Events, Verisoph

1919 Keynes begins speculating on currencies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the latter half of 1919, Keynes bet that wartime inflation would undermine belligerent currencies. He went short on the French franc, German Reichsmark, and Italian lira while buying currencies of countries that had sat out the war. ●●

1919 Year 1919: He was so mortified by the Anglo-Persian Agreement rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He was so mortified by the Anglo-Persian Agreement of 1919 that he applied for residence in Switzerland and told his family he would live the rest of his life in exile. During the ... ●●

1919 8 On June 11, 1919, Baruch, Lamont, Davis, and McCormick discussed the more... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 8 On June 11, 1919, Baruch, Lamont, Davis, and McCormick discussed the more pressing issue of Wilson’s final proposed answer to Germany on reparations. Lamont remained touched by... ●●

1919 Senator Edge introduces the Edge Act ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Based on Lamont’s earlier disposition toward private assistance, Senator Walter Evans Edge introduced Senate Bill 2472 (which became the Edge Act of 1919), authorizing American... ●●

1919 By June 1919, Vanderlip had been kicked out of National City.48 Charles Mit... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By June 1919, Vanderlip had been kicked out of National City.48 Charles Mitchell, the brash outsider, rose within the bank embracing the notion of short-term profit ahead of... ●●

1919 He returned to the United States on February 24, 1919, but traveled back to... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He returned to the United States on February 24, 1919, but traveled back to Europe on March 5, where he remained until July 8.2 It was and would remain the longest period of time... ●●

1919 Paris Peace Conference opens ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In all, thirty-two nations were involved in the Paris Peace Conference, which began in January 1919 (Germany was not included). But the Big Four—President Wilson, British prime... ●●

1919 37 On August 19, 1919, Wilson made an unprecedented presidential appearance... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 37 On August 19, 1919, Wilson made an unprecedented presidential appearance before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee to argue for ratification of the Treaty of Versailles.... ●●

1919 Morgan & Company in October 1919, followed by a $100 million loan to the Fr... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Morgan & Company in October 1919, followed by a $100 million loan to the French government in September 1920.9 As a result of his trip, in May 1921, Lamont secured another $100... ●●

1919 35 Later, as governor of Massachusetts from 1919 to 1920, he oversaw approp... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 35 Later, as governor of Massachusetts from 1919 to 1920, he oversaw appropriations and expenditures with great parsimony. His ideas of private and public business came from his... ●●

1919 Mackenzie King elected Canadian Liberal leader ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In 1919, he was elected leader of the Liberal Party in Canada and two years later became prime minister, serving in that post off and on for a record twenty-two years and forging much of the modern Canadian welfare state. ●●

1919 Hamburg City Council elected in free, secret elections ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The revolutionaries made little headway with the food and fuel shortages and the growing ranks of jobless workers. On March 26, 1919, the City Council—henceforth to be elected in free, secret election... ●●

1919 CHAPTER 15––Phantom Castle, Phantom Peace In early 1919, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER 15––Phantom Castle, Phantom Peace In early 1919, Germany wasn’t yet at peace; hostilities merely shifted from the western front to domestic streets. ●●

1919 Germany signs the Treaty of Versailles ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He said he thought it best if the government had advisers who were in agreement with its policies. The new Cabinet consented to the Allied terms, and on June 28, 1919, a new German delegation signed t... ●●

1919 In the Jews, right-wing zealots found a vulnerable rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the Jews, right-wing zealots found a vulnerable domestic group whom they could use as a proxy for those foreigners whom they couldn’t touch. In 1919 Adolf Hitler began to proselytize among angry ve... ●●

1919 In 1919 Adolf Hitler began to proselytize among candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1919 Adolf Hitler began to proselytize among angry veterans in Munich beer halls. ●●

1919 Weimar Assembly adopts the German constitution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Of the one hundred billion mark offer, he said, “Well, they are not getting even that now. They have surprises awaiting them.”30 On July 31, 1919, the Weimar Assembly adopted a constitution. ●●

1919 CHAPTER 16––The Murder Exploding Detachment Separated by war rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER 16––The Murder Exploding Detachment Separated by war and a news blackout, the Warburgs didn’t heal their transatlantic wartime breach until June 1919. ●●

1919 Thank goodness, he assures me that all goes rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thank goodness, he assures me that all goes well with my children and grandchildren abroad.”1 Charlotte would die of a heart attack two years later, having seen her sons surpass her most immoderate am... ●●

1919 After Germany signed the peace treaty in 1919, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Germany signed the peace treaty in 1919, a backlog of musty mail also tumbled in on the amazed American Warburgs. ●●

1919 CHAPTER 17––The Royal Couple Aman of stern willpower, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story CHAPTER 17––The Royal Couple Aman of stern willpower, Jacob Schiff made few concessions to age in his last years. During the 1919 summer, he took eight-hour hikes at Bar Harbor, refusing to admit the... ●●

1919 During the 1919 summer, he took eight-hour hikes rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During the 1919 summer, he took eight-hour hikes at Bar Harbor, refusing to admit the least fatigue afterward. ●●

1919 Postwar changes in Europe had isolated many Jews rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Postwar changes in Europe had isolated many Jews in new nation-states carved from the old, collapsed empires and the Joint sped relief to poor Jews in Poland, Romania, Austria, and Hungary, setting up... ●●

1919 In 1919, Siegmund was seventeen and in a quandary about his... (1919) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1919, Siegmund was seventeen and in a quandary about his future when uncle Max took things in hand. ●●

1919 1919 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 6The Coming of a Bipolar World and the Crisis of the “Middle Powers”: Part Two, 1919–1942 ●●

1919 1919 Economic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The sharp British response at Amritsar in 1919, the Dutch imprisonment of Sukarno and other Indonesian nationalist leaders and breaking-up of the trade unions in the late 1920s, th... ●●

1919 1919 European rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story This is by no means to say that the diplomacy of London and Paris was identical; because of their quite different geographical-strategical positions, and the varying pressures brou... ●●

1919 2. MMW EW. “Memoir Extracts.” Letter from Eric rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2. MMW EW. “Memoir Extracts.” Letter from Eric Warburg to Max Warburg, January 27, 1919. ●●

1919 1. Letter from Charlotte Warburg to unnamed gentleman rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1. Letter from Charlotte Warburg to unnamed gentleman, June 16, 1919. (Courtesy of Anita Warburg.) ●●

1919 2. Adler, Jacob H. Schiff, Vol. II, p rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2. Adler, Jacob H. Schiff, Vol. II, p. 209. Letter from Jacob Schiff to Max Warburg, August 26, 1919. ●●

1919 24. DS. Letter from Jacob Schiff to Max rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 24. DS. Letter from Jacob Schiff to Max Warburg, August 26, 1919. ●●

1919 Weber defines the state as the monopoly on force 0 cit. Max Weber defines the modern state as the body that successfully claims a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force within a territory. It names the core of the state, law, and coercion pillar: the sole right to command violence and call it law. pillar / politics ●●●●

1919 Woodrow Wilson proposes the League of Nations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Woodrow Wilson brings a vision of liberal world order to the post-World War I settlement, anchored in the League of Nations proposal ●●

1919 Barron records conversation with E.H. Doheny on Wall Street and Bolshevism rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Financial journalist Barron aboard S.S. Aquitania records a conversation with oil magnate E.H. Doheny where Doheny names William Boyce Thompson, Thomas Lamont, and Charles R. Crane as capitalists teaching or supporting Bolshevism. ●●

1919 Soviet Bureau established in New York ai_extracted 2 cit. no story The Soviet Bureau is established in early 1919 in the World Tower Building at 110 West 40th Street, New York City, to represent Soviet interests in the United States. ●●

1919 Nyberg becomes first Soviet operative representative in United States candidate ai_extracted 2 cit. no story In 1919, Nyberg, a Finnish immigrant who arrived in January 1912, becomes the first operative Soviet representative in the United States, serving as an activist propagandist. ●●

1919 State Department blocks Soviet Bureau business dealings ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On May 7, 1919, the State Department intervenes to prevent continued business intervention on behalf of the Soviet Bureau by American firms. ●●

1919 Frank Polk cables American legation regarding Russian commercial matters candidate ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On January 11, 1919, Frank Polk of the State Department cables the American legation in Stockholm regarding negotiations for Russian commerce. ●●

1919 Congressman Mason introduces House Resolution 132 ai_extracted 2 cit. no story On June 23, 1919, Congressman Mason introduces House Resolution 132 instructing the State Department to investigate Wall Street banking connections to the Bolsheviks. ●●

1919 Manly Hall's first public speaking on reincarnation rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At approximately nineteen years old, Manly Hall delivered his first public talk on reincarnation in a rented room above a bank in Santa Monica. He and a friend collected thirty-five cents from listeners, which they used to buy ice cream sundaes. ●●

1919 Charles Fort publishes The Book of the Damned ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Paranormal researcher Charles Fort published his first book, The Book of the Damned, cataloguing reports of strange anomalies from newspapers worldwide including floating airships, frogs falling from the sky, and spontaneous combustion, to challenge scientific materialism and orthodoxy. ●●

1919 Russo-Polish War ends in Russian defeat ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Russo-Polish War of 1919-1920 ended with a Russian defeat, demonstrating weakened Russian military capacity after the civil war. ●●

1919 Secretary Lansing receives report on Rockefeller backing of Kolchak candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In August 1919, the secretary of state receives reports indicating Rockefeller interests have provided funds to Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak in Siberia against the Bolsheviks. ●●

1919 List of Illustration Page 6 Woodrow Wilson address... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story List of Illustration Page 6 Woodrow Wilson addresses the Paris Peace Conference, January 25, 1919. Page 10 Washington’s Farewell Address, manuscript d ●●

1919 Right: Woodrow Wilson, July 1919. Page 56 Left: Wi... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Right: Woodrow Wilson, July 1919. Page 56 Left: William of Orange. ●●

1919 THE MAPS French Expansion from 1648 to 1801 320 Ge... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story THE MAPS French Expansion from 1648 to 1801 320 German Expansion from 1919 to 1939 321 William Ill’s Grand Alliance from 1701 to 1713 322 Alliances in ●●

1919 POWER VACUUMS Both the Peace of Westphalia (1648) ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story POWER VACUUMS Both the Peace of Westphalia (1648) and the Treaty of Versailles (1919) created power vacuums on the borders of military heavyweights. ●●

1919 Wilson presents League Covenant to Peace Conference ai_extracted 1 cit. no story y such attitudes would resolve crises without war, Wilson told the Peace Conference on February 14, 1919: …throughout this instrument [the League Cove ●●

1919 Therefore, when the peacemakers revealed their han... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Therefore, when the peacemakers revealed their handiwork in June 1919, the Germans were shocked and embarked on two decades of systematically undermin ●●

1919 produced only “aggression and selfishness and war.... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ys produced only “aggression and selfishness and war.”18 After the plenary session of February 14, 1919, at which Wilson unveiled the League Covenant, ●●

1919 letter to Colonel House in 1919, André Tardieu, a ... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In a letter to Colonel House in 1919, André Tardieu, a principal French negotiator at Versailles, predicted that the failure to set up v ●●

1919 Bela Kun establishes Hungarian Soviet Republic ai_extracted 1 cit. no story when Lenin’s Hungarian protégé Bela Kun and his Communist and Social Democratic followers established a shortlived Soviet republic in Hungary in the disordered aftermath of Austro-Hungarian defeat, Szilard decided it was time to study abroad. ●●

1919 This placed the statesmen of 1919 in a precarious position rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story nna even while ensuring that it would be surrounded by great masses to contain any future temptations to aggrandizement. For the new diplomacy, which promised to reorder international affairs on moral and not strategic principles, no such calculation ●●

1919 Information history in 1919 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story neat little packets, that measure, as it were, just three inches each way. ”♦ On his return to the United States, Wiener joined the faculty of MIT in 1919, the same year as Vannevar Bush. ●●

1919 Event of 1919 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1919 a top Vatican official assured Gibbons that Rome “looks to America to be the leader in all things Catho- lic, and to set an example to other n ●●

1919 Greek-Turkish War and population exchange in Asia Minor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thus the mixed Greek and Turkish populations in Asia Minor and the eastern Aegean who had lived side by side since the time of the Byzantine Empire sorted themselves out during the Greek-Turkish War of 1919–1922. ●●

1919 By the end of 1919, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the end of 1919, when the defeat of the Allies and the White Army appeared likely, the New York Times treated its readers to headlines and stories such as the following: 30 Dec ●●

1919 During February and March 1919, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story During February and March 1919, a US Senate Judiciary Subcommittee held hearings before which many “Bolshevik horror stories” were presented ●●

1919 Mencken, 1919 How is it rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mencken, 1919 How is it that the Korean War escaped the protests which surrounded the war in Vietnam ●●

1919 Ho Chi Minh appeals to US over French Indochina ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1919, following the First World War, Ho Chi Minh had appealed to US Secretary of State Robert Lansing for America’s help in achieving basic civil liberties and an improvement in the living conditions for the colonial subjects of French Indochina ●●

1919 1919 - Turkey: Marines from rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1919 - Turkey: Marines from the U.S.S ●●

1919 War or conflict rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Writing in the year 1919, just a few months after the end of the war, John Moody says: Not only did England and France pay for their supplies with mon ●●

1919 The nine-man executive committee appointed at Du Pont in 1919 included only two... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The nine-man executive committee appointed at Du Pont in 1919 included only two members of the clan ●●

November 1919 Palmer Raids target suspected radicals across the United States 0 cit. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, working with a young J. Edgar Hoover, directed federal agents and local police in a series of raids that arrested thousands of suspected anarchists and communists, many without warrants. Several hundred foreign-born detainees were deported with little due process. The raids are widely cited as an early instance of American federal law enforcement being used to suppress political dissent rather than investigate specific crimes. politics ●●

c. 1919 Red Summer race riots 0 cit. White mobs attacked Black communities in dozens of American cities, including Chicago, Washington D.C., and Elaine, Arkansas, in the summer and fall of 1919. Hundreds of Black Americans were killed, and the violence was often triggered by Black economic advancement and returning Black veterans asserting their rights. The events showed that segregation was enforced by mob violence as well as by law. society ●●

c. 1919 Anglo American acquires major diamond interests in South West Africa 0 cit. Anglo American, through related companies, took control of the rich alluvial diamond fields in South West Africa that had been developed under German rule. This gave Oppenheimer a diamond-producing base independent of De Beers, strengthening his position for a future merger. economy ●●

1919 Mussolini's National Fascist Party takes its name and emblem from the fasces 0 cit. Benito Mussolini's movement adopts the fasces as its namesake symbol, and the party takes the name 'Fascism' from it, permanently associating the ancient Roman emblem in the 20th-century public mind with Italian Fascism, even though the symbol continued to appear unrelated on older American civic monuments predating this association. politics / war ●●

1919 France gains control of the Saar coal and chemical industries ai_extracted 1 cit. no story French capitalists secured control of the Saar's coal and chemical industries as a reparations prize after the First World War, only for a later plebiscite to return the territory to Germany. ●●

28 January 1919 Weber Delivers Politics as a Vocation 0 cit. In a lecture to students in Munich, later published as "Politics as a Vocation," the sociologist Max Weber defined the state as the human community that successfully claims a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory. Weber's definition became the standard reference point in political science and sociology for distinguishing legitimate state violence, such as policing and lawful warfare, from illegitimate private violence. The lecture is one of the most cited texts in the modern study of the state and organized force. politics / society ●●●

31 January 1919 J.T. Canales opens legislative investigation of the Rangers 0 cit. State representative José Tomás (J.T.) Canales, a Democrat from Brownsville and the only Mexican American in the Legislature, filed formal charges against the Texas Rangers and forced a joint legislative hearing into Ranger conduct. Canales brought twenty-one charges covering murder, torture, and other abuses, later expanded with complaints from other legislators. The hearings ran over twelve days, took testimony from about eighty witnesses, and produced roughly 1,400 pages of record. politics ●●●

c. March 1919 Canales investigation concludes with reforms, no convictions 0 cit. The joint legislative committee formally cleared the Rangers of legal wrongdoing and commended the adjutant general, even as the hearing record documented extensive abuse. Despite the exoneration, the Legislature cut the force's size, raised pay and recruiting standards to professionalize it, disbanded the wartime "Loyalty Ranger" companies that had been used for extralegal policing, and adopted new conduct rules; several Rangers named in the hearings were dismissed. Canales received death threats for bringing the charges and needed armed protection during the proceedings. politics ●●

1 November 1919 Government Code and Cypher School founded 0 cit. The Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) was formed by merging the Royal Navy's Room 40 and the War Office's MI1b codebreaking units. It handled British signals intelligence between the wars and through the Second World War. GC&CS is the direct ancestor of GCHQ. politics / technology ●●

9 September 1919 Boston Police Strike and the State Guard 0 cit. When most of the Boston police force walked off the job, looting broke out and Governor Calvin Coolidge called out the Massachusetts State Guard to restore order, resulting in several deaths in clashes with crowds. Coolidge's declaration that there is no right to strike against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, any time made him a national figure. The episode became a touchstone case for using militia forces to end a public-sector strike. economy / politics ●●

1919 Forced labour and the Northey circulars 0 cit. Labour circulars issued under Governor Edward Northey from 1919 pressed administration officers and police to encourage, and in practice compel, Africans to work on settler farms and public projects. The pressure amounted to forced labour and drew protest from missionaries and questions in Britain. Police and chiefs' forces supplied and disciplined the labour. economy / politics ●●

13 April 1919 Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar 0 cit. British troops under General Dyer fired on an unarmed crowd trapped in an enclosed garden, killing hundreds. The massacre shocked Indian opinion and destroyed much remaining faith in British rule. It pushed many moderates, including Gandhi, toward outright demands for independence. politics / war ●●

12 September 1919 to 1920 D'Annunzio seizes Fiume 0 cit. The poet Gabriele D'Annunzio leads war veterans to occupy the disputed city of Fiume and rules it for over a year. His theatrical politics of black shirts, balcony speeches, and the Roman salute supplied a template that Mussolini later borrowed. politics / war ●●

c. 1919 Seeds of the independence movements 0 cit. Colonial rule created a class of educated Africans, shared grievances, and new networks that later powered the drive for independence. Pan-African congresses from 1919 onward and figures across the diaspora began linking these struggles. The resistance of the scramble years, from Adwa to Maji Maji, became a source of pride for later nationalists. culture / politics / society ●●

January 1919 The First Dáil and the War of Independence 0 cit. After a landslide win in the 1918 election, Sinn Féin members refused to sit at Westminster and set up their own parliament, the First Dáil, in January 1919. On the same day the Irish Republican Army began a guerrilla war against British forces and police. The conflict, marked by ambushes and reprisals including the Black and Tans, lasted until a truce in July 1921. politics / war ●●●

1919 The American Black Chamber 0 cit. Herbert O. Yardley set up a secret US code-breaking bureau, funded by the State and War Departments, that read the encrypted cables of foreign governments. It cracked Japanese diplomatic traffic and fed Washington its rivals' negotiating positions. Secretary of State Henry Stimson shut it down in 1929, reportedly saying that gentlemen do not read each other's mail. diplomacy / politics / war ●●

c. 1919 Enoch Mgijima and the Israelites 0 cit. The prophet Enoch Mgijima founded the Israelites, a millenarian church whose followers gathered on land at Ntabelanga to await the end of days. They refused to disperse or to recognize the authority of the state over their holy ground. Their stand set up the confrontation that would end in the Bulhoek massacre. politics / religion / society ●●

1919 The Soldier Settlement Scheme After the Great War 0 cit. After the First World War the government threw open highland land to British ex-servicemen through a lottery scheme, hoping to plant a larger, loyal white population. Thousands of new farms were carved out, many on land recently used by Africans, and the European population climbed sharply. The scheme deepened the alienation of African land and sharply increased the demand for squatter and wage labour to work the new farms. economy / politics / war ●●

1919 Forced Labour and the Reserves as Labour Pools 1 cit. In 1919 Governor Edward Northey issued circulars pressing African chiefs and officials to round up men to work on settler farms, a thinly veiled system of forced labour that stirred protest even in Britain. Taxes payable only in cash, together with land shortage in the reserves, pushed men out to earn wages on white farms whether they wished to or not. The reserves were designed to work as reservoirs of cheap labour, crowded enough that people had to leave to survive. economy / politics ●●

c. 1919 The Somali and the Struggle Over Status 0 cit. Kenyan Somalis pressed the colonial state to class them as non-native, alongside Arabs and Asians, seeking to escape the taxes, the kipande pass, and the labour demands imposed on other Africans. The administration's shifting answers left them in an ambiguous middle, neither settler nor ordinary subject, a status historians link to their later sense of not belonging in Kenya. Their contested place in the colonial order fed grievances that would surface again at independence. politics / society ●●

February 1919 First Pan-African Congress meets during the Paris peace talks 0 cit. W. E. B. Du Bois organized the first Pan-African Congress in Paris while the victorious powers negotiated the postwar settlement at Versailles. With the help of the Senegalese deputy Blaise Diagne, delegates petitioned the peacemakers to protect African interests and grant a greater say to colonized peoples. Its demands were reformist and modest, seeking better colonial rule rather than independence. diplomacy / politics ●●

c. 1919 The Raj keeps Gandhi under surveillance 0 cit. British India's Intelligence Bureau and police tracked Mohandas Gandhi for decades, logging his movements, intercepting his mail and reporting on his campaigns. Surveillance followed him from his years in South Africa through the mass movements he led in India. The colonial state treated the apostle of non-violence as a standing threat to order. politics / society ●●

1919 The utilities' peacetime propaganda drive against public ownership ai_extracted 1 cit. The National Electric Light Association ran a long campaign to keep the power supply in private hands. Editor Mark Crispin Miller records it as the largest peacetime propaganda drive in U.S. history, aimed at discouraging public ownership of utilities. ●●

1919 Optimist International takes shape 0 cit. Delegates from several existing Optimist clubs met and formed Optimist International, adopting a program of community service focused on young people. The clubs grew out of earlier local groups founded in the previous decade. Like its peers, Optimist combined business fellowship with volunteer projects for children and youth. society ●

October 1919 Wilson's stroke and the hidden presidency 0 cit. A severe stroke left Wilson partly paralysed and secluded for the rest of his term. His wife Edith decided who and what reached him and effectively managed the flow of government, a genuine hidden presidency the public was never told about. ●●●

c. 1919 Soldier settlers occupy surveyed farms in Trans-Nzoia 1 cit. After the First World War, a soldier-settlement scheme placed demobilised European soldiers on surveyed farms in Trans-Nzoia. The scheme helped make the district one of the strongest settler farming zones in the White Highlands. economy / politics ●●●●

1919 Kisima Farm anchors Timau large-scale farming 2 cit. Kisima Farm was founded in Timau in 1919 and incorporated in 1943. Today it presents itself as a Kenyan-owned mixed farm focused on arable crops, floriculture, seed potatoes, forestry and community projects. The farm makes Timau visible as a place where settler-era highland farm structure survived into modern agribusiness rather than disappearing at independence. economy / society ●●●●

4 June 1920 Treaty of Trianon 0 cit. Peace treaty with Hungary that transferred about two thirds of its prewar territory to neighboring states. It left large Hungarian minorities abroad and remains a national grievance. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●

10 August 1920 Treaty of Sevres 0 cit. Peace treaty partitioning the Ottoman Empire among the Allies, Greece, and proposed Armenian and Kurdish entities. Rejected by Turkish nationalists, it was never implemented and was replaced at Lausanne. diplomacy / politics / war ●●●

10 January 1920 Founding of the League of Nations 0 cit. The Covenant of the League of Nations enters into force with the Treaty of Versailles, creating the first world organization dedicated to collective security and peace, headquartered in Geneva. diplomacy / politics ●●●●●

c. 1920 to c. 1941 Shanghai as the financial center of East Asia 0 cit. In the 1920s and 1930s the banks lining Shanghai's Bund make the treaty port the leading financial center of East Asia, with deep markets in money, gold and foreign exchange. War with Japan and then revolution end this first golden age. economy ●●●

18 August 1920 Ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment 0 cit. Tennessee's ratification, carried by a single vote, guarantees women the right to vote nationwide. The amendment caps a seven-decade suffrage movement and roughly doubles the American electorate. politics / society ●●●●●

24 February 1920 Founding of the Nazi Party 1 cit. The German Workers' Party proclaims its 25-point program at the Hofbrauhaus and renames itself the National Socialist German Workers' Party. Hitler soon takes control of the small movement. politics ●●●

18 August 1920 Nineteenth Amendment ratified 0 cit. Tennessee's ratification makes the Nineteenth Amendment law, barring denial of the vote on account of sex. American women win the franchise after a seven-decade campaign. politics / society ●●●●

16 September 1920 Wall Street bombing 1 cit. A horse-drawn wagon packed with explosives detonated outside the offices of J.P. Morgan on Wall Street, killing 38 people. The attack was widely blamed on Italian anarchists but was never solved. economy / politics ●●

2 November 1920 KDKA begins commercial radio broadcasting 0 cit. KDKA in Pittsburgh broadcast the 1920 presidential election returns on 2 November 1920, an event often cited as the start of scheduled commercial radio in the United States. Radio quickly became a household mass medium. society / technology ●●●●

c. 1920 The Hollywood studio system takes shape 0 cit. Through the 1920s a handful of vertically integrated studios came to control film production, distribution, and theaters. The studio system concentrated creative and economic power over American mass entertainment. culture / economy ●●●