Events, Verisoph

711 Quigley traces Latin American traits to the Arab conquest of Spain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues that the Arab conquest of Spain in 711, not finally ejected until 1492, spread Arabic personality traits that persist in Spain and Latin America. He contends the Muslim-Christian antagonism itself helped build up traits like intolerance and cruelty. ●●

711 Reign rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The most durable part of the Umayyad conquest proved to be its western extremity, Spain, reached in 711 by Arab armies that had followed the tracks of Roman empire across north Afr... ●●

714 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Only after 714 did the king's leading general and minister, Charles Martel, put together a more unified and effective military machine and expand Frankish control over more territo... ●●

741 Berber rebellion challenges the Umayyad caliphate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The sweep of Islamic empire across the southern Mediterranean was interrupted by a Berber rebellion in 741 , which was put down with difficulty, and then by conflict within the cal... ●●

754 Council of Hieria condemns icon veneration ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Emperor Constantine V convenes council of iconoclast bishops at Hieria Palace to oppose veneration of icons. ●●

768 Conquest rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was 8 2 Chapter 3 EMIRATE OF CORDOBA • Cordoba B Carolingian kingdom in 768 • Territories paying tribute in 8 1 4 D Carolingian empire in 8 1 4 8 Zone subject to Carolingian inf... ●●

768 Charlemagne becomes king of the Franks ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Charlemagne became king of the Franks during a period when Roman coinage systems continued to influence European commerce. ●●

c. 780 A timber mosque at Shanga marks early coastal Islam 5 cit. At Shanga on Pate Island, excavations led by Mark Horton found a small timber mosque rebuilt on the same spot from about the late 8th century, sitting on top of a long-lived African fishing and trading village. It shows Islam taking root among local people through Indian Ocean contact, not arriving with a colonizing elite. Shanga became one of the clearest windows into how Swahili towns grew from the inside out. religion / society ●●

787 Second Council of Nicaea affirms veneration of icons ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Iconophile Council of Nicaea condemns iconoclasm and affirms veneration of icons in Orthodox tradition. ●●

791 791-4) that women were becoming more active than men in devotional practice rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 791-4) that women were becoming more active than men in devotional practice ●●

793 793-4) had already provided the arguments which they were discovering from themselves rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 793-4) had already provided the arguments which they were discovering from themselves ●●

800 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Coronation of Emperor Charlemagne by Pope Leo III in 800 81 4. I. ●●

800 Charlemagne crowned Emperor ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Charlemagne was crowned Emperor by the Pope during a period of chronic silver shortage in Western Europe. ●●

c. 800 Rise of the Swahili coast city-states 5 cit. Trading towns grew along the coast where African communities met merchants crossing the Indian Ocean, producing the Swahili language and an urban, Muslim, stone-built culture. Ports such as Mombasa, Malindi, Lamu, and the walled town of Gede exported ivory, gold, and enslaved people and imported cloth, beads, and porcelain, tied by the monsoon winds to Arabia, Persia, and India. The towns rose gradually from roughly the eighth century, so the date is approximate. culture / economy / religion ●●

804 804-5), the impulse to reform continued rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 804-5), the impulse to reform continued ●●

827 827) was not slow to ally itself with the much more radical rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 827) was not slow to ally itself with the much more radical anti-Semitism of the victorious Nazis ●●

830 When the German Kaiser’s armies invaded Belgium to strike at the Franco- rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When the German Kaiser’s armies invaded Belgium to strike at the Franco- Russian alliance, they were violating the neutrality of a state formed in the 1830s specifically to accommodate the Roman Catholic faith of its inhabitants ●●

832 Abbasid 'inquisition' over the ulema ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 832 the Abbasid caliphate attempted to take control of the religious scholars, the ulema. The effort, known as the 'inquisition', failed. ●●

836 836-7), and which derived its particular premillennialist roots from the Millerites and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 836-7), and which derived its particular premillennialist roots from the Millerites and the dispensationalism of John Nelson Darby ●●

844 844), and Reunion was combined with calls to the government to legislate rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 844), and Reunion was combined with calls to the government to legislate to reduce Scotland’s Irish immigrant community ●●

851 851), but it had turned into little more than a means of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 851), but it had turned into little more than a means of disrupting Orthodox activity and parroting Communist propaganda ●●

895 Engel, The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Engel, The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526 (London and New York, 2001), 101-3 ●●

900 900-902), but on an enormously larger scale rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 900-902), but on an enormously larger scale ●●

900 14: Orthodoxy: More Than an Empire (900- 1700) 1 Tyerman, 2-3 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 14: Orthodoxy: More Than an Empire (900- 1700) 1 Tyerman, 2-3 ●●

900 (900- 1200) After the general introductions to the whole period listed above, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (900- 1200) After the general introductions to the whole period listed above, a refreshingly iconoclastic perspective is R ●●

10th century Sung Dynasty launches the world's first paper money ai_extracted 1 cit. The world's first paper money was launched in the tenth century in China by the ruling Sung Dynasty, with the emperor as sole issuer and money creation by others punishable by death. ●●●

902 900-902), but on an enormously larger scale rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 900-902), but on an enormously larger scale ●●

906 102 Sundkler and Steed, 408, 906 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 102 Sundkler and Steed, 408, 906 ●●

950 Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western Europe, 950- 1250 (Oxford, 1987), expanded into a more general survey in R ●●

960 Song Dynasty comes to power in China ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Song Dynasty came to power in 960, establishing centralized rule and ending the dominance of aristocratic families that had characterized the Tang Dynasty. ●●

960 960- 61), the doctrine of this-worldly success which has over the last rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 960- 61), the doctrine of this-worldly success which has over the last few decades leached sideways out of some influential Pentecostal congregations into Protestantism generally ●●

960 101 The weapon of choice in this Anglican contest, as in so rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 101 The weapon of choice in this Anglican contest, as in so many others within Christianity since the 1960s, has been sexuality, and homosexuality in particular ●●

963 963-5), beyond the European-initiated Churches there was now an extraordinary variety of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 963-5), beyond the European-initiated Churches there was now an extraordinary variety of African-initiated Christian practice which made Christianity even beyond its ancient north-eastern African heartlands at least as indigenous a religion as the gr ●●

965 Tibetan Mysticism first known in India candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Tibetan Mysticism (Dus-kyi Khorlo) was first known in India in 965 AD, though it claims to be a system as old as humanity ●●

976 Holmes, Basil II and the Governance of Empire (976-1025) (Oxford, 2005), 60-61 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Holmes, Basil II and the Governance of Empire (976-1025) (Oxford, 2005), 60-61 ●●

980 Duby, The Age of the Cathedrals: Art and Society 980-1420 (London, 1981), rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Duby, The Age of the Cathedrals: Art and Society 980-1420 (London, 1981), and see Doig, 169-96 ●●

1000 Brown, The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity AD 200-1000 (Oxford, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Brown, The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity AD 200-1000 (Oxford, 1997), 174, 192 ●●

1000 Collins, Early Medieval Europe 300-1000 (Houndmills, 1991), 170 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Collins, Early Medieval Europe 300-1000 (Houndmills, 1991), 170 ●●

1000 PART I: A MILLENNIUM OF BEGINNINGS (1000 BCE-100 CE) General Reading K rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story PART I: A MILLENNIUM OF BEGINNINGS (1000 BCE-100 CE) General Reading K ●●

c. 1000 Southern Nilotic Kalenjin communities in the western highlands 5 cit. Southern Nilotic speakers, ancestors of the Kalenjin peoples such as the Nandi, Kipsigis, and Tugen, settled the western highlands and the edges of the Rift over a long period, herding and farming. Later oral traditions tie some groups to earlier highland peoples they absorbed or displaced. The consolidation of Kalenjin communities is reconstructed from language and oral history, so dates are loose and approximate. society ●

c. 1000 Somali camel herders and the clan system spread south 3 cit. Somali pastoralists herding camels and cattle across the dry north expanded southward over centuries under a segmentary clan order, the qabiil, that traced descent through named forefathers. Grazing, wells, and blood payments were handled clan by clan rather than by any central state. This mobile, kin-based society reached the lands of what is now northeastern Kenya. economy / society ●●

c. 1000 Bantu farmers settle the Taita Hills contested 3 cit. The Taita are a Bantu-speaking people who settled the isolated Taita Hills, a set of forested mountain blocks rising above the dry Tsavo plains. They grew out of several waves of migrants who clustered into tight hill communities and terraced the slopes for farming. The exact make-up of these early groups is reconstructed from language and oral tradition, so the details are debated. environment / society ●●

c. 1000 The Ogiek as forest-dwelling Southern Nilotic hunter-gatherers of the Mau contested 5 cit. The Ogiek (Okiek) are a Kalenjin-related, Southern Nilotic people long settled in the highland forests of the Mau Escarpment and around Mount Elgon. Their own traditions say they were always in these forests, while some scholars trace an earlier movement south from the highlands north of Lake Turkana. Whether they are an aboriginal remnant of the region or a Southern Nilotic group that specialised in forest foraging is debated. culture / environment / society ●●

1001 1001-2), the Pope was a good deal more generous towards its efforts rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1001-2), the Pope was a good deal more generous towards its efforts to rebuild its institutions and regain its church buildings than some of his fellow Polish Catholic clergy and laity ●●

1003 Pope John XIX institutes the Festival of the Dead ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pope John XIX establishes the Festival of the Dead to be celebrated on November 2nd, adopting a Roman pagan rite previously established for the second month ●●

1010 Berengar of Tours expresses theological concerns candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Theologian Berengar of Tours expresses unease with contemporaries' assertions about eucharistic bread and wine becoming Christ's body and blood. ●●

1011 Information history in 1011 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story nal (Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers) and to 1 billion the Encyclopaedia Britannica. He estimated one hour of broadcast television at 1011 bits and one hour of “technicolor movie” at m ●●

1013 Information history in 1013 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Communication appeared, Shannon took a pencil and a piece of notebook paper, drew a line from top to bottom, and wrote the powers of ten from 100 to 1013. He labeled this axis “bits storage capacity. ●●

1024 But the probability of such an event was 1 in 1024 – effectively zero. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story But the probability of such an event was 1 in 1024 – effectively zero. ●●

1025 Buddhism introduced into Tibet via Kashmir ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Buddhism was introduced into Tibet from India via Kashmir in 1025 AD ●●

1038 Haya Gaon develops theory of the Sephiroth candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Haya Gaon, who died in 1038, is the first known author to develop and perfect the theory of the Sephiroth, giving them the names used in Kabalistic studies ●●

1054 There was so much that was positive in this humane and private rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story There was so much that was positive in this humane and private man’s exercise of his leadership: notably generous ecumenical acts, such as the agreement with the Oecumenical Patriarch in 1965 to end the excommunications mutually proclaimed by East an ●●

1054 Kings: George I (Elector of Hanover, King of Ireland;; ); George(Elector of rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kings: George I (Elector of Hanover, King of Ireland;; ); George(Elector of Hanover, King of Ireland;; ); George(1865; ) Queens: Victoria (Queen-Empress; 1819; ) see also Atlantic Isles; British Empire; England; Ireland; Scotland; Wales Great Moravia ●●

1054 Great Schism splits Eastern and Western churches ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda describes the split between Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches on July 16, 1054, when the Patriarch of Constantinople rejected the Pope's claim to universal leadership. ●●

1055 Seljuk Turks capture Baghdad ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Migrations of pastoralists into Anatolia intensified after one group ofTurkic-speakers, the Seljuks, captured Baghdad in 1055 and other groups moved on. Ambitious tribal leaders ha... ●●

1066 Yeatman, 1066 and All That (London, 1975 edn), 14 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Yeatman, 1066 and All That (London, 1975 edn), 14 ●●

1090 Information history in 1090 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story f the cosmos, however it is figured, is ten raised to a very large power,”♦ according to Wheeler. According to Seth Lloyd: “No more than 10120 ops on 1090 bits. ●●

1099 Event of 1099 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story der. Western concepts began to be projected into Muslim-administered territories as the Byzantines marched back, temporarily, into the Middle East. The Crusades—forays led by orders of Christian knights into the historic Holy Land that Islam had inco ●●

1109 had kept his Nazi comrades closely posted on rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story had kept his Nazi comrades closely posted on his movements and Max would have been an easy murder target had he not fled to Amsterdam. After docking in New York, Malice stayed with Friedaflix at 1109 ... ●●

1109 He promoted their careers through auditions with Otto rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He promoted their careers through auditions with Otto Kahn. It became a joke at 1109 that when Felix went off to “ride his bicycle,” he was cycling off to a rendezvous. ●●

1109 It became a joke at 1109 that when rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It became a joke at 1109 that when Felix went off to “ride his bicycle,” he was cycling off to a rendezvous. ●●

1109 If the bassoonist missed a note, Felix and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story If the bassoonist missed a note, Felix and Bodansky would turn in unison and glare at the culprit. For chamber music concerts at 1109, the Warburgs set up rows of gilt chairs in the music room. ●●

1109 In the 1920s, Felix and Frieda Warburg held rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the 1920s, Felix and Frieda Warburg held court as the King and Queen of American Jewry. Every Jew with a crazy scheme or pet hope gravitated to 1109 Fifth Avenue, which conjured up images of a bott... ●●

1109 Every Jew with a crazy scheme or pet rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Every Jew with a crazy scheme or pet hope gravitated to 1109 Fifth Avenue, which conjured up images of a bottomless store of wealth. ●●

1109 In university affairs, Einstein proved an even more rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In university affairs, Einstein proved an even more formidable foe than Weizmann. He was a frequent guest at 1109 Fifth Avenue and sailed with Felix aboard the Carol. ●●

1109 He was a frequent guest at 1109 Fifth rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He was a frequent guest at 1109 Fifth Avenue and sailed with Felix aboard the Carol. ●●

1118 Founding of the Knights Templar ai_extracted 1 cit. Nine Knights Crusaders including Geoffroi de Saint-Omer and Hugues de Payens consecrate themselves and take oath before Patriarch of Constantinople to protect Christians visiting Holy Places and secretly rebuild Temple of Solomon ●●

1135 1135-1202) John the Baptist John Cassian (c rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1135-1202) John the Baptist John Cassian (c ●●

1150 Rise of Hasidism in medieval Germany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Emergence of Hasidic mystical movement in German Jewish communities with ascetic and devotional practices ●●

1156 In this chapter, we look at a series rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In this chapter, we look at a series of interconnected revolutions.The rev olutionary spiral began in interempire conflict: the SevenYears' War of 115... ●●

1170 Valdes founds the Waldensian movement in Lyons ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Wealthy man Valdes founds the Waldensian movement in Lyons, dedicated to poverty and Christian ministry. ●●

1179 Third Lateran Council excommunicates usurers ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Church formally excommunicated usurers who charged interest on loans, establishing a powerful religious taboo against Christian involvement in commercial lending. ●●

1184 Papal decree condemns Waldensians and Cathars ai_extracted 1 cit. no story From 1184, papal pronouncement condemns both Waldensians and Cathars, marginalizing dissenters who valued poverty. ●●

1187 Muslims recapture Jerusalem from Latin Christians ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Muslims recapture Jerusalem from Latin Christians, prompting Carmelite hermits on Mount Carmel to become refugees. ●●

1200 (900- 1200) After the general introductions to the whole period listed above, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story (900- 1200) After the general introductions to the whole period listed above, a refreshingly iconoclastic perspective is R ●●

1200 Leadership of Jehudah the Hasid rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jehudah the Hasid leads German Hasidic movement, establishing ascetic traditions and mystical practices ●●

13th century Marco Polo in Kublai Khan's China ai_extracted 1 cit. Marco Polo spent twenty years in Kublai Khan's China in the late thirteenth century and delivered to Europe a detailed description of its advanced paper money system. ●●

1202 Fibonacci publishes the Liber Abaci ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Leonardo of Pisa published his revolutionary mathematical treatise introducing Hindu-Arabic numerals to Europe, with concepts crucial for commerce including present value and interest calculation. ●●

1202 1135-1202) John the Baptist John Cassian (c rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1135-1202) John the Baptist John Cassian (c ●●

1204 Crusaders sack Constantinople ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Second, when Constantinople be gan to falter-sacked by crusaders in 1204-Kiev's economy based on con necting nodes of commerce shrank. ●●

1204 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The sacking of Constantinople in 1204 by crusaders sealed the division between Catholics and Orthodox Christians. Charlemagne and his Abbasid counterpart, the caliph Harun al-Rashi... ●●

1204 Crusaders sack Constantinople ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The sacking by crusaders of Constantinople in 1204 and the displacement for some decades of the Byzantine emperor into Anatolia created long-lasting bitterness. Crusades establishe... ●●

1206 Franciscan order founded ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Franciscans were founded as one of the major religious orders that particularly detested usurers and enforced Church prohibition on interest-bearing loans. ●●

1206 Mongols dominate the Eurasian heartland ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Genghis Khan and his successors established centralized control over the Eurasian heartland. Their empire ranged from the China Sea to Anatolia in Asia Minor and to Central Europe. ●●

1208 Juliana of Mont-Cornillon's Corpus Christi vision ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Augustinian nun Juliana experiences vision of Christ urging establishment of feast of Corpus Christi. ●●

1209 Chinggis Khan campaigns against the Tangut empire ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Chinggis then set out in 1209 against the Tangut empire located between the Mongol core and Chinese lands. The Tangut leader surrendered in 12rn, and sent a huge tribute to seal th... ●●

1213 BCE; ); Abgar (‘the Great’;) Edinburgh; Missionary Conference (1910) education; Protestant; Roman rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story BCE; ); Abgar (‘the Great’;) Edinburgh; Missionary Conference (1910) education; Protestant; Roman Catholic; see also clerical education; schools; Society of Jesus; universities Edwards, Jonathan (1703-58) Egypt; ancient ; astronomy in; early monastic ●●

November 1215 Fourth Lateran Council 1 cit. Called by Innocent III, the council defined Catholic doctrine, required annual confession, and issued rules that included marks and restrictions on Jews and Muslims. It showed the papacy legislating for all of Western Christendom. politics / religion / society ●●●

1215 Dominic gains permission to preach against Cathars ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Dominic receives official permission from a bishop to start a preaching campaign with apostolic poverty to counter Cathar heresy. ●●

1219 Francis of Assisi travels to Egypt ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Francis travels to Egypt during Fifth Crusade, attempting to convert the Ayyubid sultan but with no results. ●●

1221 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1221 Chinggis extended his campaign across today's Iran and Afghani stan to the Indus River. Some Mongol troops continued into the Caucasus, the Ukraine, and up the Volga. ●●

1226 Francis dictates his Testament before death ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In his final weeks, Francis dictates Testament expressing fears about poverty being sidelined as Franciscans institutionalize. ●●

1234 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The yam system set up by Great Khan Ogodei in 1234 was a series of way stations, situated every twenty-five or thirty miles, the distance that horses with their loads could conveni... ●●

1240 Mongols besiege and conquer Kiev ai_extracted 1 cit. no story One by one the principalities were defeated; Kiev was besieged and conquered in 1240. ●●

1240 Duffy, Marking the Hours: English People and Their Prayers, 1240-1570 (New Haven rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Duffy, Marking the Hours: English People and Their Prayers, 1240-1570 (New Haven and London, 2006); on printed primers, see ibid ●●

1241 Mongols overrun Poland, Hungary, and Kievan Rus ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1241 , Mongol troops had devastated Kiev, defeated Poland, conquered Hungary, and, under the fearsome Khan Batu, were advancing on Vienna. Thirty-five years later, Chinggis's gr... ●●

1242 After the Mongol leader Batu, grandson of Chinggis, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After the Mongol leader Batu, grandson of Chinggis, took his armies home in 1242 to participate in the selection of a Great Khan (chapter 4) , survivi... ●●

1247 Carmelites formalized as order of friars ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Carmelites are officially transformed into order of friars, completing their integration into mendicant movement. ●●

1252 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In China, Great Khan Mongke ordered in 1252 the largest census ever taken; censuses were compiled in the Kipchak Khanate, including the lands of the Rus' princes. The decimal syste... ●●

1260 Death of Guillaume de Lorris ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Guillaume de Lorris, author of Roman de la Rose, dies five years before Dante's birth; work left incomplete and later finished by Chopinel ●●