Events, Verisoph

1931 After two world wars (1931) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After two world wars, hyperinflation, the 1931 banking collapse, and Adolf Hitler, Siegmund could never scrub past disasters from his mind. A chronic ... ●●

1931 In his talks with Siegmund (1931) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In his talks with Siegmund, Brinckmann elaborated his own revisionist history and brazenly denied that the 1938 transfer had constituted a true Aryani... ●●

1931 Petrified, Eric told his father that he wanted to flee the... (1931) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Petrified, Eric told his father that he wanted to flee the sinking ship, but Max termed desertion out of the question.17 In early 1931, fear seized the banks of central Europe. ●●

1931 North German Wool collapse triggers German bank crisis ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 16, 1931, North German Wool failed, triggering a financial crisis as it dragged down German creditors, most notably the huge Danat Bank on July 11. ●●

1931 Eric joined a group called the Circle of Young Hamburgers,... (1931) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Eric joined a group called the Circle of Young Hamburgers, which fought against the polarization of the late Weimar period.6 In September 1931, they waged a successful campaign against the Nazis in local elections. ●●

1931 (Courtesy of Anita Warburg) In late 1931, Hamburg’s Jews... (1931) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (Courtesy of Anita Warburg) In late 1931, Hamburg’s Jews were shaken by a series of cemetery desecrations, and community leaders sought an ecumenical protest. ●●

1931 Only at Bad Harzburg in October 1931 did major... (1931) candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Only at Bad Harzburg in October 1931 did major industrialists of the Ruhr and Rhineland flirt openly with the Nazis; Dr. ●●

1931 In 1931 Hitler said of him, “He is, in fact, enormously... (1931) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1931 Hitler said of him, “He is, in fact, enormously skilled and enjoys great respect, even among the foreign, and especially among the Jewish-American international bankers. ●●

1931 Warburg still owed the American Warburgs and the Bank of... (1931) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Warburg still owed the American Warburgs and the Bank of the Manhattan considerable money from 1931, and Jimmy felt obligated to see the drearily interminable matter through. ●●

1931 After Paul’s death, Jimmy had to rebuild the fortune... (1931) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After Paul’s death, Jimmy had to rebuild the fortune frittered away in the 1931 rescue. ●●

1931 Brüning government imposes 25 percent flight tax ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1931, the Brüning government had imposed a 25 percent flight tax on capital shifted abroad and under the Nazis, these extortionate taxes steadily rose, making the decision to leave excruciating. ●●

1931 Warburg and the Berliner Handels-Gesellschaft—a reprise of... (1931) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Warburg and the Berliner Handels-Gesellschaft—a reprise of Jimmy’s 1931 idea. ●●

1931 Warburg hadn’t been able to remit interest payments on the... (1931) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Warburg hadn’t been able to remit interest payments on the 1931 loan that Paul and Felix made to rescue the bank. ●●

1931 1931 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story More even than in 1931, Stalin needed to urge his fellow countrymen to close the productive gap with the West. “To slacken the tempo would mean falling behind. ●●

1931 1931 Economic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Unfolding Crisis, 1931–1942 When the relative strengths and weaknesses of each of the Great Powers are viewed in their entirety, and also integrated into the economic and tech... ●●

1931 4. MMW. MW 49, letter from Max Warburg rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 4. MMW. MW 49, letter from Max Warburg to Hans Meyer, October 22, 1931. ●●

1931 Oppenheimer’s mother died after a long battle with leukemia in late 1931; that w rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Oppenheimer’s mother died after a long battle with leukemia in late 1931; that was when he announced himself to Herbert Smith, his former Ethical Culture teacher, to be “the loneliest man in the world.”1716 His father died suddenly of a heart attack in 1937. ●●

1931 had purified a volume of the element almost ten times more intense than any other existing source. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story had purified a volume of the element almost ten times more intense than any other existing source. ●●

1931 beyond recapitulation to discovery: he found, says Chadwick, “that the radiation from beryllium whic rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story beyond recapitulation to discovery: he found, says Chadwick, “that the radiation from beryllium which was emitted in the same direction as the . ●●

1931 1931: ; not the worse for that, but probably less happy.” 6 In his final yea rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ; not the worse for that, but probably less happy.” 6 In his final year at Sherborne, Turing won a scholarship to attend King’s College, Cambridge, wh ●●

1931 1931: riangle: the military-industrial-academic complex. The person most res rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story riangle: the military-industrial-academic complex. The person most responsible for forging this assemblage was Vannevar Bush, the MIT professor who in ●●

1931 Godel publishes his incompleteness paper ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 5, it is divisible by 121, and (when decoded according to the official rules) it is a provable formula. Gödel laid all this out in a little paper in 1931. ●●

1931 Fine Hall opens at Princeton ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Fine Hall opened in October of 1931, with no detail overlooked: from the showers and locker room in the basement (“members of the department who wish ●●

1931 and universal computation rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hilbert’s challenge, taken up by von Neumann, led directly both to Kurt Gödel’s results on the incompleteness of formal systems of 1931 and Alan Turin ●●

1931 the powers of numerical addressing and self-reference candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gödel had demonstrated, in 1931, the powers of numerical addressing and self-reference ●●

1931 Event of 1931 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story California alone sterilized at least seventy-five hundred people by 1931 ●●

1931 of 1939 I was appointed to this task…. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story of 1939 I was appointed to this task…. Q: What were your duties there? A: The Eugenics Office was responsible for carrying out the betrothal and marriage order which Himmler had issued on 31 December 1931 to the SS…. The RuSHA leader had to look after the eugenics research offices of the SS, regimen ●●

1931 man Genetics,” memorandum, June 1939: RF 1.1 Ser rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story man Genetics,” memorandum, June 1939: RF 1.1 Ser 713A Box 2 Folder 15. Letter, Tage Kemp to The Rockefeller Foundation, 17 November 1932: RF 1.2 Ser 713 Box 2 Folder 15. 62. “From HAS’ diary: June 4, 1931,” inter-office correspondence: RF 1.1 Ser 100 Box 40 Folder 365. 63. Erwin Baur, Eugen Fischer ●●

1931 ilsoc.org. “The Twenty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the 42. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ilsoc.org. “The Twenty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the 42. Eugenics Research Association, June 2 1938.” “B. Early History and Development,” Organized Eugenics, (New Haven, CT: American Eugenics Society, 1931), p. 3. 43. Osborn, “History of the American Eugenics Society,” p. 17. 44. Frederick Osborn, “P ●●

1931 Manchurian Incident and seizure of Manchuria ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lower-ranking officers of the Kwantung Army there assassinated the warlord Chang Tso-lin, and after the September 1931 Manchurian Incident seized most of southern Manchuria. ●●

1931 Stone, eds., The Practice of Contracep- tion: An International Symposium and Survey—Proceedings o... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Stone, eds., The Practice of Contracep- tion: An International Symposium and Survey—Proceedings of the Seventh Interna- tional Birth Control Conference (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1931), xiii. ●●

1931 On the conference, see “Preliminary Conference on a Popula- tion Association for the United State... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On the conference, see “Preliminary Conference on a Popula- tion Association for the United States,” December 15, 1930; “Second Conference of the Population Association of America,” May 7, 1931; To... ●●

1931 Remarkably, in early 1931 Briand renewed his approach to Germany, suggesting that to assist Bruening candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Remarkably, in early 1931 Briand renewed his approach to Germany, suggesting that to assist Bruening in complying with the Young Plan, the Paris capital market might be opened to long-term German borrowing. ●●

1931 Washington links reparations to Allied war debts ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Most critically of all, on 20 June 1931, in response to the talk of an imminent debt moratorium, Washington finally conceded the linkage between reparations and the inter-Allied war debts.°° In the interests of preserving America’s loans to Germany, ●●

1931 Bruening later claimed to have hoped to carry out a 20 per cent devaluation once the acute crisis ha rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruening later claimed to have hoped to carry out a 20 per cent devaluation once the acute crisis had passed and Germany had obtained sufficient foreign exchange reserves to be sure of being able to maintain the new level of the Reichsmark.” In Septe ●●

1931 Fourth emergency decree slashes German wages and prices ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The fourth Presidential emergency decree of 8 December 1931, apart from banning the wearing of party uniforms and political demonstrations, also ordered mandatory cuts in wages, salaries, prices and interest rates, followed by a further decrease in g ●●

1931 Over the winter of 1931- 2, bankruptcies began to eat away at the fabric of German business. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Over the winter of 1931- 2, bankruptcies began to eat away at the fabric of German business. ●●

1931 Though this required the Reich to provide no funds, the willingness of the Reich to guarantee lender rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Though this required the Reich to provide no funds, the willingness of the Reich to guarantee lenders against default helped to reduce the cost of borrowing.*' In so far as Hitler’s regime had an ideological housing policy, it consisted in the early ●●

1931 After a lull in the 1920s Backe reactivated his party membership in 1931 and was elected to the Prus rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After a lull in the 1920s Backe reactivated his party membership in 1931 and was elected to the Prussian parliament in 1932 with Darré’s encouragement. ●●

1931 In 1967, the government went rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1967, the government went through the motions of the first contested election for the presidency since 1931 ●●

1931 Friedrich Hayek arrives at the LSE 0 cit. At Lionel Robbins's invitation, the Austrian economist Friedrich Hayek moves from Vienna to take up a chair at the London School of Economics. Hayek's arrival made the LSE a rival center to Cambridge for macroeconomic debate and set up his direct intellectual clash with John Maynard Keynes. economy ●●●

c. August 1931 The Hayek-Keynes debates 2 cit. Hayek publishes a critical review of Keynes's Treatise on Money, opening a running exchange between the two economists over the causes of business cycles and the proper role of government spending. Keynes argued that active fiscal policy could smooth recessions, while Hayek held that credit expansion caused the malinvestment that produced them. The dispute became the defining rivalry of twentieth-century macroeconomics and shaped the LSE-Cambridge divide. economy ●●●

25 March 1931 Scottsboro Boys trial 0 cit. Nine Black teenagers were falsely accused of raping two white women on a train and were rapidly convicted by all-white juries in Alabama, with all but one initially sentenced to death. The case drew national and international attention to the injustice of the Jim Crow legal system and led to two landmark Supreme Court rulings on the right to counsel and jury discrimination. The defendants spent years in prison despite the weakness of the evidence. politics / society ●●

1931 Vannevar Bush builds the Differential Analyzer ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Vannevar Bush builds an analog electromechanical computer capable of solving differential equations. ●●

1931 Turing enters King's College, Cambridge ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Turing wins a scholarship to read mathematics at King's College, Cambridge. ●●

1931 Godel publishes the incompleteness theorem ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kurt Godel shows that any formal system powerful enough to express ordinary mathematics contains statements that can be neither proved nor disproved. ●●

11 December 1931 Statute of Westminster gives dominions legal equality with Britain 0 cit. The Statute of Westminster gave legal effect to the Balfour Declaration, granting Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, the Irish Free State, and Newfoundland full legislative independence from Britain while keeping the monarch as shared head of state. It is regarded as the founding legal document of the modern Commonwealth. It ended Westminster's power to legislate for the dominions without their consent. diplomacy / politics ●●

6 May 1931 Exposition Coloniale Internationale 0 cit. This exposition was built entirely around celebrating the French colonial empire, drawing roughly 33 million visitors to reconstructed "native villages" from Africa, Indochina, and elsewhere, where colonized people lived on display and performed customs for paying visitors. It stands as one of the largest and most thoroughly documented human zoo exhibitions ever staged. French Surrealists and Communists organized a counter-exhibition, "The Truth About the Colonies," protesting its conditions and premise. culture / politics ●●●

16 September 1931 Execution of Omar Mukhtar 0 cit. Italian forces captured the Senussi resistance leader Omar Mukhtar after he was wounded in battle. He was tried in a summary military proceeding and publicly hanged at the Suluq concentration camp in front of thousands of interned Libyans as a deliberate act of intimidation. His death effectively ended organized armed resistance to Italian rule in Cyrenaica, though the camps remained in operation for two more years. politics / war ●●

c. 1931 Seabury investigation turns to Mayor Jimmy Walker's administration 0 cit. Seabury's inquiry expanded to examine city government broadly, including Mayor Jimmy Walker's finances. Testimony revealed Walker had received gifts and payments from businessmen with city dealings, alongside continued evidence of graft in city departments controlled by Tammany appointees. politics ●●

26 February 1931 La Placita Raid 0 cit. Immigration officials sealed off La Placita park near Olvera Street in downtown Los Angeles and detained around 400 people, checking papers and arresting those unable to immediately prove legal status. Historian Francisco Balderrama identified the raid as one of the events that helped set off the broader wave of repatriation pressure in Los Angeles, which had the largest Mexican-origin population of any US city outside Mexico at the time. politics / society ●●

18 September 1931 Mukden Incident 0 cit. Japanese army officers secretly detonated a small charge on the South Manchuria Railway near Mukden and blamed it on Chinese saboteurs. The Kwantung Army used the staged blast as the pretext to invade and occupy all of Manchuria within months. Japanese investigations and postwar tribunals confirmed the bombing was carried out by Japanese officers themselves. diplomacy / war ●●●

c. 1 January 1931 MI5 takes over lead role in domestic counter-subversion 0 cit. Responsibility for monitoring domestic communism and other subversive political activity was transferred from Special Branch to MI5, formalizing a division of labor that lasted for decades: MI5 directed and analyzed domestic political intelligence, while Special Branch supplied the manpower for surveillance, informant handling, and arrests. This arrangement became the working model later exported across the colonial empire. politics ●●

September 1931 The League fails the test of Manchuria and Abyssinia 0 cit. When Japan seized Manchuria in 1931 and Italy invaded Abyssinia in 1935, the League condemned the aggressors but could not stop them. Sanctions were half-hearted and the great powers put their own interests first. These failures exposed the League as toothless and hastened the slide toward the Second World War. diplomacy / war ●●●

1931 Godel's incompleteness theorems shake the foundations 0 cit. Kurt Godel proved that any consistent formal system rich enough for arithmetic contains true statements it cannot prove, and cannot prove its own consistency. This shattered Hilbert's hope of a complete and self-justifying mathematics. It set a hard limit on what proof itself can achieve, one of the deepest results in the history of logic. science ●●●●

c. 1931 Falling in with the League Against Imperialism and George Padmore 0 cit. Cut off from official sympathy, Kenyatta was drawn into the anti-colonial left around the League Against Imperialism and met the Trinidadian communist George Padmore, then the senior Black official in the Communist International. Padmore befriended him and helped fund his travels across Europe. These contacts opened a world of Pan-African and communist networks far beyond the KCA's original errand. politics / society ●●

1931 MI5 is handed security intelligence across the empire 0 cit. MI5, Britain's Security Service, is given responsibility for assessing threats across the British Empire, outside Ireland. Over the following decades it built files on colonial politicians, trade unionists and independence movements from the Caribbean to East Africa. Its officers treated the growth of nationalism as a security problem to be watched rather than a political demand to be met. diplomacy / politics ●●●

1931 Robbins recruits Friedrich Hayek 0 cit. On Robbins's initiative the Austrian economist Friedrich Hayek came to the LSE in 1931, first to lecture and then to hold the Tooke Chair. His lectures, published as Prices and Production, set out an Austrian theory of the business cycle. Hayek's arrival gave the School a powerful voice for free markets against the growing influence of state planning. economy / science ●●●

1931 to 1932 Hayek and Keynes clash across London 0 cit. In the pages of the LSE journal Economica, Hayek published a sharp critical review of John Maynard Keynes's Treatise on Money, and Keynes and his Cambridge allies hit back. The exchange became the public face of a wider LSE against Cambridge dispute over how to fight the Great Depression. It set free-market theory against Keynes's case for government action, a divide that still shapes economics. economy / science ●●●

c. 1931 Edits The Negro Worker 0 cit. Padmore edited The Negro Worker, the journal of the International Trade Union Committee of Negro Workers. It circulated among sailors, dockers, and activists across Africa and the diaspora, carrying anti-colonial news past colonial censors. The paper made him a hub of a global network of Black radicals. culture / politics / society ●●

1931 Publishes The Life and Struggles of Negro Toilers 0 cit. Padmore published The Life and Struggles of Negro Toilers, a survey of the conditions of Black workers under colonialism and in the West. The book documented forced labor, low wages, and racial control across Africa and the diaspora. It became a widely read text in anti-colonial circles. economy / politics / society ●●

c. 1931 George Padmore's journal The Negro Worker 0 cit. George Padmore edited The Negro Worker, a journal put out from Hamburg through the Communist labor network to reach Black workers and colonial subjects across the empires. It carried news of strikes, colonial abuses, and anti-imperialist argument, and was smuggled into ports around the Atlantic. The paper spread a shared anti-colonial politics before most colonies had a press of their own. politics / society ●

c. 1931 Ford and General Motors build vehicles inside Germany 2 cit. Ford ran a German subsidiary at Cologne, and General Motors owned Opel, the country's largest carmaker. Through the 1930s their German plants turned out cars and trucks, and after 1939 those factories produced vehicles for the German war effort. The parent firms' degree of control during the war has been argued over, but the production is documented. economy / technology / war ●●●

c. 1931 Gold is found in the North Kavirondo native reserve 4 cit. Prospectors confirm workable gold deposits near Kakamega, inside the North Kavirondo reserve that had just been set aside for the Luhya. Word spread quickly through the colony and beyond. The find sat on land that the 1930 ordinance had supposedly placed off limits to outsiders. economy / environment ●●●

15 November 1931 Mwai Kibaki is born in Gatuyaini, Othaya 2 cit. Mwai Kibaki was born on 15 November 1931 in Gatuyaini village, Othaya, in what is now Nyeri County. His parents were Kibaki Githinji and Teresia Wanjiku, and official biographical accounts place him in a large peasant Kikuyu family. The local setting matters: Kibaki entered national politics as a technocrat, but his electoral base and later burial site remained Othaya. politics / society ●●●●

1 June 1931 Kahn formulates the Keynesian multiplier 1 cit. In June 1931 Richard F. Kahn published "The Relation of Home Investment to Unemployment" in The Economic Journal. The article gave the employment-multiplier logic that Keynes and his Cambridge circle would fold into the case for public works and demand management. economy / science ●●●●

1931 Co-operative law starts as a settler instrument 1 cit. Kenya first regulated cooperative societies through the 1931 Cooperative Societies Ordinance. This was not yet a mass African empowerment tool. In practice the early cooperative world belonged mainly to settler agriculture and colonial commerce, with African participation blocked or tightly limited. The point is important: cooperatives entered Kenya as regulated economic machinery inside a racial economy, not as neutral village democracy. economy / politics / society ●●●

1932 Foreign exchange control laws of 1932 ai_extracted 1 cit. Japan's 1932 foreign exchange control laws were used to restrict imports and represented the first set of reforms that would eventually create a controlled war economy. ●●●

1932 to 1942 Joseph Grew serves as U.S. ambassador to Japan ai_extracted 1 cit. Joseph C. Grew, married to a cousin of banker J. P. Morgan, was U.S. ambassador to Japan from 1932 until 1942, later becoming undersecretary at the State Department. ●●

3 October 1932 Independence of Iraq 0 cit. no story The Kingdom of Iraq becomes independent from Britain and joins the League of Nations, ending the British mandate. politics ●●●

23 September 1932 Unification of Saudi Arabia 0 cit. no story Abdulaziz Ibn Saud proclaims the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, uniting Nejd and Hejaz after three decades of conquest. politics / war ●●●●

9 September 1932 to 12 June 1935 Chaco War 0 cit. no story Bolivia and Paraguay fight over the arid Chaco region, rumored to hold oil, in South America's bloodiest twentieth-century war. Paraguay wins most of the disputed territory at a cost of some 100,000 lives. war ●●●

1932 Founding of Lego 0 cit. Carpenter Ole Kirk Christiansen starts making wooden toys in Billund, Denmark, naming the firm Lego from 'leg godt,' play well. Its interlocking plastic brick, patented in 1958, becomes the world's best known toy. culture / economy ●●

c. 1932 to c. 1933 Holodomor famine in Ukraine 0 cit. Famine caused by forced collectivization and grain requisition kills millions in Soviet Ukraine. Many historians and governments class it as a man-made catastrophe directed at the Ukrainian peasantry. politics / society ●●●●

23 September 1932 Founding of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 0 cit. Ibn Saud merged his territories into the unified Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The new state was an absolute monarchy grounded in Wahhabi Islam. politics / religion ●●●●●

1 June 1932 Discovery of Oil in Bahrain 0 cit. The Bahrain Petroleum Company struck oil at Jebel Dukhan, the first commercial oil find on the Arabian side of the Gulf. The discovery proved the peninsula held oil and spurred exploration in Saudi Arabia. economy / exploration ●●●●

21 August 1932 Third International Eugenics Congress in New York 0 cit. The last major international eugenics congress met as the movement peaked in influence. Within a year, Nazi Germany would turn these ideas into state law. politics / science ●

1932 to 1972 Tuskegee syphilis study begins on Black men 1 cit. U.S. public health officials studied untreated syphilis in about 600 Black men, lying to them and withholding penicillin even after it became a cure. The 40-year abuse killed many and became a defining example of racist medical exploitation. science / society ●●●

12 May 1932 The George Washington Masonic National Memorial is dedicated 0 cit. Freemasons across the country funded a towering memorial to Washington in Alexandria, dedicated in 1932. It openly honors his membership rather than concealing any Masonic influence over the founding. culture / society ●

c. February 1932 German mass unemployment reaches its peak 0 cit. German unemployment passed six million as the Depression tore through the economy. The mass joblessness and misery of these years fed support for extremist parties, including the Nazis. economy / society ●●●●

9 July 1932 Reparations effectively ended at Lausanne 0 cit. A conference at Lausanne suspended German reparations in all but name, ending the payments that had strained Europe since 1919. By then the economic damage and political radicalization were already far advanced. economy / politics ●●

1932 Alice Bailey founds World Goodwill 0 cit. Alice Bailey founded World Goodwill as an activity of the Lucis Trust to promote right human relations and world service. World Goodwill later became the vehicle through which the Trust engaged with the United Nations. politics / religion ●●

1932 World Disarmament Conference achieves nothing (1932-1935) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The World Disarmament Conference, six years in preparation and in session from February 1932 to April 1935, achieved nothing notable amid the Franco-German deadlock and worsening depression. ●●

1932 Ottawa Imperial Preference treaties ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In August 1932 Britain bound the empire into closer economic ties through eleven Imperial Preference treaties signed at Ottawa, part of its response to abandoning gold. ●●

1932 Britain sets up the Exchange Equalization Account ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In May 1932 the British government created the Exchange Equalization Account with 175 million pounds to stabilize exchange rates. This separated control of the exchanges from control of the domestic credit structure. ●●

1932 Suicide of Ivar Kreuger, the Match King ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley dates the personal end of financial capitalism to the April 1932 suicide of Ivar Kreuger in Paris. Kreuger had built a match empire financed by the sale of worthless and fraudulent securities. ●●

1932 Quigley: nations learn rearmament prevents deflation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues economic nationalism intensified once governments discovered rearmament could prevent deflation, Germany in 1932, Italy in 1934, Japan in 1936, and the United States in 1938. ●●

1932 Industrialists fund Hitler at the Dusseldorf Industrial Club ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley traces Hitler's industrialist backing to a series of addresses culminating in January 1932, when he spoke for three hours to the Industrial Club of Dusseldorf and won support and financial contributions from that powerful group. ●●

1932 Papen removes the Prussian government ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 20, 1932, Hindenburg by decree under Article 48 appointed Papen commissioner for Prussia, letting him dismiss the elected Prussian cabinet. This removed the chief institutional obstacle to Nazi extremism. ●●

1932 Election of Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The shift of farmers, light industry, commercial interests, real estate, professionals and unskilled labor to the Democratic Party in 1932 produced the election of Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal. ●●

1932 US non-recognition of Manchurian conquest (Stimson Doctrine) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As early as January 1932 the United States notified signers of the 1922 Nine-Power treaty that it would refuse to accept territorial changes made by force in violation of the Kellogg-Briand Pact. ●●

1932 Baldwin's 'the bomber will always get through' speech ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In November 1932 Stanley Baldwin told the public there was no power on earth that could protect a man from being bombed. Quigley says acceptance of such ideas by civilian leaders was a chief factor in appeasement and the Munich surrender. ●●

1932 Aldous Huxley publishes Brave New World ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wood argues that Huxley's 1932 novel foresaw the technocratic transformation of society. He asserts it predicted an end state of scientific dictatorship. ●●

1932 Committee on Technocracy formed at Columbia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the early fall of 1932 Walter Rautenstrauch and Howard Scott formed the Committee on Technocracy at Columbia University to run an industrial survey of North America. ●●

1932 John Dewey heralds the end of 'the old individualism' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto notes that in 1932 John Dewey, then America's most prominent educational voice, declared the end of the old individualism, arguing that associations increasingly define individual choices and actions. ●●

1932 Frances Zimmer marries into the Gatto family in 1932 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1932 Gatto's mother, Frances Zimmer, married into the Italian Gatto family, wedding alone without her parents present. ●●

1932 Reconstruction Finance Corporation established ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In January 1932 the Reconstruction Finance Corporation was created to channel $1.5 billion of public money into the banking system. Congress insisted Eugene Meyer chair it alongside his Fed post. ●●

1932 The Dow hits bottom ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 8, 1932, the Dow fell to 41, down almost 90 percent from its 1929 peak of 381. It marked the depth of the Depression, with corporations losing billions and unemployment above ten million. ●●

1932 Roosevelt wins the presidency ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In November 1932 Franklin Roosevelt won a landslide over Hoover, 22.8 million votes to 15.7 million, the largest sweep since 1864. The campaign had been dominated by the Depression. ●●

1932 Allies cancel German reparations ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In June 1932, France and Britain formally agreed to forgive all German reparations, accepting that no more money could be extracted. Of the $32 billion once demanded, the Allies had collected only about $4 billion. ●●