Events, Verisoph

1918 who was born in Paris in 1918 and came to America as an exch rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “In Lwów,” says Françoise Ulam, who was born in Paris in 1918 and came to America as an exchange student in August 1938, “the members of the Polish ma ●●

1918 Stapledon to Miller, January 12, 1918, in Crossley, ed., Tal rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Stapledon to Miller, January 12, 1918, in Crossley, ed., Talking Across the World, p ●●

1918 The Sunday Express, launched in 1918, spent over two million pounds be... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Sunday Express, launched in 1918, spent over two million pounds before it broke even with a circulation of over 250,000.7 Similar processes were at work in the United States, where the start-up c ●●

1918 Nathan, Peking Politics, 1918–1923: Factionalism and the Failure of Constitutionalism (Ann Arbor, MI rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nathan, Peking Politics, 1918–1923: Factionalism and the Failure of Constitutionalism (Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Chinese Studies, 1998), pp. ●●

1918 In stark contrast to the reluctant revolutionaries of November 1918, who had done their best to supp rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In stark contrast to the reluctant revolutionaries of November 1918, who had done their best to suppress the popular uprising against World War I and the Wilhelmine monarchy, the Nazis did not hesitate to combine the ballot box with physical force. ●●

1918 As in his national address on 1 February, his central theme was the turning point in German history rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As in his national address on 1 February, his central theme was the turning point in German history marked by the defeat and revolution of 1918. ●●

1918 If we are to believe the most recent account of his activities, Krupp was initially suspicious of Hi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story If we are to believe the most recent account of his activities, Krupp was initially suspicious of Hitler’s regime and was above all concerned to preserve the autonomy of the peak association of German business.” In so doing he appears to have been ba ●●

1918 Rather than obstructing political change as it had done in Germany’s first revolution in 1918-19, bi rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Rather than obstructing political change as it had done in Germany’s first revolution in 1918-19, big business was an active partner in many key facets of Hitler’s National Revolution. ●●

1918 Hitler and his acolytes were firmly convinced that the development of the German-standard of living rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hitler and his acolytes were firmly convinced that the development of the German-standard of living had been held back since 1918 by an unholy alliance formed between selfish bourgeois liberals and primitivist socialists.*? ●●

1918 The new mood in the Ministry is well summed up by a quip circulating amongst the established civil s rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The new mood in the Ministry is well summed up by a quip circulating amongst the established civil servants, who described Goering’s newcomers as the ‘council of workers and soldiers’, a throw- back to the revolutionary days of 1918.'** Hans Kehrl, a ●●

1918 It was this coalition, after all, that had defeated Germany in 1918. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was this coalition, after all, that had defeated Germany in 1918. ●●

1918 In the council of the Four Year Plan, he explicitly invoked the nightmare of the Nazi regime, a coll rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the council of the Four Year Plan, he explicitly invoked the nightmare of the Nazi regime, a collapse in the food supply like that which had unleashed revolution in 1918. ●●

1918 1918-19 - Mexico: After withdrawal rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1918-19 - Mexico: After withdrawal of the Pershing expedition, our troops entered Mexico in pursuit of bandits at least three times in 1918 and six in 1919 ●●

1918 Fleming, “The Western Intervention in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Fleming, “The Western Intervention in the Soviet Union, 1918-1920”, New World Review (New York), Fall 30 31 32 1967; see also Fleming, The Cold War and its Origins, 1917-1960 (New York, 1961), pp ●●

3 November 1918 Kiel Mutiny 0 cit. German sailors at Kiel mutinied rather than obey orders for a final, likely suicidal, sortie against the British fleet in the war's last days. The mutiny spread rapidly to other ports and cities, triggering the German Revolution that toppled the Kaiser within days. It stands as one of the clearest cases of a navy's rank and file refusing an order that precipitated the collapse of a regime. politics / war ●●●

1 June 1918 Battle of Belleau Wood 0 cit. U.S. Marines helped halt a German advance toward Paris in brutal, weeks-long fighting through the forest at Belleau Wood, suffering heavy casualties. The battle became one of the founding legends of the modern Marine Corps and is credited with the nickname 'Devil Dogs,' allegedly given by German soldiers. It remains one of the most commemorated engagements in Marine Corps history. war ●●

1 April 1918 Royal Air Force founded as an independent service 0 cit. Britain merged the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Naval Air Service to form the Royal Air Force, the world's first air force independent of army or navy command. Its founding was driven partly by the shock of German bombing raids on London and the belief that air power needed unified command. The RAF's structure became a model later copied by other nations building independent air services. politics / war ●●●

c. 1918 Skull and Bones members allegedly rob Geronimo's grave unproven 0 cit. A persistent story holds that Skull and Bones members, including Prescott Bush, stole the skull and bones of Apache leader Geronimo from his grave at Fort Sill and brought them back to the Tomb at Yale. Some contemporary letters referencing a stolen skull have surfaced, but whether it was actually Geronimo's remains has never been proven, and the claim remains contested and unverified. culture / society ●

1918 First World War forces a redivision of colonial territory rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The 1914-18 war, in Nkrumah's account, redivided the globe's colonial sectors among the victorious powers even as it opened the door for the Bolshevik challenge to imperialism. ●●

6 February 1918 Women over 30 win the vote in Britain 0 cit. The Representation of the People Act gives the vote to women over 30 who meet property qualifications, and to all men over 21, after decades of campaigning by suffragists and suffragettes and women's wartime labor. Full equal suffrage with men, at age 21, follows in 1928. politics / society ●●●

c. 1918 British "Blue Book" documents the atrocities 0 cit. The British government publishes a report, formally titled "Report on the Natives of South-West Africa and Their Treatment by Germany" and known as the Blue Book, compiling sworn testimony from Herero, Nama, and colonial officials on the extermination order, the desert deaths, and the camps. Britain uses the report to argue Germany is unfit to keep its colonies at the postwar peace talks; South Africa later withdraws and destroys most copies in the 1920s as relations with Germany warmed, and the report remains suppressed for decades before surviving copies resurface. diplomacy / politics ●●

28 January 1918 Porvenir massacre 0 cit. Texas Rangers of Company B, along with local ranchers and with U.S. Army cavalry nearby, entered the village of Porvenir, separated fifteen unarmed Mexican and Mexican American men and boys, aged sixteen to seventy-two, from the rest of the community, and shot them on a hill outside town. Investigations by Mexican consular officials and the U.S. Army found no evidence the victims were involved in banditry, contradicting the Rangers' claim of a shootout. No Ranger was criminally convicted; Governor William P. Hobby dismissed five Rangers, reassigned others including the company captain, and Company B was disbanded. Historians, including those cited by the Texas State Historical Association, call it the single most notorious documented killing in Ranger history. politics / society ●●●

1918 Office of Chief Medical Examiner founded in New York City 0 cit. New York City replaced its politically appointed coroner system with the first medical examiner's office in the United States, led by pathologist Charles Norris. Norris hired chemist Alexander Gettler, who built the office's toxicology laboratory and is widely regarded as the father of American forensic toxicology. Together they developed methods for detecting poisons that other jurisdictions later adopted. science ●●

c. 1918 The Kikuyu Squatter Crisis 1 cit. Many Kikuyu families lived as resident laborers, or squatters, on settler farms, granted small plots to cultivate and graze livestock in exchange for their labor. A series of Resident Native Labourers Ordinances progressively cut the acreage, grazing rights, and days squatters could work their own plots, squeezing them toward wage dependence. The steady erosion of squatter rights through the 1920s and 1930s produced a landless, embittered population that later formed a base of Mau Mau support. economy / society ●●

30 October 1918 Armistice of Mudros and Allied occupation 0 cit. The Ottomans sign an armistice ending their part in World War I, and Allied forces soon occupy Istanbul and much of Anatolia. The government in the capital is reduced to a figurehead under foreign control. The occupation set the stage for a nationalist resistance movement in the interior. diplomacy / politics / war ●●

1918 to 1921 Civil-war pogroms kill tens of thousands in Ukraine 0 cit. During the Russian Civil War, Jewish communities in Ukraine suffered a wave of pogroms far deadlier than those of the 1880s. Forces on many sides took part, including troops loyal to the Ukrainian leader Symon Petliura, White armies, and peasant bands. Historians estimate the massacres killed tens of thousands of Jews, with some counts running higher, in a foretaste of worse to come. politics / society / war ●●

28 May 1918 to 1920 First Republic of Armenia 0 cit. As the Russian and Ottoman empires collapse, Armenians in the former Russian territory declare an independent republic centered on Yerevan. The young state struggles with war, famine, and masses of genocide refugees, and its promised borders under the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres never take effect. Squeezed between Turkish nationalist forces and the advancing Red Army, it lasts barely two years before being sovietized. politics / war ●●

c. 1918 The Kikuyu Squatters on the Settler Farms 0 cit. Short of land in the reserves, tens of thousands of Kikuyu moved onto European farms as squatters, known as ahoi, giving their labour in return for the right to graze stock and cultivate a plot. For a time it offered land and a living the reserves could not, and squatter families put down roots in the Rift Valley over a generation. When settlers later cut back these rights, the squatters' loss of land and security became a direct road into the Mau Mau movement. economy / society ●●●

c. 1918 The Aladura praying churches in Nigeria 0 cit. The Aladura, meaning 'owners of prayer' in Yoruba, arose around the 1918 influenza pandemic when prayer groups turned to healing and prophecy outside the mission churches. They stressed divine healing, dreams, and visions and rejected both European medicine and traditional charms. Independent and African-led, they built a Christianity on Yoruba terms rather than on those set by the colonial missions. culture / religion / society ●●

c. 1918 The Kikuyu Squatters Move onto the Farms 2 cit. As the reserves filled and land ran short, many Kikuyu moved onto settler farms as squatters, a word that translated the Kikuyu ahoi, tenants living on another's land. In return for their labour they were let farm a patch and graze a few animals, and for a time they built real homes and herds in the Rift Valley. This bargain, land to use in exchange for work, was the foundation of the squatter economy and later the heart of the quarrel over it. economy / society ●●●

1918 The Alliance of Protestant Missionary Societies forms 0 cit. The main Protestant missions in Kenya joined in 1918 to form the Alliance of Protestant Missionary Societies, a body to coordinate their work and speak to government with one voice. It lobbied on African education, land, and labor, and it later founded shared schools. The Alliance gave the missions organized influence over colonial policy on African affairs. politics / religion ●

c. 1918 The Squatter System on the Settler Farms 6 cit. Landless Kikuyu families moved onto European farms as resident labourers, or squatters, giving their labour in exchange for the right to cultivate a plot and graze a few animals. The Resident Natives Ordinance of 1918 and later laws steadily cut their land and stock rights, turning a tenancy into near-serfdom. When settlers tightened the terms in the 1930s and 1940s, evicted squatters carried their anger back to the crowded reserves, one of the roots of the Mau Mau revolt. economy / society ●●

c. 1918 The disarmament and pacification of Turkana 5 cit. A series of military patrols through the late 1910s and 1920s broke Turkana resistance, seized firearms and huge numbers of livestock, and left the community disarmed among armed and raiding neighbours. The campaigns treated the Turkana as a problem to be subdued rather than a people to be governed and served. Turkana was then left largely without schools, roads, or administration for decades. politics / war ●●

c. 1918 The squatter labour system on settler farms 0 cit. Many Kikuyu families lived on settler estates as 'squatters' or resident labourers, working for the owner in exchange for the right to farm a small plot and graze stock. Later laws steadily cut their plots and grazing rights to force out more labour. The squeeze on squatters pushed thousands into landlessness and later into the Mau Mau revolt. economy / society ●●

1918 Masaryk times Czechoslovakia's independence for the press ai_extracted 1 cit. Bernays recounts advising on the timing of Czechoslovakia's declaration of independence. He says Thomas Masaryk moved the announcement to a Monday so newspapers worldwide would have more space to cover it. ●●

15 May 1919 to 11 October 1922 Greco-Turkish War wikidata 0 cit. no story war lasting from 1919 to 1922 during the Turkish War of Independence ●●●●

28 June 1919 Treaty of Versailles 0 cit. The peace treaty assigns Germany responsibility for the war, imposes reparations, and redraws the map of Europe. Signed five years to the day after the assassination. politics / war ●●●●●

10 September 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 0 cit. Peace treaty dissolving the Austrian half of the Habsburg Empire, recognizing the new states of central Europe, and forbidding union between Austria and Germany. It reduced Austria to a small alpine republic. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●

11 April 1919 Founding of the International Labour Organization 0 cit. The Paris Peace Conference adopts the ILO constitution as part of the Treaty of Versailles, creating a body that brings governments, employers and workers together to set international labor standards. Its first conference met in Washington in October 1919. diplomacy / economy / society ●●●

4 March 1919 Founding of the Communist International 0 cit. At a congress in Moscow convened by Lenin, revolutionaries from around the world vote to establish the Third International, the Comintern, to promote world revolution under Bolshevik leadership. diplomacy / politics ●●●

July 1919 Founding of the International Federation of Trade Unions 0 cit. Trade union federations meeting at the Amsterdam Concertgebouw found the International Federation of Trade Unions, the main interwar body of organized labor, known as the Amsterdam International. diplomacy / politics / society ●●

5 May 1919 Founding of the League of Red Cross Societies 0 cit. National Red Cross societies of the war's victors found a federation in Paris to coordinate peacetime relief and health work. It is now the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. diplomacy / society ●●●

15 April 1919 Founding of Save the Children 0 cit. Eglantyne Jebb and her sister Dorothy Buxton found the Save the Children Fund in London to feed children starving under the Allied blockade of Germany and Austria. Jebb later drafted the first declaration of children's rights. diplomacy / society ●●●

28 July 1919 Founding of the International Astronomical Union 0 cit. no story Astronomers found the IAU at a constitutive assembly in Brussels to coordinate astronomy worldwide. It is the recognized authority for naming celestial bodies. diplomacy / science ●●

19 August 1919 Independence of Afghanistan 0 cit. no story After the Third Anglo-Afghan War, Britain recognizes Afghanistan's full independence in foreign affairs under the Treaty of Rawalpindi. politics / war ●●●

February 1919 to 18 March 1921 Polish-Soviet War 0 cit. The reborn Polish state and Soviet Russia fight over their borderlands, with the Red Army turned back at Warsaw in 1920. The Polish victory halts the westward spread of Bolshevism for two decades. politics / war ●●●

21 January 1919 to 11 July 1921 Irish War of Independence 0 cit. no story The IRA fights a guerrilla war against British rule. The truce leads to the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the Irish Free State, with the island partitioned. politics / war ●●●

19 May 1919 to 24 July 1923 Turkish War of Independence 0 cit. no story Mustafa Kemal leads Turkish nationalists against Greek, French, and Armenian forces and the Allied partition of Anatolia. Victory overturns the Treaty of Sevres and creates the Republic of Turkey. politics / war ●●●●

23 March 1919 Mussolini founds the Fasci di Combattimento 1 cit. Benito Mussolini gathers war veterans and nationalists in Piazza San Sepolcro to found the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento. The movement gives fascism its name and its first organized form. politics ●●●●

13 April 1919 The Amritsar Massacre 0 cit. British troops opened fire on an unarmed crowd in an enclosed garden, killing hundreds. The massacre outraged Indian opinion and became a turning point for the independence movement. society / war ●●●●●

4 May 1919 May Fourth Movement 0 cit. Student protests erupted on 4 May 1919 against the Versailles settlement that granted German holdings in Shandong to Japan. The movement fueled new currents of nationalism, science, and cultural reform. culture / society ●●●●●

1919 Treaty of Versailles restricts Krupp arms production 0 cit. The 1919 Treaty of Versailles sharply limited German arms manufacture, forcing Krupp to shift to civilian products. The firm quietly kept some weapons design work alive during the 1920s. politics / war ●●

1919 to 1920 Thule Society and Early Nazi Circles 1 cit. Members and contacts of the Thule Society helped fund and shape the German Workers' Party, which became the Nazi Party. The link is documented, though claims of deeper occult control over Nazism are exaggerated. politics / society ●●

1919 DeMolay youth order founded 0 cit. The Order of DeMolay was founded in 1919 by Frank S. Land as a character-building organization for young men, sponsored by Freemasons. It is named after Jacques de Molay, the last Grand Master of the medieval Knights Templar. culture / society ●●

c. 1919 to c. 1945 The Pan-African Congresses 0 cit. A series of congresses brought together activists and intellectuals from Africa and the diaspora to demand rights and self-rule. The 1945 Manchester congress, attended by future leaders like Nkrumah and Kenyatta, called openly for independence. politics / society ●●●

1919 The Soviet likbez literacy campaign begins 0 cit. In 1919 the Soviet government launched likbez, a mass campaign to wipe out illiteracy among adults. It raised literacy sharply while also spreading Communist ideas. politics / society ●●●

c. 1919 Goddard's report on reaching extreme altitudes 0 cit. Robert Goddard published "A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes" through the Smithsonian, laying out the math of rocket flight. The press mocked his suggestion that a rocket could reach the Moon. science / technology ●●●

1919 Olympus cameras are named for Mount Olympus 0 cit. The Japanese optical company, founded in 1919, took the name Olympus after Mount Olympus, home of the Greek gods. It mirrored the firm's first brand Takachiho, a sacred peak of Japanese myth. economy / religion / technology ●●

1919 Aurora pens are named for the Roman goddess of dawn 0 cit. The Italian fountain-pen maker Aurora, founded in Turin in 1919, is named after Aurora, the Roman goddess of the dawn. culture / economy / religion ●

1919 The Soviet likbez literacy drive begins 0 cit. A 1919 decree launched the likbez campaign to wipe out illiteracy across the new Soviet state. Millions of adults and children learned to read as part of building the Soviet education model. politics / society ●●●●

c. 1919 to c. 1939 Sanger's eugenics affiliations and statements contested 0 cit. Margaret Sanger promoted birth control partly in eugenic terms, arguing it could reduce reproduction among those she called unfit, and she addressed a women's Ku Klux Klan group in 1926 and endorsed some eugenic sterilization. She did not support race-based extermination, and her record is documented and remains contested rather than a simple caricature. politics / society ●●●

1919 Schenck and the 'clear and present danger' test 0 cit. In Schenck v. United States the Supreme Court upholds a conviction for anti-draft leaflets, with Justice Holmes coining the clear and present danger test and the famous line about falsely shouting fire in a theater. Speech restriction is written into constitutional doctrine. politics / society ●●●

1919 Norman and Morgan atop the financial world, 1919-1931 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues that the international bankers reached their zenith in 1919-1931, when Montagu Norman and J. P. Morgan dominated finance, international relations, and much else. ●●

1919 Founding of Chatham House and its US counterpart, 1919 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley says the Milner group founded the Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House) in 1919, financed chiefly by Abe Bailey and the Astors, with a sister body in the US, the Council on Foreign Relations. ●●

1919 Government of India Act of 1919 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Montagu-Chelmsford report was drafted into a bill, revised by a Joint Committee under Lord Selborne, and became the Government of India Act of 1919, the most important Indian constitutional law before 1935. ●●

1919 Rowlatt Act passed (March 1919) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The conservative group pushed through the Rowlatt Act in March 1919, continuing wartime restrictions on civil liberties to control nationalist agitation, prompting Gandhi to call for civil disobedience. ●●

1919 Amritsar Massacre (April 13, 1919) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story General Dyer fired into a dense, penned-in crowd at Amritsar, inflicting 1,516 casualties including 379 deaths, an atrocity the Hunter Committee declined to fully condemn. ●●

1919 Postwar blockade blamed for 800,000 deaths (1919) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley cites Max Sering that the blockade of Germany, continued for nine months after the armistice, caused the deaths of 800,000 persons. ●●

1919 Council of Four drafts the Treaty of Versailles (1919) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Council of Four (Lloyd George, Wilson, Clemenceau, Orlando) held over two hundred meetings from March to June 1919 and put the Treaty of Versailles into form in three weeks. ●●

1919 Treaty of Versailles signed at the Hall of Mirrors (June 28, 1919) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 28, 1919, five years after Sarajevo, the Treaty of Versailles was signed in the Hall of Mirrors, where the German Empire had been proclaimed in 1871, by all delegations except the Chinese. ●●

1919 France drafts a strong League with its own army (1919) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the first League committee meeting in 1919 France sought a League with its own army, general staff, and police powers against aggressors, a proposal the Anglo-Americans rejected as militarism. ●●

1919 Third (Communist) International formed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The anti-nationalist minority of Socialists, chiefly Germans and Russians, became the nucleus of the Third, or Communist, International, formed under Russian leadership in 1919. ●●

1919 Weimar constitution drafted ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The National Assembly elected on June 19, 1919, drew up a parliamentary constitution under Professor Hugo Preuss, providing a president, a bicameral legislature, and a cabinet responsible to the lower house. ●●

1919 German Workers' Party founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The German Workers' Party was founded by Munich locksmith Anton Drexler on January 5, 1919, as a nationalist, Pan-German workers' group. Hitler joined it later that year. ●●

1919 Brand serves as a financial adviser at the Paris Peace Conference ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, R. H. Brand was financial adviser to Lord Robert Cecil, chairman of the Supreme Economic Council. Quigley presents him as a central figure in postwar international finance. ●●

1919 Curtis a chief founder of the Royal Institute of International Affairs ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley credits Curtis as one of the chief founders of the Royal Institute of International Affairs in 1919. Through the 1920s Curtis worked on it and the League without attracting public attention. ●●

1919 Dawson quarrels with Northcliffe and leaves The Times ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1919 Dawson quarreled with proprietor Lord Northcliffe and left the editor's chair. Quigley says the episode showed the group it could not control The Times without owning it. ●●

1919 Commons motion for subordinate legislatures (4 June 1919) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 4 June 1919 Edward Wood moved in the Commons that the time had come to create subordinate legislatures within the United Kingdom, carried 187 to 34. Quigley says nothing came of it. ●●

1919 Ministry of Health established (1919) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley credits Milner's wartime reconstruction committee with producing the Ministry of Health, set up in 1919. He treats it as one of the Group's lasting marks on British social policy. ●●

1919 RIIA organized at the Hotel Majestic (30 May 1919) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Institute was organized at a joint conference of British and American experts at the Hotel Majestic on 30 May 1919, during the Paris Peace Conference. Quigley says the real decisions were made by the Milner Group. ●●

1919 Quigley: Council on Foreign Relations taken over by the Morgan group (1919) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts the New York Council on Foreign Relations, RIIA's American branch, was taken over almost entirely after its 1919 founding by the Peace Conference experts closest to J. P. Morgan and Company. ●●

1919 Government of India Act becomes law (December 1919) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After heavy criticism and revision, the Government of India Bill emerged with its main outlines unchanged and became law in December 1919. Quigley says its principles of dyarchy and responsibility were Curtis's. ●●

1919 Amritsar Massacre ai_extracted 1 cit. Quigley cites the 1919 Amritsar Massacre as the chief bit of bad luck that wrecked Indian cooperation with the reforms of that year, turning Gandhi against the British. ●●

1919 Draft Treaty of Versailles presented to Germany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The original draft treaty was handed to the German delegates, who were aghast at its severity and drew up a 443-page criticism. Concessions were later made under pressure Quigley traces back to the Milner Group. ●●

1919 Quigley: Milner Group's appeasement began in 1919 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts that the Cliveden Set was only the visible face of the Milner Group, and that the Group's program of appeasement and treaty revision began as early as 1919, not the mid-1930s. ●●

1919 Quigley: Cecil Hurst drafts loopholes into the Covenant ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts that at the Peace Conference Cecil Hurst persuaded the American expert David Hunter Miller to replace the sanction articles 10-16 with Hurst's own drafts, deliberately built with loopholes so sanctions need never bite. ●●

1919 Term 'technocracy' first used publicly by W.H. Smythe ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The word technocracy was first used publicly by W.H. Smythe in a 1919 article titled Industrial Management. ●●

1919 Veblen helps found the New School ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Economist Thorstein Veblen helped found the New School for Social Research in 1919. It was there he met Howard Scott, later leader of the U.S. Technocracy movement. ●●

1919 Veblen and Scott start the Technical Alliance ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1919 Thorstein Veblen and Howard Scott formed the Technical Alliance to organize a 'soviet of technicians'. Wood calls it a precursor to the Technocracy movement. ●●

1919 Calhoun's Social History of the Family ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto cites Arthur Calhoun's 1919 Social History of the Family, which announced that the child was passing from its family into the custody of community experts. ●●

1919 Cubberley publishes 'Public Education in the United States' ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Gatto uses Ellwood P. Cubberley's celebratory history, first published in 1919 and revised in 1934, as an insider source on the compulsion campaign. He argues it reveals more than Cubberley intended. ●●

1919 Wave of anti-Bolshevik education laws, 1919 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that by 1919 many states passed laws against Bolshevism, including English-only instruction and criminal penalties in Idaho and Utah for skipping Americanization classes. ●●

1919 John Dewey founds the Progressive Education Association, 1919 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that in 1919, using Rockefeller money, John Dewey founded the Progressive Education Association while a professor at Columbia Teachers College. ●●

1919 Royal Institute of International Affairs founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book asserts, following Quigley, that the Network formed the Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House) in 1919 as a front group. It says similar institutes followed in British dominions and the United States. ●●

1919 US Senate rejects the League of Nations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book says that in November 1919, after months of debate, the US Senate voted not to join the League of Nations over concerns about ceding sovereignty. It calls this the point where the Network's League effort came up short. ●●

1919 Milner Group begins undermining the peace settlement ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The book cites Quigley that the Milner Group began a program of appeasement and revision of the post-war settlement as early as 1919. It presents this as a deliberate move to rebuild Germany. ●●

1919 The Paris Peace Conference opens ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Paris Peace Conference opened in January 1919 to settle the terms of peace. No issue caused more trouble and delay than German reparations. ●●

1919 Versailles terms unveiled to Germany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1919 the peace terms were presented to Germany, which was to lose an eighth of its territory, disarm, and pay reparations. Article 231, the 'article of shame,' branded Germany solely responsible for the war. ●●

1919 Keynes publishes 'The Economic Consequences of the Peace' ai_extracted 3 cit. In November 1919 John Maynard Keynes published his attack on reparations, arguing that a ruined Germany could never pay. The book sold over 100,000 copies in six months and made him world-famous. ●●

1919 US Senate rejects the Treaty of Versailles ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As America turned isolationist, the peace treaty failed in the Senate. On 19 November 1919 it was rejected by a vote of 55 to 39, keeping the United States out of the postwar European settlement. ●●