Verisoph story dossier
The settlements that ended the great wars and set the terms of the eras that followed, from Westphalia to Dayton.
The settlements that ended the great wars and set the terms of the eras that followed, from Westphalia to Dayton.
also in State, law, and coercion
The earliest surviving written peace treaty, concluded between Ramesses II of Egypt and Hattusili III of the Hittite Empire after decades of war over Syria. It established peace, mutual defense, and the return of fugitives.
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Reported peace between Athens and the Persian Empire that ended the Greco-Persian Wars, keeping Persian ships out of the Aegean. Its existence is debated by historians.
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Treaty between Athens and Sparta intended to end the first phase of the Peloponnesian War for fifty years. It quickly unraveled and fighting resumed within a few years.
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Also called the King's Peace, this settlement dictated by Persia ended the Corinthian War and recognized Persian control over the Greek cities of Asia Minor. It made the Persian king arbiter of Greek affairs.
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Peace treaty ending the First Punic War, under which Carthage evacuated Sicily and paid a large indemnity to Rome. It made Rome the dominant naval power in the western Mediterranean.
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Peace between Rome and the Seleucid king Antiochus III after his defeat at Magnesia. It stripped the Seleucids of Asia Minor and confirmed Roman dominance in the eastern Mediterranean.
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Truce between Muhammad, representing the Muslim community of Medina, and the Quraysh of Mecca. It paused hostilities, allowed a later pilgrimage, and proved a turning point in the rise of Islam.
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Peace between Song China and the Khitan Liao dynasty under which the Song paid annual tribute in silk and silver. It bought more than a century of peace on the northern frontier.
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Peace between Song China and the Jurchen Jin dynasty that ceded northern China to the Jin and made the Southern Song a tribute-paying state. It fixed the border at the Huai River for decades.
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Truce between Richard I of England and Saladin ending the Third Crusade. Jerusalem stayed under Muslim rule but Christian pilgrims gained free access to the holy sites.
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Peace treaty in which England recognized Scotland as an independent kingdom and Robert the Bruce as its king. It ended the First War of Scottish Independence.
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Treaty between England and France during the Hundred Years' War, giving Edward III large territories in France in return for renouncing his claim to the French crown. It brought nine years of peace before war resumed.
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Treaty making Henry V of England heir and regent of France, disinheriting the Dauphin, and sealing the deal with Henry's marriage to Catherine of Valois. Its collapse fueled the final phase of the Hundred Years' War.
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Peace between Milan, Venice, and Florence that established a balance of power among the Italian states. It brought four decades of relative stability to Renaissance Italy.
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Treaty ending the Thirteen Years' War between Poland and the Teutonic Knights. The Order ceded western Prussia including Danzig to Poland and became a Polish vassal.
also in State, law, and coercion, The Catholic Church as a world power
Settlement within the Holy Roman Empire allowing each prince to choose Lutheranism or Catholicism for his territory, summarized as cuius regio, eius religio. It ended open religious war in Germany for over sixty years.
also in State, law, and coercion
Treaties ending the long Italian Wars between France, Spain, and England. Spain emerged as the dominant power in Italy for the next century.
also in Hinges of history, State, law, and coercion, The Catholic Church as a world power, The military as an idea: violence, the state, and society
Twin treaties ending the Thirty Years' War in the Holy Roman Empire and the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Dutch Republic. They are widely seen as the foundation of the modern system of sovereign states.
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Peace between France and Spain ending their long war, ceding Roussillon and Artois to France and arranging the marriage of Louis XIV to the Spanish infanta. It marked the shift of European primacy from Spain to France.
also in State, law, and coercion, The Ottoman Empire
Peace between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League, ceding most of Hungary to the Habsburgs. It marked the start of the Ottoman retreat from central Europe.
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Series of treaties ending the War of the Spanish Succession, recognizing Philip V in Spain while barring union of the French and Spanish crowns, and transferring Gibraltar and large American territories to Britain. It established the balance of power as a principle of European order.
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Peace ending the Great Northern War between Russia and Sweden, ceding Estonia, Livonia, and Ingria to Russia. It confirmed Russia as the new great power of the Baltic.
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Peace ending the Seven Years' War, with France ceding Canada and lands east of the Mississippi to Britain and Florida passing from Spain to Britain. It made Britain the leading colonial power in North America and India.
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Peace ending the Russo-Turkish War of 1768 to 1774, giving Russia territory on the Black Sea, navigation rights, and a claimed protective role over Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire. It opened a century of Russian pressure on the Ottomans.
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Peace treaty in which Britain recognized the independence of the United States and its boundaries to the Mississippi River. It ended the American Revolutionary War.
also in State, law, and coercion, The Napoleonic Wars
Peace between revolutionary France and Austria after Napoleon's Italian campaign, with secret clauses trading Venice to Austria and the Rhine frontier to France. It ended the War of the First Coalition.
also in State, law, and coercion, The Napoleonic Wars
Peace treaties between Napoleon and Russia, then Prussia, concluded on a raft on the Neman River. Secret articles divided Europe into French and Russian spheres and stripped Prussia of half its territory.
also in State, law, and coercion, The Napoleonic Wars
Conference of the powers that defeated Napoleon, redrawing the map of Europe and restoring a balance of power. Its Final Act of June 1815 shaped the European order for a century.
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Peace treaty between Britain and the United States ending the War of 1812 and restoring prewar boundaries. News arrived after the Battle of New Orleans had already been fought.
also in Pax Britannica and the primacy of the Royal Navy, State, law, and coercion
Treaty ending the First Opium War, ceding Hong Kong to Britain, opening five ports, and imposing an indemnity on China. It was the first of the unequal treaties that defined China's century of humiliation.
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Peace ending the Mexican-American War, with Mexico ceding roughly half its territory including California and the Southwest to the United States for 15 million dollars. It fixed the Rio Grande as the Texas border.
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Peace ending the Crimean War, neutralizing the Black Sea and admitting the Ottoman Empire to the European concert. It checked Russian expansion for a generation.
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Settlement imposed on China after the Second Opium War, ceding Kowloon to Britain, opening Tianjin, and confirming large Russian gains in the Amur region. It deepened the unequal treaty system.
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Peace ending the Franco-Prussian War, ceding Alsace and much of Lorraine to the new German Empire and imposing a five billion franc indemnity on France. French resentment over the lost provinces poisoned relations until 1914.
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Settlement of the Congress of Berlin revising the Russo-Turkish peace of San Stefano, recognizing Serbia, Romania, and Montenegro and splitting Bulgaria. Its compromises left grievances that fed later Balkan crises.
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Peace ending the First Sino-Japanese War, with China recognizing Korea's independence and ceding Taiwan to Japan. It announced Japan's arrival as a great power and China's deepening weakness.
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Settlement imposed on China by eight powers after the Boxer Rebellion, requiring a huge indemnity, executions, and foreign garrisons in Beijing. It marked the low point of Qing sovereignty.
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Peace ending the Russo-Japanese War, mediated by Theodore Roosevelt, giving Japan control of Korea and southern Manchuria interests. It was the first modern great-power peace brokered by the United States.
also in Hinges of history, How the First World War unfolded, How the Second World War unfolded
The peace treaty assigns Germany responsibility for the war, imposes reparations, and redraws the map of Europe. Signed five years to the day after the assassination.
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Peace treaty dissolving the Austrian half of the Habsburg Empire, recognizing the new states of central Europe, and forbidding union between Austria and Germany. It reduced Austria to a small alpine republic.
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Peace treaty with Hungary that transferred about two thirds of its prewar territory to neighboring states. It left large Hungarian minorities abroad and remains a national grievance.
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Peace treaty partitioning the Ottoman Empire among the Allies, Greece, and proposed Armenian and Kurdish entities. Rejected by Turkish nationalists, it was never implemented and was replaced at Lausanne.
also in Ireland: from the island of saints to the Republic, State, law, and coercion
Agreement ending the Irish War of Independence and creating the Irish Free State as a dominion, with Northern Ireland able to opt out. The split over its terms led to the Irish Civil War.
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Peace treaty recognizing the Republic of Turkey within essentially its modern borders, replacing the failed Treaty of Sevres. It also sanctioned a compulsory population exchange between Greece and Turkey.
multilateral treaties negotiated in Locarno, Switzerland during October 1925
also in How the Second World War unfolded
Britain and France cede the Sudetenland to Germany without consulting Czechoslovakia; Chamberlain promises "peace for our time".
meeting of the Allied heads of state near the end of World War II
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Peace treaty between Japan and most of the Allied powers, ending the occupation and restoring Japanese sovereignty. The Soviet Union refused to sign and territorial ambiguities persist.
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Armistice among the UN Command, North Korea, and China halting the Korean War and creating the Demilitarized Zone. No peace treaty has ever replaced it.
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Agreements ending the First Indochina War, partitioning Vietnam at the 17th parallel pending elections that never took place. They set the stage for the Vietnam War.
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Treaty among the four occupying powers and Austria restoring Austrian sovereignty on condition of permanent neutrality. It ended ten years of four-power occupation.
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Agreements between France and the Algerian FLN ending the Algerian War and leading to Algerian independence. They closed one of the bloodiest wars of decolonization.
also in 1973: the postwar order breaks, State, law, and coercion
Agreement among the United States, North and South Vietnam, and the Viet Cong ending direct American involvement in the Vietnam War. Fighting between the Vietnamese parties continued until Saigon fell in 1975.
also in Israel: ancient roots to modern state, State, law, and coercion
Framework agreements between Egypt and Israel brokered by President Carter after thirteen days of secret talks. They led to the first peace treaty between Israel and an Arab state.
the 1978 Camp David agreement between Egypt and IsraelThe Rise and Fall of the Great Powers
also in Israel: ancient roots to modern state, State, law, and coercion
First peace treaty between Israel and an Arab state, returning the Sinai to Egypt and normalizing relations. Egypt was suspended from the Arab League and President Sadat was later assassinated.
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Agreement ending the Rhodesian Bush War and providing for elections and the internationally recognized independence of Zimbabwe. It ended the last white-minority rebellion against British decolonization.
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The Two Plus Four treaty among the two German states and the four wartime occupying powers, clearing the way for German reunification with full sovereignty. It served as the final peace settlement of the Second World War in Europe.
also in Israel: ancient roots to modern state, State, law, and coercion
Declaration of Principles between Israel and the PLO, negotiated secretly in Oslo, establishing mutual recognition and Palestinian interim self-government. It began the Oslo peace process.
also in Israel: ancient roots to modern state, State, law, and coercion
Treaty ending the state of war between Israel and Jordan, fixing their border and normalizing relations. Jordan became the second Arab state to make peace with Israel.
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Peace agreement ending the Bosnian War, negotiated at Dayton air base and signed in Paris, preserving Bosnia as one state with two entities. Its complex constitutional structure still governs Bosnia.
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Agreement between the British and Irish governments and Northern Ireland parties ending three decades of the Troubles, establishing power-sharing and the principle of consent. It was approved by referendums on both sides of the border.
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Package of measures brokered by France and Germany to end the war in eastern Ukraine between government forces and Russian-backed separatists. Never fully implemented, it collapsed with Russia's 2022 invasion.
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Final agreement between the Colombian government and the FARC guerrillas ending more than fifty years of armed conflict. A first version was rejected by referendum before the revised text was signed and ratified by Congress.
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Agreement between the United States and the Taliban providing for withdrawal of US forces from Afghanistan in exchange for Taliban counterterrorism commitments. It preceded the collapse of the Afghan republic in 2021.
also in Israel: ancient roots to modern state, State, law, and coercion, The Gulf and the oil monarchies
Agreements normalizing relations between Israel and the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain, later joined by Morocco and Sudan. They were the first Arab-Israeli normalizations in a quarter century.