Events, Verisoph

1930 By the’spring of 1930 he had resigned and thrown in his lot with the forces now gathering on the ext rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the’spring of 1930 he had resigned and thrown in his lot with the forces now gathering on the extreme right of German politics, who were bitterly opposed to any further financial cooperation with Germany’s former enemies. ●●

1930 Two books later he had established himself as a leading, young ideologue of the right, with close li rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Two books later he had established himself as a leading, young ideologue of the right, with close links to the nationalist coven known as the Artamanen.’’ Darré was introduced to Hitler in 1930, through mutual friends in Thuringia, and joined the Naz ●●

1930 Skidmore, Politics in Brazil, 1930-1964: rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Skidmore, Politics in Brazil, 1930-1964: An Experiment in Democracy (Oxford University Press, New York, 1967) p ●●

1930 War or conflict rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1930, Paul Warburg wrote a massive book—1750 pages in all—entitled The Federal Reserve System, Its Origin and Growth ●●

1930 All 4—Pittsburgh Plate Glass, American Window Glass, Lehigh Portland Cement, and... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story All 4—Pittsburgh Plate Glass, American Window Glass, Lehigh Portland Cement, and Atlas Portland Cement—continued to lead their industry for decades, although the last operated as an autonomous subsidiary of United States Steel after 1930 ●●

22 April 1930 London Naval Treaty signed 0 cit. The United States, Britain, and Japan extended naval arms limitation from the 1922 Washington treaty to cruisers, destroyers, and submarines, setting further tonnage ratios among the three powers. Japan's dissatisfaction with its allotted ratio fed resentment that contributed to its withdrawal from naval treaty limits later in the decade. The treaty marked the high point, and near end, of interwar naval arms control. diplomacy / war ●●

12 March 1930 to April 1930 Salt March 0 cit. Mahatma Gandhi led a 24-day march to the coastal village of Dandi to make salt in defiance of the British salt tax and monopoly. The act of civil disobedience triggered a mass movement across India and drew international attention to the independence campaign. Tens of thousands were arrested, including Gandhi himself. politics / society ●●

1930 Diamond Corporation formed to manage global diamond sales 0 cit. Oppenheimer created the Diamond Corporation to buy up diamond production from De Beers and outside producers and control the flow of stones to the market during the Depression-era collapse in demand. It became the direct forerunner of the Central Selling Organisation. economy ●●

13 July 1930 The first FIFA World Cup is held in Uruguay 0 cit. Thirteen national teams take part in the inaugural World Cup, hosted and won by Uruguay. The tournament established the World Cup as football's premier international competition and set FIFA on a path toward global reach. culture ●●●

c. March 1930 Weimar Germany's Article 48 sets the precedent for rule by emergency decree 1 cit. As the Weimar Republic's parliament becomes gridlocked, Chancellor Heinrich Bruning increasingly governs through Article 48 of the constitution, which allows the president to issue emergency decrees without parliamentary approval. Historians and democratic-backsliding scholars treat this normalization of emergency decree power, three years before the Enabling Act, as a crucial documented step that weakened parliamentary habits before the Nazi seizure of power. politics ●●●

c. 1930 Italian Reconquest of Cyrenaica Begins 0 cit. General Rodolfo Graziani launched a renewed campaign to crush the Senussi resistance led by Omar Mukhtar in eastern Libya. Italian forces built a 270-kilometer barbed-wire fence along the Egyptian border to cut off supply routes and began forcibly deporting the civilian population of the Jebel Akhdar plateau. The campaign combined aerial bombing, including with poison gas against encampments, and mass internment of civilians. politics / war ●●

c. June 1930 Libyan Concentration Camps Established 1 cit. Italian authorities forcibly marched tens of thousands of Cyrenaican Bedouin, along with their surviving livestock, hundreds of kilometers to a string of concentration camps at El Agheila, Soluch, Sisi Ahmed el Magrun, and other sites. Conditions in the camps were severe, with little food, poor sanitation, and forced labor. Historians estimate that of a Cyrenaican population of around 225,000, roughly 40,000 to over 70,000 died in the camps and during the deportation marches, figures still debated by Italian and Libyan historians. society / war ●●●

c. 1930 Seabury investigation opens into New York City's magistrates courts 0 cit. Judge Samuel Seabury led an investigation, commissioned by the state legislature's Hofstadter Committee, into corruption in New York City's magistrates courts. The inquiry uncovered bribery, extortion of defendants, and collusion between police, bail bondsmen, and court officials tied to Tammany-linked appointments. politics ●●

14 June 1930 Federal Bureau of Narcotics established, Anslinger appointed commissioner 0 cit. Congress created the Federal Bureau of Narcotics within the Treasury Department to consolidate federal drug enforcement, and Harry J. Anslinger was appointed its first commissioner, a post he held for the next 32 years. Anslinger built the bureau into an aggressive enforcement and publicity operation, and historians have documented how he used racially charged rhetoric linking drug use to Black and Mexican communities to build political support for harsher federal drug laws. politics / society ●●●

14 September 1930 Nazi breakthrough in the 1930 Reichstag election 1 cit. Amid the Depression the Nazi Party jumps from 12 to 107 seats, becoming the second-largest party in the Reichstag. The vote turns Hitler's movement from a fringe group into a major force in German politics. politics ●●●

1930 The missionary Hulda Stumpf is murdered amid the crisis 0 cit. Hulda Stumpf, an American missionary of the Africa Inland Mission at Kijabe, was killed in January 1930 during the height of the female-circumcision dispute. Her death was widely linked to the bitter conflict over the practice, though the case was never fully solved. It marked how violent the clash between mission demands and Kikuyu custom had become. religion / society ●

c. 1930 Asian communities form their own Masonic lodges 0 cit. Kenya's Indian and other Asian residents, many of them traders and clerks who had come with the railway, established Masonic lodges of their own within the various constitutions. Freemasonry thus spread beyond the European elite into other propertied communities, while remaining a fraternal club rather than a religious body. The spread grew over the interwar years, so the date is approximate. culture / society ●

1930 The Kakamega Gold Rush Breaks the Reserve Pledge 4 cit. When gold was found at Kakamega in the Luhya reserve around 1930, the government rushed to amend the Native Lands Trust Ordinance so prospectors and mining companies could enter land that had been promised to Africans for good. The change stripped the so-called protection of the reserves the moment that land became valuable to Europeans. It exposed the hollowness of colonial guarantees and stands as a plain case of one law for the settler and another for the African. economy / politics ●●

c. 1930 Mission Ethnography and the Making of Moral Ethnicity contested 1 cit. Missionaries and officials wrote the dictionaries, grammars, and customary-law codes that pinned each community to one language, one custom, and one bounded culture, deepening the lines colonial administration had drawn. The historian John Lonsdale distinguished a community's own moral ethnicity, its inward argument about virtue and belonging, from the divisive political tribalism that colonial rule and the scramble for resources encouraged. Divide-and-rule set community against community, a hardened tribalism that still shapes Kenyan politics, and this reading is an interpretation historians debate rather than settled fact. culture / politics / society ●●●

c. 1930 The pastoralists bypassed by schools and development 5 cit. Missionaries and the government concentrated schools, clinics, and cash-crop projects in the farming highlands and around the lake, leaving the pastoralist districts almost untouched. Herders entered independence with the lowest literacy and the fewest services in the country. The gap was less about distance than about a choice to invest where returns for the colony looked highest. economy / society ●●

1930 Petitioning the Colonial Office over Land 0 cit. Through 1929 and 1930 Kenyatta lobbied officials, members of Parliament, and the press on behalf of the KCA, demanding the return of alienated highland land and an end to the colour bar and forced labour. He published articles making the Kikuyu case to a British audience. The colonial government dismissed the KCA as unrepresentative, and Kenyatta's petitions were largely rebuffed, hardening his conviction that constitutional lobbying alone would not move Britain. diplomacy / politics ●●

1930 The government bans the muthirigu 0 cit. Alarmed by the songs' open contempt for authority and their power to inflame the reserves, the colonial government banned the muthirigu dance and prosecuted those who performed it. The ban confirmed that officials read the affair as a threat to order, not merely a church dispute. It also showed how the state and the missions were now aligned against the defenders of the custom. culture / politics ●

3 January 1930 The murder of Hulda Stumpf at Kijabe 0 cit. Hulda Stumpf, an elderly American missionary of the Africa Inland Mission, was killed in her house at Kijabe, and some accounts tie the murder to the circumcision controversy and suggest she was mutilated during the attack. The case was never solved and no motive was proven, so the link to the crisis remains an inference drawn by some observers rather than an established fact. It stood as the most violent episode of a bitterly charged year. religion / society ●●

c. 1930 The wider pattern of colonial cultural intervention 0 cit. Across colonial Africa, outside campaigns against local custom, whether by missions or administrators, repeatedly divided communities into converts and traditionalists and left lasting rifts. The Kikuyu circumcision crisis fits that pattern, where a cultural intervention hardened into political conflict. Naming the pattern explains the divisive effect without needing to assume a secret plot in any single case. politics / society ●

2 November 1930 Ras Tafari is crowned Emperor Haile Selassie 0 cit. On the death of Empress Zewditu, Ras Tafari was crowned emperor and took the throne name Haile Selassie, meaning Power of the Trinity. The lavish coronation drew foreign royalty and press attention. Far away in Jamaica, some read the crowning of a Black African king as the fulfilment of prophecy, and the Rastafari movement took its name from him. politics / religion ●●

March 1930 The letter to The Times setting out Kikuyu demands 0 cit. In March 1930 Kenyatta published a measured letter in The Times laying out five KCA demands: secure land tenure and the return of alienated land, more schools, repeal of the hut tax on women, African seats on the Legislative Council, and no interference with Kikuyu custom. He wrote to the Manchester Guardian in similar terms. The letters showed a colonial subject arguing his people's case in Britain's own newspapers. politics / society ●●

1930 The 1930 land memorandum to the Colonial Office 0 cit. Kenyatta pressed the KCA petition on Kikuyu land in memoranda and meetings, centered on the loss of land in the White Highlands and the demand for individual title. The core claim was that the Kikuyu had been dispossessed of land that was rightfully theirs. The land question stayed at the heart of his politics for the rest of his life. economy / politics ●●

1930 to 1931 A brief return home, then back to Britain to stay 0 cit. Kenyatta sailed back to Kenya in 1930 to report to the KCA, then returned to Britain in 1931 for what became a fifteen-year stay. He would not see Kenya again until 1946. The second stay turned a delegate on a fixed errand into a long-term exile and student. politics ●●

c. 1930 Malinowski's seminar trains a generation 0 cit. Malinowski's weekly seminar at the LSE drew students from Britain, the colonies and abroad, and trained many of the anthropologists who would lead the field. Figures such as Raymond Firth and Edmund Leach passed through it. The seminar spread the School's fieldwork method across the world. science / society ●●

c. 1930 Anthropology and the colonial state 0 cit. Much LSE anthropology was carried out in territories under British rule, and some of it was funded by bodies tied to colonial administration. Scholars such as Talal Asad have argued that the discipline was entangled with empire, producing knowledge that could help govern colonised peoples even when researchers did not intend it. This link is a matter of ongoing scholarly debate rather than settled fact. politics / science ●●

July 1930 Heads the Negro workers' committee and the Hamburg conference 0 cit. Padmore became head of the International Trade Union Committee of Negro Workers, based in the port city of Hamburg. In July 1930 he helped stage its founding International Conference of Negro Workers, drawing delegates from Africa, the Caribbean, and the United States. It made him the Comintern's foremost organizer of Black workers worldwide. economy / politics / society ●●●

July 1930 The International Conference of Negro Workers at Hamburg 0 cit. The International Trade Union Committee of Negro Workers, tied to the Communist movement's labor bodies, held its first international conference in Hamburg. Led by the Trinidadian activist George Padmore, it drew Black workers and organizers from Africa, the Caribbean, and the United States. The committee aimed to link the labor and anti-colonial struggles of the African diaspora. politics / society ●●

1930 The Female Circumcision Crisis and the Kijabe Murder ai_extracted 1 cit. Protestant missions' campaign to ban clitoridectomy split Kikuyu Christian congregations in the late 1920s. The crisis came to a head in January 1930 when an elderly woman missionary was murdered at the African Inland Mission headquarters at Kijabe, hastening the growth of independent Kikuyu schools and churches. ●●

c. 1930 Critics argue Rotary is a Masonic front contested 0 cit. Some Catholic and, later, evangelical writers, along with anti-Masonic authors, went further than the Church's caution and argued that Rotary was in effect an arm or front of Freemasonry. This is a claim made by those authors, not a documented feature of Rotary, which has no ritual, oath, or masonic governing structure. The overlap in early membership and shared fraternal language is what such critics point to. religion / society ●

1930 The Stalingrad Tractor Plant is built in America and shipped east 0 cit. The Stalingrad Tractor Plant, a flagship of the Five-Year Plan, was largely fabricated in the United States, then dismantled and reassembled in the Soviet Union with American engineers on site. It turned out tractors and, in wartime, tanks. The project shows how directly Western industry supplied Soviet heavy manufacturing. economy / technology ●●●

1930 The Passfield White Paper restates African paramountcy 0 cit. Lord Passfield, the Fabian Sidney Webb, issued a new white paper reaffirming that African interests were paramount in Kenya and criticising settler dominance. White settlers erupted, and their campaign, tied to the fight over a closer union of the East African territories, gutted the policy. Like the 1923 pledge before it, paramountcy was proclaimed and then shelved. politics / society ●●●

1930 The Native Lands Trust Ordinance promises the reserves are inviolable 0 cit. The colonial government passes the Native Lands Trust Ordinance, which sets aside the African reserves and declares them held in trust for their inhabitants. On paper it promised that reserve land could not be taken from Africans for the benefit of others. The North Kavirondo reserve, home to the Luhya of western Kenya, was one of the areas it covered. politics / society ●●●

c. 1930 The reserves are kept underdeveloped so they keep supplying labour 0 cit. The western reserves saw little investment in roads, industry, or cash-crop farming for Africans, while the settler highlands got the infrastructure. Historians of Kenya argue this was not neglect alone but a working system: reserves kept poor had to keep sending out men for wages. Underdevelopment and the labour supply reinforced each other. economy / politics ●●●

c. 1930 The Yaaku lose their language in Mukogodo 0 cit. The Yaaku were hunter-gatherers and beekeepers of the Mukogodo forest in Laikipia, speaking their own Cushitic tongue. In the early twentieth century they gave up hunting and honey for cattle and adopted the Maasai language and way of life, becoming known as the Mukogodo Maasai. The Yaaku language is now nearly extinct, remembered by only a handful of elders despite recent efforts to revive it. culture / society ●●

c. 1930 Colonial forest reserves cut the Ogiek off from the Mau 4 cit. British forest and game policy gazetted much of the Mau as protected reserve and treated the resident Ogiek as squatters with no title. Restrictions on hunting and residence began to sever the community from the resources they had always used. The state did not recognise the Ogiek as a distinct people with land claims. environment / politics / society ●●

c. 1930 One label for many unrelated forager peoples 2 cit. The Dorobo label covered peoples as distinct as the Okiek of the Mau, the Yaaku of Laikipia, and other small hunting bands, who spoke languages from different families. Their shared feature was a foraging economy, not common descent. Grouping them together obscured real differences in origin and speech. culture / society ●

c. 1930 The Yaaku shift from Cushitic foragers to Maa-speaking pastoralists 2 cit. Between about 1925 and 1936 the Yaaku moved into the orbit of Maa-speaking pastoralists, taking up cattle, Maasai custom, and the Maa language. They came to call themselves Mukogodo Maasai, and Yaakunte was pushed aside within a generation. The change was driven by the prestige and bridewealth economy of their cattle-keeping neighbours. culture / economy / society ●●●

1930s Japanese military fitness survey of the early 1930s ai_extracted 1 cit. A countrywide survey conducted by the Japanese military in the early 1930s found a high percentage of young men physically unfit for military service due to malnutrition, disease, and job-induced disabilities. ●●

1931 Manchuria placed under direct army rule ai_extracted 1 cit. Manchuria had been under direct Japanese army rule since 1931 and served as the testing ground where planners experimented with the prototype of the mobilized war economy before implementing it in Japan. ●●●

11 May 1931 Collapse of Creditanstalt 0 cit. Austria's largest bank, founded by the Rothschilds in 1855, announces it is insolvent. The failure sets off a chain of banking crises across Central Europe and Germany, spreading the Great Depression to Europe and helping force Britain off the gold standard. economy ●●●●

11 December 1931 The Statute of Westminster 0 cit. Parliament recognized the dominions of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and others as legally independent and equal to Britain. The statute created the modern Commonwealth of self-governing nations. politics ●●●●●

5 December 1931 Demolition of the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour 0 cit. Soviet authorities dynamited Moscow's largest cathedral as part of the campaign against religion, intending to build a Palace of Soviets that was never completed. The site later became an open-air swimming pool. politics / religion ●●

September 1931 Britain leaves the gold standard 0 cit. Amid the Great Depression Britain abandoned the gold standard, letting the pound float. Many other countries soon followed, marking the collapse of the interwar gold system. economy / politics ●●●●

11 May 1931 Collapse of the Creditanstalt in Austria 0 cit. The failure of Austria's largest bank, the Creditanstalt, set off a chain of financial panics across central Europe. The crisis spread the Depression through Germany and then to Britain. economy / politics ●●●●

20 June 1931 Hoover moratorium on war debts and reparations 0 cit. President Herbert Hoover proposed a one-year pause on reparations and war-debt payments to relieve the deepening crisis. It came too late to stop the run on central European banks. economy / politics ●●

13 July 1931 German banking crisis and the Danatbank failure 0 cit. The collapse of the Danat bank forced Germany to close its banks and impose exchange controls. The crisis pushed unemployment higher and further discredited the Weimar Republic's government. economy / politics ●●●

1931 Balfour Declaration of 1926 and the Statute of Westminster, 1931 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The equal-partnership principle for the dominions was restated in the Balfour Declaration of 1926 and made law as the Statute of Westminster in 1931. ●●

1931 Credit-Anstalt collapse triggers European banking crisis (May 8, 1931) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On May 8, 1931, the Rothschild-controlled Credit-Anstalt, dominant in Austrian industry, announced heavy losses; the ensuing run spread to German and London banks and forced Britain off gold. ●●

1931 Britain suspends the gold standard, 1931 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On September 18, 1931, New York and Paris refused further credits to the British Treasury, and three days later Britain suspended the gold standard. The bank rate still stood at only 4.5 percent. ●●

1931 Largest bank in Austria collapses ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1931 the largest bank in Austria collapsed, unable to liquidate its assets fast enough to meet claims. The Austrian debacle spread the banking panic to Germany. ●●

1931 Famine during Soviet collectivization, 1931-1933 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Because the government seized food to feed the cities, at least three million peasants starved in 1931-1933. Stalin later told Churchill that twelve million peasants died in the reorganization of agriculture. ●●

1931 Harzburg Front alliance ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On October 11, 1931, the Nazis, Nationalists, the Stahlhelm, and the Junker Landbund formed the reactionary Harzburg Front, ostensibly against Communism but really part of intrigues to seize power. ●●

1931 Quigley: bank directors raised to the peerage, 1931-1939 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley cites that in the eight years 1931-1939 thirteen directors of the Big Five banks and two directors of the Bank of England were raised to the peerage by the Conservative government, as evidence of finance's political reward. ●●

1931 Quigley: the 1931 crisis revealed the power of the bankers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues the 1931 National government crisis exposed both the incapacity of the Labour Party and the power of the bankers, who privately insisted budgets be balanced by cutting relief rather than by taxation. ●●

1931 National government wins the 1931 election ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After forcing Britain off gold, the National government called an October 1931 election it won overwhelmingly, with 458 members supporting it and only 56 in opposition. ●●

1931 End of financial capitalism in Britain (Invergordon mutiny) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley marks 1931 as Britain's turning point from financial to monopoly capitalism. He argues the decisive blow was the naval mutiny at Invergordon on 15 September 1931, not the abandonment of gold six days later. ●●

1931 Paribas's control over French corporations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues French investment banks held industry through interlocking directorships. In 1931 Paribas held securities of 357 corporations and its directors held 180 directorships in 120 of the most important. ●●

1931 Collapse of the collective security structure ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues the collective security structure built after 1919 was destroyed completely in the eight years after 1931 under the assaults of Japan, Italy, and Germany. ●●

1931 Japanese seizure of Manchuria ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Japanese army independently seized Manchuria in the autumn of 1931, an action the civilian leaders had to condone. China was set up as a Japanese protectorate under the former emperor Henry P'ui. ●●

1931 Stimson Doctrine of non-recognition ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley cites the 1931 Stimson Doctrine as a shift from recognizing states by their ability to keep order to a subjective approval of their form of government. ●●

1931 Ramsay MacDonald forms the National Government ai_extracted 1 cit. no story MacDonald secretly negotiated with Baldwin and the King and emerged as Prime Minister of a Conservative-backed government, splitting the Labour Party. Quigley asserts the Milner Group played a secret role in the 1931 intrigue. ●●

1931 Quigley: Milner Group controls the 1931 League Assembly delegation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley asserts the Group's grip on Britain's League representation was most complete at the Twelfth Assembly, when all five British delegates were Group members or close associates. ●●

1931 John Childs writes on experimentalism and China, 1931 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto quotes a 1931 Columbia Teachers College text by John Childs describing how Dewey's ideas influenced China's 'New Thought Tide.' ●●

1931 Montagu Norman's nervous breakdown revealed ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On 15 August 1931, at the peak of the world financial crisis, the Bank of England announced that its governor, Montagu Norman, had abandoned all work and gone abroad. In truth he had suffered a nervous breakdown as Europe's banking system neared collapse. ●●

1931 Hoover declares a one-year debt and reparations moratorium ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As the 1931 crisis deepened, President Herbert Hoover suspended all payments of war debts and reparations for a year. It was an attempt to relieve pressure on Germany and the collapsing European banking system. ●●

1931 Collapse of Austria's Creditanstalt ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1931 Austria's largest bank, the Rothschild-owned Creditanstalt, closed its doors. Its failure helped trigger the wider European banking panic of that summer. ●●

1931 Norman floats an international bank plan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the February 1931 BIS meeting in Basel, Norman proposed a large international bank to channel gold-rich French and American money to countries needing capital. Neither France nor America would back it. ●●

1931 Norman's “secret mission” to America ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In March 1931 Norman sailed to the United States on a heavily publicized mission to seek support against the Depression. He returned empty-handed after Morgan and the New York Fed rejected his schemes. ●●

1931 Bank runs resume in Chicago ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1931 bank runs resumed as a Chicago suburban real estate bubble collapsed, sweeping away thirty banks with $60 million in deposits. The panic soon spread to Toledo and beyond. ●●

1931 Norman predicts the wreck of capitalism ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In spring 1931 Norman wrote to Banque de France governor Moret foreseeing the collapse of the capitalist system within a year, and asked that the prediction be filed for reference. It was shrugged off as his usual gloom. ●●

1931 Schacht meets Hitler ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 5, 1931, Goring brought Schacht and industrialist Fritz Thyssen to meet Hitler at his Berlin apartment. Schacht came away impressed, a fateful step toward his alliance with the Nazis. ●●

1931 Failure of the Credit Anstalt ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On May 8, 1931, Austria's largest and most reputable bank, the Vienna Credit Anstalt founded by the Rothschilds in 1855, revealed a $20 million loss that wiped out most of its equity. Its failure set off the chain of events that turned the slump into the Great Depression. ●●

1931 Lamont proposes a debt moratorium to Hoover ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 5, 1931, Morgan partner Thomas Lamont phoned President Hoover urging him to declare a one-year holiday on all war debt and reparations payments. Only the United States, he argued, could take the lead. ●●

1931 Bruning's provocative austerity manifesto ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 5, 1931, Chancellor Bruning unveiled fresh austerity measures alongside a manifesto declaring Germany at the limit of its endurance and demanding relief from reparations. Its confrontational tone alarmed Washington. ●●

1931 Hoover announces the debt moratorium ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 20, 1931, Hoover publicly proposed forgiving a year of war-debt payments if the Allies suspended German reparations. The German stock market jumped 25 percent the following Monday. ●●

1931 Nordwolle wool combine collapses ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 17, 1931, the German wool combine Nordwolle declared bankruptcy with $50 million in concealed losses from speculating on wool prices. Its failure exposed the German banks tied to it. ●●

1931 Danatbank cannot meet its liabilities ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 8, 1931, Jacob Goldschmidt told the Reichsbank that his Danatbank, Germany's third largest, could not meet its obligations. It was the trigger for the collapse of the German banking system. ●●

1931 France's political conditions for a German loan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 10, 1931, France offered Germany up to $300 million only if it abandoned the Austrian customs union, halted two pocket battleships, and curbed nationalist demonstrations. Germany rejected the terms as political blackmail. ●●

1931 German banks fail to open; bank holiday declared ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 13, 1931, the Danatbank failed to open, its doors posted with a government guarantee of deposits. Runs besieged every bank and President Hindenburg proclaimed a national bank holiday. ●●

1931 The Bad Harzburg rally of the right ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In October 1931 the German nationalist right staged a rally at Bad Harzburg uniting Nazis, industrialists, and monarchists against the republic. Schacht appeared publicly for the first time as a Nazi associate. ●●

1931 Macmillan Report exposes London's debts ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Macmillan Report, issued July 13, 1931, revealed that the City of London's short-term liabilities to foreigners were near $2 billion, later found closer to $3 billion. The figure shook confidence in London as banker to the world. ●●

1931 Bank of England loses half its gold ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the last two weeks of July 1931 the Bank of England lost $250 million, nearly half its gold reserves, as investors fled the City. It raised rates only modestly, from 2.5 to 4.25 percent. ●●

1931 May Committee report deepens the crisis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 31, 1931, the May Committee exaggerated Britain's budget deficit and urged deep spending cuts, including to unemployment benefits, amid a run on sterling. Keynes called it the most foolish document he had ever read. ●●

1931 Morgan blessing and fall of the Labour government ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On August 22-23, 1931, the Morgan partners approved Britain's budget cuts as a condition for a loan. The cabinet split over the cuts to unemployment benefits and the Labour government resigned. ●●

1931 The Invergordon mutiny ai_extracted 1 cit. On September 14, 1931, sailors of the Atlantic Fleet at Invergordon refused to muster over pay cuts. Reported abroad as a mutiny, it fed fears that Britain was near revolution and accelerated the run on sterling. ●●

1931 Britain decides to leave the gold standard ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Over the weekend of September 19-20, 1931, after losing $1 billion in gold, the British government decided to suspend gold payments. The decision ended Britain's defense of sterling's parity. ●●

1931 The pound falls off gold ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Within days of leaving gold in September 1931 the pound fell nearly 25 percent, from $4.86 to $3.75. Twenty-five countries followed Britain off gold in the following months. ●●

1931 American banks fail after Britain leaves gold ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the month after Britain's departure from gold, 522 American banks failed, and by year's end 2,294 had suspended operations with $1.7 billion in deposits. Fear of a U.S. devaluation drove a gold outflow across the Atlantic. ●●

1931 The Fed raises rates in a depression ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In October 1931, with bank runs raging and production collapsing, the Fed raised rates from 1.5 to 3.5 percent to defend its gold, driven by an anachronistic reserve requirement. With deflation, the real cost of money rose above 10 percent. ●●

1931 Cofounder and leader of the First National Bank, 1863–1931 (though after 19... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cofounder and leader of the First National Bank, 1863–1931 (though after 1913, his son George Baker Jr. was more involved running the bank). Lloyd Blankfein: Chairman and CEO of... ●●

1931 cables as an “important member rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story cables as an “important member of [the] German espionage network in Central Asia from 1931 to 1945,” and Mehmet Sunsh, who was said to have been “employed by the German Propaganda Bureau [in] Istanbul 1942. ●●

1931 RCL, Group 1030, Series I, Box 4, Folder ?, letter to Benjamin Joy,... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 14. MGR, Box 264, J. P. ●●

1931 Dwight Morrow Disappoints Liberal Supporters in Senate rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As a senator during the Depression, Dwight Morrow disappointed his liberal supporters by voting against food relief, soldiers' bonus bills, and utility regulation, wiping away the liberal reputation he had built over his career. ●●

1931 Morgan Bank Overlooks Japanese Aggression in Manchuria candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Japan became a major Morgan client, Tom Lamont was reluctant to confront Japanese expansionism. Japan's invasion of Manchuria went largely unchallenged by the bank, which valued its profitable Japanese business relationships. ●●

1931 Freddy had been bitter about rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Freddy had been bitter about the failure of the German Warburgs to repay the 1931 bailout loan, which he held against Siegmund.29 Eric had also given... ●●