Events, Verisoph

1932 3 His statement wound up foreshadowing a nearly two-year market dive to a l... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 3 His statement wound up foreshadowing a nearly two-year market dive to a low of 41 on July 8, 1932, and a Great Depression that brought the American economy to its knees. Were... ●●

1932 Fed launches massive bond-buying program ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The massive bond-buying program that the Fed initiated in May 1932, in which it agreed to buy $26 million worth of bonds a week from its member banks, reached a total of $1.82... ●●

1932 Wright Patman moves to impeach Andrew Mellon ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On January 6, 1932, Texas Democratic representative Wright Patman told the Speaker of the House that he wanted to impeach Mellon on the charge of “high crimes and misdemeanors.”... ●●

1932 Kennedy had been instrumental behind the scenes during Roosevelt’s 1932 pre... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kennedy had been instrumental behind the scenes during Roosevelt’s 1932 presidential campaign. Not unlike Sidney Weinberg, he had donated $25,000 directly and raised another... ●●

1932 Federal Home Loan Bank Board established ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A Federal Home Loan Bank Board had already been set up in 1932 to encourage and oversee local mortgage lenders known as Savings and Loans (or thrifts), mutual associations like British building societies, which took in deposits and lent to home buyers. ●●

1932 Lausanne Conference ends reparations payments ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In July 1932, European leaders at Lausanne reached a gentleman's agreement that effectively ended reparations and war debt payments, marking what Lamont saw as an end to the economic warfare that had persisted since the Treaty of Versailles. ●●

1932 A fierce Aryanization battle raged over the pipe and blast f... (1932) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As Göring tried to expel Jewish owners from industries of strategic importance, especially in mining and metals, he found an enthusiastic supporter in... ●●

1932 “It might be advisable to keep it alive just in case... (1932) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “It might be advisable to keep it alive just in case Hitlerism makes living for the family so outrageously disagreeable that it might want to have another pied-à-terre to move to.”40 Jimmy agreed with Felix’s political fears; by the time he left Germany in spring 1932, he thought nothing could stem the Nazi tide or protect the Warburgs. ●●

1932 “I am convinced that what had destroyed his will to go on... (1932) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “I am convinced that what had destroyed his will to go on living was that Max, for whom he had throughout his life felt a younger brother’s slave-like devotion, had let him down.”31 When Paul died on January 24, 1932, at his East Eightieth Street home, Felix, Nina, Jimmy, Kay, and Bettina congregated at his bedside. ●●

1932 Twice in 1932, Felix sent Jimmy back to Hamburg to... (1932) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Twice in 1932, Felix sent Jimmy back to Hamburg to straighten out the firm, and the two operated in a more bare-knuckled style than while Paul was alive. ●●

1932 A remarkable benefactor of German culture, Jim had built a... (1932) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A remarkable benefactor of German culture, Jim had built a new wing of the Murnau hospital in 1932 and was named an honorary citizen of the town. ●●

1932 In early 1932, Hitler dispatched Wilhelm Keppler, the owner... (1932) candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In early 1932, Hitler dispatched Wilhelm Keppler, the owner of a small chemical factory, to court Hamburg business chieftains. ●●

1932 After 1932, German citizens could only convert blocked... (1932) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After 1932, German citizens could only convert blocked marks into other currencies at a steep discount that would skim off 96 percent of the amount in question by the end of the decade. ●●

1932 In 1932, he learned that the estate’s longtime steward,... (1932) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1932, he learned that the estate’s longtime steward, Otto Sauter, had secretly run up crushing debts. ●●

1932 Clearly, a crusader such as Kurt couldn’t coexist with... (1932) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Clearly, a crusader such as Kurt couldn’t coexist with Nazism, and when Hitler praised some SS men who murdered a young Communist in 1932, Kurt wrote to the Salem parents, informing them that Nazi and Salem principles were incompatible. ●●

1932 In 1932, Wilfrid Israel talked to the poet and teacher,... (1932) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1932, Wilfrid Israel talked to the poet and teacher, Recha Freier, about ways to counter the corrosive despair among Jewish youth. ●●

1932 In 1932, she and Gisi studied English at Somerville College... (1932) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1932, she and Gisi studied English at Somerville College at Oxford. ●●

1932 1932 European rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first was the peculiarly intense and manic nature of the National Socialist Germany which he intended to create: a society racially “purified” by the elimination of Jews, gypsi... ●●

1932 9. MMW. JW II, letter from Max to rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 9. MMW. JW II, letter from Max to James Warburg, April 9, 1932. ●●

1932 11. MMW. MW F168 1932, letter from Max rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 11. MMW. MW F168 1932, letter from Max to James Warburg, June 12, 1932. ●●

1932 3. JW. Box 3, “Berliner Handels-Gesellschaft Merger Negot... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 3. JW. Box 3, “Berliner Handels-Gesellschaft Merger Negotiations 1/1/32–1/7/32,” letter to Siegmund Warburg, January 2, 1932. ●●

1932 4. The New York Times, January 25, 1932 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 4. The New York Times, January 25, 1932. ●●

1932 29. MMW. Fritz Akten, Paket 4, letter from rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 29. MMW. Fritz Akten, Paket 4, letter from Otto Sauter to Siegmund Warburg, July 17, 1932. ●●

1932 He contributed economics text to Franklin Roosevelt’s campaign speeches in 1932; rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He contributed economics text to Franklin Roosevelt’s campaign speeches in 1932; beginning in 1933 he worked for three years for the National Recovery Administration, joining the Lehman Corporation in 1936. ●●

1932 Such understanding justified the work at Los Alamos if anything did, and the wor rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Such understanding justified the work at Los Alamos if anything did, and the work in turn healed the split between self and overweening conscience that hurt him.2155 He had long recognized the possibility of such a convalescence and evoked it explicitly in the epistle on discipline he wrote his brother Frank in 1932 that concluded in Pauline measure: “Therefore I think that all things which evoke discipline: study, and our duties to men and to the commonwealth, war, and personal hardship, and even the need for subsistence, ought to be greeted by us with profound gratitude; for only through them can we attain to the least detachment; and only so can we know peace.”2156 At Los Alamos, if only for a time, he located that detachment in duties to men and to the commonwealth that Bohr was teaching him to believe might be worthy, not macabre. ●●

1932 Japanese conquest of Manchuria ai_extracted 1 cit. no story neffectual that they did more harm than good. At the time of the Japanese conquest of Manchuria in 1932, the League had no machinery for sanctions. ●●

1932 continued a freeze in the production of military a... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He continued a freeze in the production of military aircraft, which had been instituted in 1932. ●●

1932 Illustrated edition of Initiates of the Flame published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A more lavishly illustrated edition of Manly Hall's Initiates of the Flame was published, featuring illustrations by his friend and collaborator J. Augustus Knapp, who would also illustrate The Secret Teachings of All Ages. ●●

1932 the United States counted about 2,500 physicists, three times as many as in 1919. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the United States counted about 2,500 physicists, three times as many as in 1919. ●●

1932 opened the atomic nucleus to detailed examination. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story opened the atomic nucleus to detailed examination. ●●

1932 Chadwick announces discovery of the neutron ai_extracted 1 cit. no story in a letter to the British journal Nature, physicist James Chadwick of the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University, Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory, announced the possible existence of a neutron. ●●

1932 was the sole certain component of the atomic nucleus, had no electric charge, which meant it could p rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story was the sole certain component of the atomic nucleus, had no electric charge, which meant it could pass through the surrounding electrical barrier and enter into the nucleus. ●●

1932 Joliot-Curies report protons from beryllium radiation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story the Joliot-Curies reported to the Academy of Sciences their discovery that paraffin wax emitted high-velocity protons when bombarded by beryllium radiation. ●●

1932 “the prehistory of nuclear physics, and from 1932 on the history of nuclear physics. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “the prehistory of nuclear physics, and from 1932 on the history of nuclear physics. ●●

1932 1932: J. C. R. Licklider (1915–90). Bob Taylor (1932– ). Larry Roberts (1937 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story J. C. R. Licklider (1915–90). Bob Taylor (1932– ). Larry Roberts (1937– ). ●●

1932 effective October 1, 1932 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Bambergers, persuaded by his insistence that “it might be difficult to get able lecturers to come to Newark,” eventually acquiesced.32 On June 5, ●●

1932 itor Bruce Bliven to the Rockefeller Foundation, sent rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story itor Bruce Bliven to the Rockefeller Foundation, sent December 20, 1933, asked whether the reported link could be true. Concerned officials at the foundation jotted notes on Bliven’s letter: “June 3, 1932 $9,000 3 for 3 yrs.” Under that, someone wrote, “Inst for Anthro.” Under that: “Sexuality & Gen ●●

1932 opening of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story opening of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics pointed out, “In the section on human genetics, twins and the blood groups were specially considered.” On May 13, 1932, the Rockefeller Foundation’s Paris office dispatched a radiogram to its New York headquarters ●●

1932 ety of Human Genetics, organized by American eugenicists rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ety of Human Genetics, organized by American eugenicists and geneticists. Hermann Joseph Muller of Texas, a Rockefeller fellow who had worked at the Kaiser WIlhelm Institute for Brain Research during 1932, served as the first president of the American Society of Human Genetics.17 In the fall of 1950 ●●

1932 s social biology dollars. Moreover, the Rockefeller effort rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story s social biology dollars. Moreover, the Rockefeller effort in Denmark would serve as a model for what it would do elsewhere in Europe. Kemp’s relationship with Rockefeller’s eugenics program began in 1932, when Rockefeller officials granted Kemp a fellowship to travel to Cold Spring Harbor and study ●●

1932 In early 1932 the Americans thus launched twin conference ‘processes’, in Geneva for disarmament and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In early 1932 the Americans thus launched twin conference ‘processes’, in Geneva for disarmament and in Lausanne for political debts. ●●

1932 By contrast, from 1932 the governments of Franz von Papen, General Kurt von Schleicher and finally A rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By contrast, from 1932 the governments of Franz von Papen, General Kurt von Schleicher and finally Adolf Hitler adopted a contrary position. ●●

1932 Reichswehr plans secret rearmament and Treaty breach ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the second half of 1932 the Reichswehr leadership began planning for an outright Treaty breach through a significant increase in peacetime military strength. ●●

1932 After all, Germany ended 1932 with generals both as Chancellor and as President of the Republic. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After all, Germany ended 1932 with generals both as Chancellor and as President of the Republic. ●●

1932 Meanwhile, the first hints of an economic recovery had made their appearance in America in June 1932 candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Meanwhile, the first hints of an economic recovery had made their appearance in America in June 1932.'” After the lifting of reparations at Lausanne, demand for German bonds began to strengthen.’ This was crucial, because it provided an opportunity f ●●

1932 The initial experiment in credit-financed work creation was launched not by Hitler’s government, but rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The initial experiment in credit-financed work creation was launched not by Hitler’s government, but by General Schleicher in December 1932.’ The first step was to arrange for companies that were carrying out government projects to be paid, not direc ●●

1932 As the Nazi party prepared for power in the euphoric summer of 1932, Darré elaborated in very specif candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As the Nazi party prepared for power in the euphoric summer of 1932, Darré elaborated in very specific terms on the future mission of the SS in a report delivered to a secret leadership conference on the future eastern policy of the Third Reich.*” As ●●

1932 “Following this incident additional forces rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “Following this incident additional forces of marines and naval vessels were ordered to China and stationed in the vicinity of Shanghai and Tientsin.” 1932 - China: American forces were landed to protect American interests during the Japanese occupat ●●

1932 For fifty years the same candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For fifty years the same people had all the power, all the money, all the jobs, all the education, all the opportunities.” In the decades following the famed peasant rebellion in 1932, which was crushed by an unholy massacre, a reform government had ●●

12 May 1932 George Washington Masonic Memorial Dedicated 0 cit. The George Washington Masonic National Memorial was dedicated during the bicentennial year of George Washington's birth, with President Herbert Hoover taking part. The tower-topped memorial sits on Shooter's Hill overlooking Alexandria and now houses Masonic museum collections and Washington memorabilia. It stands as one of the largest purpose-built Masonic monuments in the world. Its scale reflects the prestige Freemasonry still held in American civic life in the early 20th century. culture / politics ●●

1 September 1932 Mayor Jimmy Walker resigns 0 cit. Facing removal hearings before Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt based on the Seabury investigation's findings, Jimmy Walker resigned as mayor of New York City. His resignation marked a major blow to Tammany's political standing heading into the 1933 mayoral election. politics ●●●

24 November 1932 FBI Laboratory is founded 0 cit. The FBI opened its Technical Laboratory, offering forensic analysis of physical evidence, including firearms, documents, and chemical traces, to police departments across the country free of charge. It grew into the largest and most influential crime laboratory in the United States. Decades later some of its units, particularly hair microscopy and bullet-lead analysis, would become central to the reckoning over unvalidated forensic methods. politics / science ●●●

c. 1 January 1932 Pecora Commission investigates the 1929 crash 0 cit. The US Senate Committee on Banking and Currency investigated the causes of the 1929 stock market crash and the practices of Wall Street banks, gaining public attention after Ferdinand Pecora became chief counsel in January 1933. The hearings exposed conflicts of interest, manipulative trading and reckless practices by major banks and their executives. The findings built public and political support for the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, which created the SEC. economy / politics ●●●

1 October 1932 Mosley founds the British Union of Fascists 1 cit. Oswald Mosley, a former Labour minister, founds the British Union of Fascists, modeled on Mussolini's movement. Its blackshirt marches and antisemitism provoke street clashes, and the party is banned during the Second World War. politics ●●

1932 Kreuger the Match King falsifies the books 0 cit. The Swedish financier Ivar Kreuger built a global match empire on a maze of hundreds of companies, hidden accounts, and forged securities that concealed enormous losses. When it unravelled he shot himself in Paris in 1932, and the wreckage of what one review called faked assets and fictitious profits helped spur tougher disclosure and audit rules in the United States. economy / politics ●●

1932 The Carter Land Commission Confirms the Divide 0 cit. The Kenya Land Commission under Sir Morris Carter sat from 1932 and reported in 1934 on African land claims, above all the Kikuyu demand for the lost highland ridges. It granted the Kikuyu a modest area of extra land and a cash payment but rejected the bulk of their claims and set fixed boundaries for the native reserves. Crucially it endorsed the White Highlands as a permanent European preserve, dashing hopes that the theft might be undone by law. politics / society ●●

c. 1932 Kenyatta's Journeys to Moscow 0 cit. In the early 1930s Kenyatta travelled to the Soviet Union and studied briefly in Moscow, attracted like many anti-colonial activists of the era to the Comintern's opposition to empire. He moved for a time in radical and communist circles in London alongside figures such as George Padmore. He later distanced himself from communism, and how deep his Marxist commitment ran remains debated among his biographers. politics ●

c. 1932 Writing for the Negro Worker and the ITUC-NW 0 cit. Kenyatta contributed to the Negro Worker, the paper of the Comintern-linked International Trade Union Committee of Negro Workers that Padmore ran. Some pieces appeared under aliases. It placed the Kikuyu land grievance inside a wider communist argument against empire. economy / politics ●●

c. 1932 Travels across Europe on Padmore's sponsorship 0 cit. With Padmore's backing Kenyatta travelled through France, the Netherlands, Germany, and on to the Soviet Union. He saw European capitals and their radical movements at first hand. The journeys widened his politics well past the single land question that had brought him over. diplomacy / politics ●

August 1932 to 1933 A year at the Comintern's KUTV in Moscow 0 cit. From August 1932 Kenyatta studied for about a year at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East (KUTV), the Comintern's training school for colonial revolutionaries. He enrolled under a cover name, recorded in Soviet files as James Joken. Historians such as Hakim Adi note that his instructors came to see him as hostile to Marxism and unsuitable as an agent. politics ●●

1932 Robbins defines the science of economics 0 cit. Lionel Robbins published An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science, which defined economics as the study of how people use scarce means to meet competing ends. The book shaped how economics was taught and understood for decades. It was a product of the LSE's confident, theory-first approach in the 1930s. economy / science ●●

1932 Jomo Kenyatta studies at the Moscow school 0 cit. The Kenyan nationalist Jomo Kenyatta spent time in 1932 and 1933 studying at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East in Moscow. He later moved away from the communist movement and led Kenya to independence as a firmly non-communist figure. His stay shows both the reach of Soviet training and how many of those it schooled would later part ways with Moscow. politics / society ●●

1932 British royal Christmas broadcast instituted ai_extracted 1 cit. Hobsbawm cites the royal Christmas broadcast as a clear case of a tradition that was deliberately invented and formally instituted at a datable moment. It began in 1932 and quickly came to feel like a long-standing national custom. ●

c. 1932 Fritz Thyssen bankrolls Hitler and later writes 'I Paid Hitler' 1 cit. The steel magnate Fritz Thyssen was one of the earliest big-business backers of the Nazi Party, giving money and lending his name in the years before 1933. He broke with Hitler over the war and fled Germany. The memoir published under his name, I Paid Hitler, describes that funding; Thyssen later distanced himself from parts of the ghostwritten text, so its details are attributed to him rather than taken as gospel. economy / politics ●●●

1932 The Kakamega gold rush brings European prospectors into the reserve 0 cit. A gold rush drew hundreds of European prospectors and miners into the Kakamega area during 1932 and 1933. Mining camps, a township, and claims spread across land that belonged to Luhya families. The rush was small by world standards but large enough to override the promise that the reserve was protected. economy / society ●●●

1932 The government amends the ordinance to open the goldfields to Europeans 0 cit. When gold was found in the reserve, the colonial government amended the Native Lands Trust Ordinance in 1932 to excise the goldfields and admit European prospectors and miners. The amendment let mining go ahead on land that had been declared inviolable only two years earlier. It showed that the legal protection of native land held only until Europeans wanted what was under it. economy / politics ●●●●

30 January 1933 Adolf Hitler appointed Chancellor 0 cit. President Hindenburg appoints Hitler Chancellor of Germany; within eighteen months the republic is a dictatorship. politics ●●●●●

1933 to 1939 Schacht reappointed head of the Reichsbank under Hitler ai_extracted 1 cit. Hjalmar Schacht, who used his monetary powers to help hand Germany over to Adolf Hitler, was rewarded by being reappointed head of the Reichsbank from 1933 to 1939. ●●●

1933 to 1937 Reichsbank's monetized fiscal policy under Schacht ai_extracted 1 cit. From 1933 to 1937 the Reichsbank under Hjalmar Schacht combined stepped-up central bank credit creation with fiscal spending programs funded by bills of exchange purchased by banks and the central bank, known in the German tradition as silent funding. ●●●

1933 Founding of the International Rescue Committee 0 cit. At Albert Einstein's suggestion, an American branch of the International Relief Association forms in New York to aid refugees from Nazi Germany. It grew into the International Rescue Committee, a leading refugee relief agency. diplomacy / society ●●

29 May 1933 Founding of Saudi Aramco 0 cit. Saudi Arabia signs an oil concession with Standard Oil of California, which forms the California Arabian Standard Oil Company, later Aramco. Sitting on the world's largest oil reserves, it becomes the most valuable oil company on earth. economy / politics ●●●●

30 January 1933 Hitler appointed Chancellor 0 cit. President Hindenburg appoints Adolf Hitler Chancellor of Germany. Within months the Nazis destroy German democracy, setting the course toward the Second World War and the Holocaust. politics ●●●●●

9 March 1933 The New Deal and the Alphabet Agencies 0 cit. In the Hundred Days after Franklin Roosevelt's inauguration, Congress creates a wave of new agencies, including the CCC, TVA, FDIC, and NRA, to fight the Great Depression. The burst of institution building permanently enlarges the federal government's role in the economy. economy / politics / society ●●●●

16 June 1933 Founding of the FDIC 0 cit. The Banking Act of 1933 creates the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to insure bank deposits after thousands of bank failures wiped out savers. Deposit insurance largely ends the classic bank run in America. economy ●●●

19 March 1933 Estado Novo constitution in Portugal 0 cit. A national plebiscite approves Salazar's corporatist constitution, founding the Estado Novo. The authoritarian regime, influenced by fascist corporatism, rules Portugal until 1974. politics ●●

4 March 1933 Launch of the New Deal 1 cit. Franklin Roosevelt takes office amid the Depression and drives through a wave of relief, recovery, and regulatory legislation in his first hundred days. The New Deal redefines the state's role in a capitalist economy. economy / politics ●●●●

13 March 1933 to 1945 Nazi Reich Ministry of Propaganda under Goebbels 2 cit. The Nazi government created the Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda under Joseph Goebbels on 13 March 1933, giving the state control over press, radio, film, and the arts. It became a model of total propaganda by a modern dictatorship. politics / war ●●●●●

12 March 1933 FDR's fireside chats 0 cit. President Franklin Roosevelt gave the first of his radio fireside chats on 12 March 1933, speaking directly to citizens in a plain, intimate style. The broadcasts showed how a leader could use mass media to build public trust. politics / society ●●●

1933 Payne Fund Studies on film's effects 0 cit. The Payne Fund Studies, published in 1933, were the first large research effort into how movies affected children and social behavior. They fed public pressure for stricter control of film content. culture / science ●●

c. 1933 to c. 1945 Nazi persecution of Freemasons 1 cit. After 1933 the Nazi regime banned German lodges, seized their property, and treated Freemasons as enemies of the state. Thousands of Freemasons across occupied Europe were imprisoned or killed in the camps. politics / religion / war ●●●●

16 June 1933 Glass-Steagall Act separates commercial and investment banking 1 cit. The Banking Act of 1933, known as Glass-Steagall, split commercial banking from investment banking and created federal deposit insurance. It reshaped American finance for the rest of the century. economy / politics ●●●●

5 April 1933 Roosevelt takes the dollar off the domestic gold standard 1 cit. Executive Order 6102 required Americans to turn in most gold coin and bullion to the Federal Reserve. The step ended domestic gold convertibility and let the government manage the dollar's value. economy / politics ●●●

29 May 1933 Saudi Arabia Grants Oil Concession to SOCAL 0 cit. Saudi Arabia awarded an oil exploration concession to the Standard Oil Company of California. The concession created the entity that would become Aramco. economy ●●●●

1933 to 1939 The Fifth Aliyah 0 cit. Rising Nazi persecution drove a large wave of Jewish immigration to Palestine in the 1930s. It sharply increased the Jewish population and Arab opposition to it. politics / society ●●

14 July 1933 Nazi Germany enacts compulsory sterilization law 2 cit. The Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring authorized the forced sterilization of people with disabilities and illnesses, drawing openly on American models. About 400,000 people were sterilized against their will. politics / science ●●●

1933 to 1945 Nazi racial hygiene shapes state policy debunked 2 cit. The Nazi regime built its rule around "racial hygiene," claiming a superior Aryan race and marking Jews, Roma, disabled people, and others for persecution. This pseudoscience of human ranking helped drive the genocide of the Holocaust. politics / science ●●●

c. 1933 Rockefeller Center opens in Manhattan 0 cit. The Rockefeller Center complex, financed by John D. Rockefeller Jr, began opening its buildings in 1933 during the Great Depression. The full development was completed later in the decade. culture / economy ●●●

1933 Gustav Krupp backs Hitler and German rearmament 1 cit. After Adolf Hitler took power in 1933 Gustav Krupp supported the regime and the firm profited from large-scale rearmament. Krupp became a pillar of the Nazi war economy. economy / politics / war ●●●●

20 July 1933 Reichskonkordat with Nazi Germany 0 cit. The Holy See signed a concordat with Adolf Hitler's government, protecting Church rights in Germany in exchange for Catholic withdrawal from politics. The agreement remains debated for lending the new Nazi regime early legitimacy. politics / religion ●●●

1933 to 1945 Nazi Germany turns schools into indoctrination 1 cit. After 1933 the Nazis rewrote curricula to teach racial ideology and loyalty to Hitler and made the Hitler Youth central to raising children. Education became a direct tool of the regime's propaganda. politics / war ●●●

19 April 1933 Roosevelt takes the United States off gold 1 cit. President Franklin Roosevelt suspended gold convertibility and later devalued the dollar to fight deflation. Freeing monetary policy from gold helped the American economy begin to recover. economy / politics ●●●●

30 January 1933 Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany 0 cit. Adolf Hitler became Chancellor after the Depression shattered the Weimar Republic's centre parties and left millions jobless. The documented path ran from economic collapse to political extremism, the outcome of failed policy rather than any banker conspiracy. economy / politics ●●●●●

17 March 1933 Schacht returns to lead the Reichsbank under Hitler 0 cit. Hjalmar Schacht was reappointed President of the Reichsbank soon after Hitler took power. He put his financial skill to work funding the new regime's economic and military plans. economy / politics ●●●

1933 Nazi regime and total dictatorship 0 cit. Hitler turned a democracy into a totalitarian state that controlled the courts, press, and daily life and crushed all opposition. It became the most extreme case of the modern total state. politics / war ●●●●●

14 July 1933 to 1945 Nazi Germany's forced sterilization law 0 cit. The Nazi Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring, enacted in 1933, led to the forced sterilization of roughly 400,000 people deemed genetically unfit. The program drew directly on American eugenic laws and preceded the regime's mass murder of disabled people. politics / war ●●●●●

1933 to 1977 North Carolina Eugenics Board sterilizations 0 cit. North Carolina's Eugenics Board ordered the sterilization of about 7,600 people between 1929 and 1974, increasingly targeting poor Black women in the postwar years. The state began paying compensation to survivors in 2013. politics / society ●●●●

10 May 1933 The Nazi book burnings 0 cit. German students burn tens of thousands of books by Jewish, leftist, and 'un-German' authors, part of a campaign against so-called cultural Bolshevism. The archetypal image of a regime destroying speech it fears. culture / politics ●●●●

1933 Hitler comes to power in Germany (1933) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley marks 1933 as the point when Hitler came to power in Germany, after which both the French Right and Left shifted their foreign policies. ●●

1933 Hitler quits the Disarmament Conference (1933) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When Hitler came to office in January 1933 he demanded immediate arms equality with France; when refused, Germany left the conference and withdrew from the League in October 1933. ●●

1933 Gold maldistribution forces most nations off the gold standard (by 1933) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes that a complete maldistribution of gold, acute after 1928, had by 1933 forced most countries off the gold standard as the prewar system of international payments broke down. ●●