. ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin notes that when J.P. Morgan Sr. died in 1913, people were shocked to realize the extent of his control over American finance and politics during the previous decades. ●●

1913 Public Opposition to Money Trust Fuels Fed Creation rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin claims that public distaste for concentration of financial power in Wall Street banks helped fuel support for the Federal Reserve Act, though the Act ultimately concentrated power further. ●●

1913 Benjamin Strong Dominates Federal Reserve System rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Griffin documents that Benjamin Strong, head of the New York Reserve Bank, became the dominant force in the Federal Reserve, ruling as an autocrat and often determining policy without consulting Washington. ●●

1913 South Africa establishes the South African Police 0 cit. The South African Police was formed as a national force shortly after the Union of South Africa's creation, and over subsequent decades it became a central instrument for enforcing racial segregation, formalized as apartheid after 1948. Police units used pass laws, forced removals, and detention without trial to suppress Black South Africans and anti-apartheid activists. Units such as the security police carried out torture and killings of detainees, documented later by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. politics ●●●

19 June 1913 Natives Land Act restricts African land ownership 0 cit. The Natives Land Act barred Black South Africans, roughly two-thirds of the population, from buying or leasing land outside designated reserves, which made up less than ten percent of the country's land. The law forced many Black farmers into wage labor or tenancy on white-owned farms and mines. It became one of the foundational pieces of segregationist legislation later expanded under apartheid. economy / politics ●●●

31 May 1913 Mombasa Lodge consecrated 0 cit. Mombasa Lodge No. 3645 was consecrated on 31 May 1913 under the English constitution, giving the coastal port its own Masonic lodge distinct from the earlier Nairobi and Zanzibar foundations. Mombasa's role as the colony's main port and a mixed British, Arab, and Indian trading town gave its lodge a somewhat different membership base than the upcountry railway and settler lodges. A Freemasons' Hall was later built in Mombasa to house the lodge. economy / society ●●

1913 Averell Harriman is tapped for Skull and Bones 0 cit. Averell Harriman, later a US ambassador and Governor of New York, was tapped into Skull and Bones in 1913. This is documented in Yale and Skull and Bones membership records. politics / society ●●

1913 Britain and Germany draft partition of Portuguese Africa ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Britain and Germany initialled an agreement to divide up Portugal's African colonies between themselves, a scheme only derailed by the outbreak of the First World War, which Nkrumah offers as proof the great powers treated Portuguese Africa as bargaining chips. ●●

1913 Ouenza iron ore mining begins in Algeria ai_extracted 1 cit. no story French company La Société de l'Ouenza began exploiting the Djebel Ouenza iron deposits in southern Algeria, a concession that by 1960 had shipped 46 million tons of ore to Europe and America. ●●

c. 1 January 1913 Sterilization Laws Spread Across the States 0 cit. Following Indiana and California, states including New Jersey, Iowa, New York, North Dakota, Michigan, Kansas, Wisconsin, Nebraska, and Oregon passed compulsory sterilization laws in the years before World War I. By the 1930s, roughly thirty states had enacted eugenic sterilization statutes, backed by the American Eugenics Society and state boards of health. politics / science / society ●●

c. 1913 Suppression of the Giriama uprising 0 cit. When the Giriama resisted taxation, labour demands, and colonial control, the British launched a punitive campaign in 1913 and 1914, burning the sacred Kaya shrine, imposing heavy fines, and forcing removals. The resistance was linked to the prophetess Mekatilili wa Menza, who was arrested and detained. Police and administration forces enforced the crackdown. religion / war ●●

4 June 1913 Emily Davison killed at the Epsom Derby 0 cit. Suffragette Emily Davison ran onto the racecourse and was struck by the King's horse, dying of her injuries days later. Whether she meant to sacrifice her life is still debated, but her death became a rallying symbol for the vote. politics / society ●●

1913 The Congo Reform Association declares victory and closes 0 cit. Judging that Belgian reforms had ended the worst of the forced-labor system, the Congo Reform Association wound up its work. Morel went on to other causes, and Casement was later executed by Britain for his role in the Irish independence struggle, a turn that complicated his memory. The association left a model for later international human rights campaigns, even as colonial rule in the Congo continued. politics / society ●●

1913 to 1914 Mekatilili wa Menza and the Giriama uprising 0 cit. The Giriama woman leader Mekatilili wa Menza rallied resistance to British demands for labor and taxes by invoking Mijikenda tradition, the sacred kaya forest shrine, and binding oaths. She drew authority from custom and the ancestors rather than from any colonial office. The British deported her and attacked the kaya, but she became a lasting symbol of coastal Kenyan resistance. politics / religion / society ●●

c. 1913 The Mumbo cult in western Kenya 5 cit. The Mumbo cult, traced in oral tradition to a Luo man named Onyango Dunde who said a serpent deity rose from Lake Victoria and spoke to him, promised that Europeans and their religion would vanish. It rejected Christianity, taxes, and colonial authority and spread among Luo and Gusii communities. The colonial government treated it as subversive and moved repeatedly to suppress it. politics / religion / society ●●

1913 to 1915 William Wade Harris and the Harrist revival 0 cit. The Liberian Grebo prophet William Wade Harris walked through the Ivory Coast and Gold Coast preaching, baptizing, and calling people to burn their traditional charms, and tens of thousands converted in one of West Africa's largest mass movements. He founded an African-led Christianity outside missionary control. Wary of his influence, the French authorities expelled him back to Liberia in 1915. politics / religion / society ●●

1913 The Kikuyu missionary conference debates Protestant unity 0 cit. Protestant missions meeting at Kikuyu in 1913 proposed a federation to coordinate their work and share communion, a plan that provoked a sharp controversy in the wider Anglican Communion. The Anglican bishop of Zanzibar accused the organizers of heresy for worshipping with non-episcopal churches. The episode showed how missions cooperated on the ground in Kenya even as their home churches quarreled over doctrine. religion ●

1913 The Mombasa Lodge is consecrated 0 cit. A Masonic lodge was consecrated at the coastal port of Mombasa in 1913, giving the colony's oldest town its own branch of the fraternity. Its members were administrators, merchants, and professionals of the port. Like the Nairobi lodges, it was a private club of the colonial elite and had no connection to the mission churches. society ●

1913 The Maasai Case 0 cit. A group of Maasai led by Ol le Njogo sued the Crown, arguing the 1911 move broke the 1904 agreement and asking the court to let them stay on Laikipia. The court dismissed the case, ruling that an agreement between the Crown and a tribe was an act of state that British courts could not enforce. The decision confirmed that Africans had no legal defence against the taking of their land, a landmark in the law of colonial dispossession. diplomacy / politics ●●

August 1913 Mekatilili wa Menza Defies Arthur Champion 0 cit. At a public meeting in August 1913 the administrator Arthur Champion demanded Giriama men for labour and closer submission to the government, and the elderly Mekatilili wa Menza rose to refuse him. She rallied the Giriama, especially the women, and administered binding oaths at the sacred settlement of Kaya Fungo against cooperating with the colonisers. Arrested that October and exiled far away to Kisii, she became the enduring symbol of Giriama resistance, her story carried largely through oral tradition. politics / religion / war ●●●

c. 1913 Punitive expeditions and the disarmament of the northern pastoralists 3 cit. Across the early decades of colonial rule British columns mounted repeated punitive patrols against Somali, Borana, Rendille, and Gabra herders, seizing stock, burning settlements, and confiscating firearms and spears. Disarmament left communities exposed to raiders while the state offered little protection in return. The dates span many separate operations, so the year given is approximate for a long campaign of coercion. politics / war ●●

c. 1913 The Dervishes build the fortresses at Taleh 0 cit. After earlier reverses and a period when Britain pulled back to the coast, the Dervish state consolidated in the interior and built stone fortresses at Taleh in the Nugaal valley. The Sayyid governed a functioning statelet with its own administration and defenses. The same year, Dervish forces killed British commander Richard Corfield at the Battle of Dul Madoba, a defeat later remembered in Somali poetry. politics / war ●●

1913 Lancaster House, a Crown mansion in St James's 0 cit. Lancaster House is a grand mansion beside St James's Palace in London, built from the 1820s and known earlier as York House and then Stafford House. In 1913 the soap magnate Sir William Lever bought it, renamed it, and gave it to the nation. From then on the government used it for official hospitality, state receptions, and diplomatic meetings. politics / society ●●●

1913 Bernays' sponsoring committee for Damaged Goods ai_extracted 1 cit. Bernays invented the authoritative sponsoring committee as a publicity device. He first used it in 1913, gathering a committee of physicians to endorse the Broadway play Damaged Goods, which dealt openly with venereal disease. ●●

1913 Leipzig "Battle of the Nations" monument inaugurated ai_extracted 1 cit. Imperial Germany built masses of monuments to fuse Prussian and German history and give the new empire a national past. The centenary memorial of the battle of Leipzig, launched in 1894 by a patriotic monument league, was inaugurated in 1913 as part of this nationalist invention of tradition. ●

1913 Mekatilili wa Menza leads the Giriama resistance 0 cit. In 1913 and 1914 the Giriama rose against British demands for forced labor, taxes, and eviction from their land, rallied by the woman leader Mekatilili wa Menza and the elder Wanje wa Mwadorikola. She revived binding oaths through the kifudu and mwanza dances to unite people against the colonial government. Britain crushed the revolt, burned the sacred kaya at Kaya Fungo, and deported her, but she became a lasting symbol of resistance. politics / war ●●●

1913 The Giriama rise under Mekatilili and are crushed 0 cit. The Giriama leader Mekatilili wa Menza rallied her people against British demands for taxes, forced labour, and porters, administering unifying oaths and invoking the authority of the sacred kaya elders. In her famous confrontation with the officer Arthur Champion she used the fowl and feather challenge to defy British power. The British crushed the 1913-14 rising, burned the sacred Kaya Fungo, killed scores, fined the Giriama, and deported Mekatilili to distant Gusii country, from which she is said to have walked home. politics / religion / society / war ●●●

1913 Ol le Njogo's land suit against the Crown fails 3 cit. A group of Maasai led by Ol le Njogo went to court in 1913 to challenge the second move and hold Britain to the 1904 promise. The court ruled that the agreement was a treaty between the Crown and the Maasai and so lay outside its jurisdiction, and the case was lost on appeal. The judgment left the Maasai with no legal remedy for the loss of Laikipia. diplomacy / politics ●●●

August 1913 Mekatilili binds the Giriama with oaths 0 cit. Mekatilili wa Menza drew on the ritual authority of the kaya, the sacred Giriama forest centre and its elders, to rally resistance in 1913. At meetings she and elders like Wanje wa Mwadorikola led people in binding anti-British oaths, using the kifudu women's rite to hold them to it. The oaths committed Giriama not to give their labour or pay the taxes the colonial state demanded. It was religious and political power used together. politics / religion ●●●

October 1913 Mekatilili leads the Giriama against the British 0 cit. Mekatilili wa Menza led the Giriama resistance of 1913 to 1914 against colonial demands for labour, taxes, and land. She organised meetings, oaths, and open defiance until the British arrested her in October 1913 and exiled her far inland to Mumias. She escaped and returned, and the wider Giriama war followed before the British crushed it. She stands as a documented woman leader of armed and organised anti-colonial resistance. politics / war ●●●

1913 Colonel House, Wilson's silent partner 0 cit. Edward M. House, a Texan who held no office and went by the honorary title Colonel, became Wilson's closest adviser and personal envoy, shaping foreign policy and the peace talks. His novel Philip Dru imagined a benevolent dictator remaking America, which later writers seized on; his real power, though, was simply that of a trusted confidant. ●●

1913 Wilson segregates the federal government 0 cit. Soon after taking office, Wilson's administration segregated federal offices and workplaces and pushed Black civil servants out of their posts. He also screened the pro-Klan film The Birth of a Nation at the White House. It was among the darkest parts of a self-styled progressive presidency. ●●●

1913 The myth of Wilson the Freemason debunked 0 cit. Woodrow Wilson is often listed among Masonic presidents, but he was not a Freemason. A devout Presbyterian and the son of a minister, he held no Masonic membership; the claim is a persistent and documented error. ●

1914 to 1945 Second Thirty Years' War wikidata 0 cit. no story periodization scheme encompassing European wars from 1914 to 1945 ●●●●

28 June 1914 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 0 cit. Gavrilo Princip shoots the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne and his wife Sophie during a state visit. politics / war ●●●●●

28 July 1914 Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia 0 cit. After Serbia accepts most but not all of the July Ultimatum, Austria-Hungary declares war, one month to the day after the assassination. politics / war ●●●●●

1 August 1914 Germany declares war on Russia 0 cit. Germany answers Russian mobilization with a declaration of war, activating the long-planned two-front strategy. politics / war ●●●●

4 August 1914 Germany invades Belgium; Britain enters the war 0 cit. German armies cross into neutral Belgium; Britain, guarantor of Belgian neutrality, declares war on Germany the same day. politics / war ●●●●

5 September 1914 to 12 September 1914 First Battle of the Marne 0 cit. French and British forces halt the German advance on Paris; both sides dig in, beginning four years of trench warfare. war ●●●●

c. 1914 New York as the world's financial capital 0 cit. The First World War turns the United States into the world's creditor and shifts financial leadership from London to Wall Street. Home to the New York Stock Exchange, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and the largest banks and asset managers, the city has topped global rankings ever since. economy ●●●●●

1914 Founding of Merrill Lynch 0 cit. Charles Merrill opens a brokerage in New York, joined months later by Edmund Lynch. The firm brings Wall Street to Main Street with retail stockbroking and is sold to Bank of America in September 2008 at the height of the financial crisis. economy ●●●

28 June 1914 Assassination at Sarajevo 0 cit. Gavrilo Princip shoots Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary and his wife Sophie. The murder sets off the July Crisis and the First World War, which destroys four empires and remakes the world order. politics / war ●●●●●

26 September 1914 Founding of the Federal Trade Commission 0 cit. Woodrow Wilson signs the act creating an independent commission to police unfair methods of competition and deceptive business practices. The FTC becomes a twin pillar of antitrust enforcement alongside the Justice Department. economy ●●

September 1914 British Wellington House propaganda bureau 1 cit. Britain set up a secret War Propaganda Bureau at Wellington House in September 1914 to shape opinion at home and in neutral countries, especially the United States. It pioneered modern state wartime propaganda. politics / war ●●●

28 July 1914 to 1918 The First World War and the Empire at War 0 cit. Millions of soldiers from India, Africa, Canada, Australia, and beyond fought for Britain in the war. Their service strengthened both imperial ties and demands for greater self-rule. war ●●●●●

1 August 1914 Russia Enters the First World War 0 cit. Russia mobilized in support of Serbia and went to war against Germany and Austria-Hungary. Heavy casualties, poor supply, and economic strain steadily undermined support for the monarchy. politics / war ●●●●

20 April 1914 Ludlow Massacre 0 cit. On 20 April 1914 Colorado National Guard troops and camp guards attacked a tent colony of striking coal miners and their families at Ludlow, killing about two dozen people including children. The mine was controlled by the Rockefeller-owned Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, and the deaths drew national outrage. politics / society ●●●●

1914 Krupp's Big Bertha howitzers used in the First World War 0 cit. In 1914 Krupp's huge Big Bertha siege howitzers smashed Belgian fortresses at the start of the war. Krupp was the main artillery supplier to the German war effort. technology / war ●●●

1914 to 1918 World War I turns the United States into the world's creditor 0 cit. Wartime loans and arms sales shifted the United States from a net debtor to the world's leading creditor nation, while Britain ran up heavy debts to American lenders. The financial balance of the Atlantic began tilting westward. economy / war ●●

October 1914 Benjamin Strong takes charge of the New York Fed 0 cit. Benjamin Strong became the first Governor of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. He dominated American monetary policy through the 1920s and built close personal ties with Europe's central bankers. economy / politics ●●●

1914 Maserati's logo is the trident of the Roman god Neptune 0 cit. The Italian carmaker, founded in Bologna in 1914, took its trident logo from the statue of Neptune, the Roman sea god, in the city's central fountain. economy / religion / technology ●●

1914 FTD's emblem is the messenger god Mercury 0 cit. The florist network, founded in 1910, took a running Mercury as its emblem in 1914. The winged messenger god fit a business that carried flowers across distances. economy / religion ●

1914 Europe's mobilization triggers war, 1914 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley describes how rigid mobilization timetables meant that when the order was given in 1914, the states of Europe were locked into attacking one another, igniting the First World War. ●●

1914 Britain's overseas investment dominance, 1914 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1914 British overseas investment stood at about $20 billion, roughly a quarter of the nation's wealth and larger than the foreign investments of all other countries combined. ●●

1914 Gandhi-Smuts compromise in South Africa (1914) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gandhi and Smuts negotiated a 1914 agreement that revoked some discriminations against Indians, recognized Indian marriages, and ended a discriminatory tax, just before the war with Germany. ●●

1914 Anglo-German Baghdad Railway agreement (June 1914) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In June 1914 Britain and Germany initialed an agreement withdrawing British opposition to the Baghdad Railway in return for German promises, but it was lost in the outbreak of war six weeks later. ●●

1914 Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand at Sarajevo (June 28, 1914) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The heir to the Habsburg throne was assassinated by Serb extremists at Sarajevo on June 28, 1914, touching off the crisis that led to the World War. ●●

1914 Austrian ultimatum to Serbia (July 23, 1914) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Backed by a promise of German support, Austria sent Serbia a far-reaching forty-eight-hour ultimatum delivered on July 23, 1914, demanding suppression of anti-Habsburg activity. ●●

1914 Britain declares war on Germany (August 4, 1914) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On August 4, 1914, Britain declared war on Germany over the attack on Belgium, though Quigley argues the real reason was that Britain could not allow Germany to defeat France. ●●

1914 French army shattered in opening 1914 offensive ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The French opened their attack on Lorraine on August 14, 1914; by August 25th, after eleven days of combat, they had suffered 300,000 casualties, the most rapid wastage of the war. ●●

1914 First Battle of the Marne begins (September 1914) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On September 6, 1914, the French began a general counterattack ordered by Joffre on Gallieni's insistence, beginning the First Battle of the Marne, which halted the German advance. ●●

1914 Britain treats food as contraband, tightening blockade (August 1914) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes British violations of international law began early: as of August 20, 1914, Britain treated food as contraband and interfered with neutral food shipments to Europe. ●●

1914 Turkey attacks Russia, entering the war (October 29, 1914) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Having secretly allied with Germany, Turkey removed its mask of neutrality on October 29, 1914, by attacking Russia and cutting her off from her Western allies by the southern route. ●●

1914 French State of Siege proclaimed (August 2, 1914) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story France proclaimed a State of Siege on August 2, 1914, giving the government the right to rule by decree, establishing censorship, and placing the police under military control. ●●

1914 British censorship established under DORA (August 5, 1914) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story British censorship, established August 5, 1914, intercepted cables and private mail, including neutral traffic, becoming an important source of military and economic intelligence. ●●

1914 Quigley: bankers secretly issued Treasury Notes (July 25, 1914) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts British bankers, facing insolvency at the war's outbreak, secretly arranged on July 25, 1914, to meet their liabilities with fiat Treasury Notes while insisting the government fund the war through loans. ●●

1914 Army refuses to enforce Irish Home Rule, 1914 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley cites 1914, when the largely Conservative army refused to enforce the Irish Home Rule bill despite its passage after two elections and three Commons votes, as evidence of Conservative control over other parts of government. ●●

1914 The New Republic founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The New Republic was founded in 1914 by Willard Straight with Payne Whitney money. Quigley presents it as a vehicle through which Wall Street guided the progressive Left in an Anglophile direction. ●●

1914 Milner Group cannot elect its own Warden when Anson dies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Sir William Anson died in 1914 the Milner Group was not yet strong enough to elect one of its own as Warden of All Souls. His successor Pember belonged to the Cecil Bloc but did not resist the group's penetration. ●●

1914 Rockefeller's Colorado coal-field disaster, 1914 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto refers to the April 1914 Rockefeller disaster in the southern Colorado coal fields, after which a campaign was launched to muzzle critical magazines. ●●

1914 Wilson's July 4, 1914 address on America's global role ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book quotes a July 4, 1914 presidential address in which Wilson called the United States a light to guide mankind to justice, liberty and peace. It uses this to illustrate Wilson's messianic self-image. ●●

1914 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand triggers World War I ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book says the Black Hand assassinated Franz Ferdinand in June 1914, setting the 'doomsday mechanism' of alliances into motion. It presents the resulting war as serving the Network's aims. ●●

1914 Fifty-nine countries on the gold standard ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1914 the gold standard had become a near-universal 'badge of honor,' with fifty-nine countries tying their currencies to gold. It signaled a pledge to stable money and orthodox finance. ●●

1914 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 28 June 1914 Serbian nationalists assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo. At first dismissed as another Balkan episode, it set off the chain of events leading to the First World War. ●●

1914 Austria declares war on Serbia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 28 July 1914 Austria declared war on Serbia and began bombarding Belgrade. Within days most of Europe had stumbled into general war and Britain faced the worst banking crisis in its history. ●●

1914 London Stock Exchange closes for the first time since 1773 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 31 July 1914 the London Stock Exchange shut its doors until further notice as the war crisis hit. It was the first closure since the exchange was founded in 1773. ●●

1914 Bank of England raises Bank rate to 10 percent ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As gold drained from its vaults in the opening days of the war, the Bank of England's bullion reserves more than halved in days. On 1 August 1914 it raised interest rates to an unprecedented 10 percent to conserve gold. ●●

1914 Germany mobilizes and declares war on Russia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 31 July 1914 Germany answered Russia's mobilization with its own and demanded French neutrality. The next day it declared war on Russia and France mobilized in turn. ●●

1914 Germany declares war on France and invades Belgium ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 3 August 1914 Germany declared war on France and invaded neutral Belgium to reach it. The invasion brought Britain into the war. ●●