Events, Verisoph

1475 ; see also Coptic Church; Ethiopia; Monophysite Controversy; Syriac Orthodox Church Michelangelo rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ; see also Coptic Church; Ethiopia; Monophysite Controversy; Syriac Orthodox Church Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) Middle East Map 5 (177), see also Arabia; Holy Land; Iraq; Israel; Judaea; Lebanon; Mesopotamia; Palestine; Parthian Empire; Persi ●●

1478 Ivan III annexes Novgorod ai_extracted 1 cit. Grand Prince Ivan III annexes city-state of Novgorod, eliminating merchant republic model from Russian society. ●●

1479 He had a far more positive experience at the Evangelisches... (1479) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story He had a far more positive experience at the Evangelisches Seminar in Urach, where he was the first Jewish student to be admitted since its 1479 founding. ●●

1480 War (1480) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story y Years War.” For the later struggle, see the important article by J. I. Israel, “A Conflict of Empires: Spain and the Netherlands, 1618–1648,” Past and Present, no. 76 (1977), pp. ●●

1480 Event of 1480 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story niquely “Eurasian” power, sprawling across two continents but never entirely at home in either. The most profound disjunction had come with the Mongol invasions of the thirteenth century, which subdued a politically divided Russia and razed Kiev. Two ●●

1480 Marshall, Reformation England 1480- 1642 (London, 2003) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Marshall, Reformation England 1480- 1642 (London, 2003) ●●

1485 War (1485) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story litical surveys are G. R. Elton, England Under the Tudors (London, 1955); D. M. Loades, Politics and the Nation 1450–1660 (London, 1974), pp. 118ff; and P. Williams, The Tudor Regi ●●

1486 Pico della Mirandola publishes 900 theses in Rome ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Blavatsky records Pico della Mirandola's publication of nine hundred Kabalistic theses in Rome, which he offered to defend in public—an act she presents as evidence of Christian scholars discovering esoteric Kabalistic doctrine. ●●

1487 Pico della Mirandola publishes his Apology ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pico della Mirandola published his Apology defending his condemned propositions against accusations of heresy. ●●

1487 Pico retracts and is absolved by the Pope ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pico made a formal submission and retraction to the commission; the Pope subsequently absolved him but forbade further publication. ●●

c. 1490 The Joka-Jok, the first Luo wave into the lake basin 5 cit. The earliest Luo group to reach the Kenyan side of Lake Victoria is remembered as the Joka-Jok, the people of Jok, who moved down through the Acholi and Uganda country and settled around Got Ramogi. Oral tradition and linguistic reconstruction place this first wave in roughly the fifteenth to sixteenth centuries. From this bridgehead the Luo spread out across the Nyanza lakeshore. society ●●●

1492 Final ejection of the Arabs from Spain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes that from the Arab invasion of 711 to their final ejection in 1492, Spanish life was dominated by the struggle against the foreign intruder, one root of Spain's later fanatical intolerance. ●●

1492 In 1492 there were about two million people rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1492 there were about two million people living east of the Missis sippi. ●●

1492 Columbus sails west seeking the Great Khan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After studying Marco Polo's account of his transcontinental travels two centuries earlier, in 1492 Christopher Columbus began his voyage to the land of the Great Khan. The Mongol E... ●●

1492 Alexander VI succeeds Innocent VIII as pope ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pope Innocent VIII was succeeded by Alexander VI, the Borgia pope, who had greater sympathy for magic and astrology. ●●

1492 Expulsion of Jews from Spain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jews were expelled from Spain, dispersing many to the Ottoman Empire and eventually establishing significant presence in Venice as merchants and lenders. ●●

1492 Ferdinand of Aragon attacks Granada ai_extracted 1 cit. no story King Ferdinand began his reign by attacking Granada, an enterprise that laid the foundation of his growing dominions and fame. ●●

1492 Franco’s regime reasserted the Spain of the 1492 expulsion, against all that rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Franco’s regime reasserted the Spain of the 1492 expulsion, against all that had happened in the peninsula over the last hundred years: Spain was conceived of as racially pure, deferential to paternalistic authority, corporatist, uniformly Catholic ●●

1492 2; and ancient Greeks; in Babylon; conversion in Last Days; deicide; and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2; and ancient Greeks; in Babylon; conversion in Last Days; deicide; and early Christians; in England; and Enlightenment; eschew infanticide; expulsion from Spain (1492); first called; and Mass; in medieval Europe; in Middle East; and Nazism (Holocau ●●

1492 Expulsion from Spain scatters the Kabbalists ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Spanish Inquisition expulsion forces Jewish Kabbalists to migrate to Ottoman lands, especially Safed, Palestine ●●

1492 Last Days calculation in 1492 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Muscovite educated circles calculate Last Days due in year 1492-1493, Church fails to prepare calendars. ●●

1493 Alexander VI absolves Pico of all heresy charges ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pope Alexander VI promulgated bulls absolving Pico and his works from all heresy charges on June 18, 1493. ●●

1493 The Meaning and Chronology of the Struggle Although rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story One such move, by Maximilian I of Austria (1493–1519, and Holy Roman emperor 1508–1519), had brought in the rich hereditary lands of Burgundy and, with them, the Netherlands in 1477. Another, conseque ●●

1493 War (1493) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 84. Postan, M.M. An Economic History of Western Europe, 1945-1964. London, 1967. Potichny, P.T., ed. The Ukraine in the Seventies. Oakville, Ont., 1982. Potter, E.B., ed. Sea Po ●●

1494 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1494 the pope declared Ferdinand and Isabella to be "Catholic kings;' melding the principles of dynastic power with Christianity. Along with victory came a drive to rid the poli... ●●

1494 Death of Pico della Mirandola ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pico della Mirandola died on the day the French king's armies entered Florence. ●●

1494 Lefevre d'Etaples publishes edition of Ficino's Pimander ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lefevre d'Etaples' edition of Ficino's Pimander was published by the University of Paris. ●●

1494 Medici expelled from Florence, bank records burned ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Amid French invasion chaos, the Medici were expelled from Florence and their property confiscated; a mob burned most of the bank's records. ●●

1494 The “European Miracle”15 Why was it among the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To take one specific and obvious instance, it was inconceivable in the fractured political circumstances of Reformation Europe that everyone would acknowledge the pope’s 1494 division of the overseas ●●

1494 A fuller discussion of that specific Habsburg attempt rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story All of this enhanced to an enormous degree the power and the mobility of artillery and gave the owner of such weapons the means to reduce the strongest fortresses—as the Italian city-states found to t ●●

1494 War (1494) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 8–1789 (Manchester, 1982). On navies, see Reynolds, Command of the Sea, chs. 6–9; Kennedy, Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery, chs. 3–5; Padfield, Tide of Empires, vol. 2. 3. ●●

1494 Economic (1494) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story rope, vol. 3 (1976), pp. 22–76; NCMH, vol. 8, p. 714; B. R. Mitchell, European Historical Statistics, 1750–1970 (London, 1975), pt. A; W. Woodruff, Impact of Western Man: A Study o ●●

1494 Treaty of Tordesillas grants Portugal claim to Brazil ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 gave Portugal possession of what would become Brazil, this system of labor would prove to be exportable. ●●

1495 Series of Italian military campaigns over twenty years rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Major Italian battles occurred in sequence: Il Taro (1495), Alessandria (1499), Capua (1501), Genoa (1507), Vaila (1509), Bologna (1511), Mestri (1513). ●●

1497 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama sailed in 1497 around Af rica to India. There he encountered the Indian Ocean merchant networks run by Gujaratis, Arabs, Malays, Chinese, and ... ●●

1498 Oceanic pressure of the West on Asia, 1498 to 1956 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley traces Western Civilization's seaborne pressure on Asia from Vasco da Gama reaching India in 1498, through Japan's surrender aboard the Missouri in 1945, to the Anglo-French attack on Suez in 1956. ●●

1498 Event of 1498 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ceylon, China, and Indonesia, and Hindu art and statecraft influenced Thailand, Indochina, and beyond. When divided—as it often was—into competing kingdoms, India was a lure for invaders, traders, and spiritual seekers (some fulfilling multiple roles ●●

April 1498 Vasco da Gama reaches Malindi and the Portuguese arrive 5 cit. In 1498 the Portuguese fleet of Vasco da Gama reached Malindi, whose ruler gave him a pilot to guide the crossing to India. Portugal soon fought for control of the coast, sacking Mombasa more than once and building Fort Jesus there in 1593. Their arrival broke the independence of the Swahili city-states and opened the coast's colonial era. politics / war ●●●

1499 Louis XII marries Anne of Brittany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Louis XII divorced his first wife and married Anne of Brittany in 1499 to retain the Duchy of Brittany for the French crown. ●●

1500 Total imports of people to the Americas from rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Total imports of people to the Americas from Africa had been below l,ooo per year in 1500, but passed rn,ooo per year in 1600 and stayed over 60,000 f... ●●

1500 1The Rise of the Western World In the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1The Rise of the Western World In the year 1500, the date chosen by numerous scholars to mark the divide between modern and premodern times,1 it was by no means obvious to the inhabitants of Europe th ●●

1500 A fuller discussion of that specific Habsburg attempt rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After all, would not the forces possessed by the new monarchies in 1500 have seemed puny if they had been deployed against the enormous armies of the sultan and the massed troops of the Ming Empire? T ●●

1500 The Meaning and Chronology of the Struggle Although rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The second reason for the much more widespread and interlinked pattern of warfare after 1500 was the creation of a dynastic combination, that of the Habsburgs, to form a network of territories which s ●●

1500 Introduction This is a book about national and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It also concerns itself with tracing the changes which have occurred in the global economic balances since 1500; and yet it is not, at least directly, a work of economic history. What it concentrates ●●

1500 The Muslim World Even the first of the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Not only were the Ottoman Turks pushing westward, but the Safavid dynasty in Persia was also enjoying a resurgence of power, prosperity, and high culture, especially in the reigns of Ismail I (1500–15 ●●

1500 But perhaps the most important act of “rationalization” rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story What historians refer to as the “Vasco da Gama epoch” and the “Columbian era”—that is, the three or four centuries of European hegemony after 1500—was a very gradual process. Portuguese explorers migh ●●

1500 2The Habsburg Bid for Mastery, 1519–1659 By the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story For about a century and a half after 1500, a continent-wide combination of kingdoms, duchies, and provinces ruled by the Spanish and Austrian members of the Habsburg family threatened to become the pr ●●

1500 It was these spiraling costs of war which rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The general inflation, which saw food prices rise fivefold and industrial prices threefold between 1500 and 1630, was a heavy enough blow to government finances; but this was compounded by the doublin ●●

1500 Reform (1500) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story polla, Before the Industrial Revolution, pp. 276–96; D. C. Coleman, The Economy of England 1450–1750 (Oxford, 1977); B. Murphy, A History of the British Economy (London, 1973), pt. ●●

1500 Revolution (1500) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story nce française, passim; and Hatton (ed.), Louis XIV and Europe, passim. 45. L. Andre, Michel Le Tellier et Louvois (Paris, 1943 edn.); C. Jones, “The Military Revolution and the Pr ●●

1500 War (1500) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story .F.R. Crafts, “Industrial Revolution in England and France: Some Thoughts on the Question: ‘Why was England First?’ ” Economic History Review, 2nd series, vol. 30 (1977), pp. 429–4 ●●

1500 Information history in 1500 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story tablets and stone, descend from the same original ancestor, which arose near the eastern littoral of the Mediterranean Sea, sometime not much before 1500 BCE, in a region that became a politically uns ●●

c. 1500 Gikuyu and Mumbi and the nine clans legendary 1 cit. In Kikuyu tradition the creator Ngai set the first man, Gikuyu, on Mount Kenya and gave him a wife, Mumbi. The couple had nine daughters, and their households became the nine (often counted as ten) clans that make up the Agikuyu. The story is told as a charter for the whole people, tracing every lineage back to the founding sisters at Mukurwe wa Nyagathanga. religion / society ●●●

c. 1500 Kikuyu-speakers take shape on the southwest slopes 5 cit. Linguistics, archaeology, and oral tradition point to Kikuyu-speaking farmers coalescing on the well-watered southwest ridges of Mount Kenya. From a heartland around Murang'a they cleared forest for millet, yams, and later maize and beans, spreading along the ridges between the rivers. This was a slow frontier of clearing and settlement, not a single dramatic arrival. economy / society ●●●

c. 1500 The Shungwaya origin tradition legendary 4 cit. Like the Mijikenda of the coast, the Pokomo tell of an ancestral homeland called Shungwaya, somewhere to the north near the Somali coast, from which they were driven south by raiders. Historians treat Shungwaya as a real memory of migration wrapped in legend, not a fixed place and date. It remains a founding story rather than a documented event. culture / society ●

c. 1500 Orma descend from Oromo herders who moved south contested 3 cit. The Orma are the southernmost branch of the Oromo, descended from Borana groups who moved south from the Ethiopian highlands with their cattle. Oral history traces them to a sub-group that broke into the related Orma, Wardei and Munyo identities during the migration. They are a Muslim, cattle-keeping people who settled along the Tana River. The details and dating of this migration are debated. exploration / society ●●

c. 1500 Lady Justice blends Themis, Justitia, Ma'at, scales, sword, and blindfold 2 cit. The modern Lady Justice figure is a layered legal symbol, not a single secret cult figure. Judicial-history sources trace the female justice image to Greek Themis and Dike, Roman Justitia, and older Egyptian Ma'at traditions, with scales for weighing arguments and balance, a sword for legal power, and the blindfold becoming a positive sign of impartiality during the early modern period. culture / politics / religion ●●●●

1501 Safavid dynasty makes Shiism Iran's state religion ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Safavid dynasty is established with Ismail proclaimed as shah, solidifying Shiite Islam as the dominant religion in Iran. ●●

1501 War (1501) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Soviet Foreign Policy After Stalin. Philadelphia, 1961. Daniels, R.V. Russia, The Roots of Confrontation. Cambridge, Mass., 1985. Darby, H.C., “The Face of Europe on the Eve of t ●●

1501 Oliverotto da Fermo seizes Fermo by murder ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Oliverotto da Fermo murdered the city chiefs and seized power, ruling securely for one year before being captured by Cesare Borgia. ●●

1501 Event of 1501 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ER 2: THE EUROPEAN BALANCE-OF-POWER SYSTEM AND ITS END “A monstrous compound of the petty refinements”: Marquis de Custine, Empire of the Czar: A Journey Through Eternal Russia (1843; New York: Anchor Books, 1990), 69. “the sole Emperor of all the Ch ●●

1502 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Muslims of Granada were initially allowed to keep their faith, but after 1502 they were ordered to convert or leave the region. Occasional rebellions and endemic warfare with t... ●●

1502 Francisco Pizarro arrives in the New World ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The illegitimate son of a Spanish colonel crossed the Atlantic to seek his fortune, beginning his exploration of South America and search for precious metals. ●●

1502 Cesare Borgia traps the Orsini at Sinigaglia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cesare Borgia through deception reconciled the Orsini, bringing them into his power at Sinigaglia on December 31, 1502, then eliminated the leaders. ●●

1503 Pope Alexander VI dies of fever ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pope Alexander VI died of fever on August 18, 1503, removing crucial papal support for his son Cesare Borgia's ambitions. ●●

1505 Lefevre combines Pimander and Asclepius with commentary ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lefevre brought Ficino's Pimander and the Asclepius together in one volume with his own critical commentary condemning magical passages. ●●

1505 Cardinal Ximenes burns Arabic manuscripts in Granada ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Blavatsky, citing Professor Draper, records the burning of eighty thousand Arabic manuscripts by Cardinal Ximenes in the squares of Granada—an act she presents as an example of Christian destruction of ancient knowledge. ●●

1506 Pope Julius II marches on Bologna ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pope Julius II mounted his first military enterprise against Bologna while Giovanni Bentivogli still held the city, through characteristic boldness. ●●

1507 Champier publishes De Quadruplici Vita ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Symphorien Champier of Lyons published De Quadruplici Vita, imitating Ficino's work but rejecting talismanic magic. ●●

1509 Jews seek refuge in Venice ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jews from Mestre sought refuge in Venice during the War of the League of Cambrai, beginning a notable Jewish presence in the city. ●●

1509 War (1509) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story r Regime (Oxford, 1979), espec. chs. 2 and 9. On the crown’s finances, see the older work F. C. Dietz, English Public Finance 1485–1641, vol. 1, English Government Finance 1485–155 ●●

1509 Venetian mercenary captains suffer defeats candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Venetian forces under various mercenary captains met repeated defeats, most notably at Vaila in 1509, losing accumulated territories. ●●

1510 Dean Colet founds St. Paul's grammar school ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto references the reformed Latin grammar school founded by Dean Colet at St. Paul's in London in 1510, an example he says school histories misread. ●●

1513 But political and fiscal stability did not necessarily rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story However, this backwardness did not keep his successor, Henry VIII, from campaigning against the Scots or even deter his interventions of 1513 and 1522–1523 against France, since the English king could ●●

1513 Machiavelli writes The Prince ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Machiavelli wrote The Prince around 1513, a foundational work of political philosophy dedicated to Lorenzo di Medici. ●●

1514 Franciscan preaching sparks Hungarian peasant revolt ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Maverick Franciscan preachers inspire crusade in Hungary that turns into violent social uprising with impaling. ●●

1515 150) taxes; to Church; discriminatory; see also tithe teetotalism: see temperance television rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 150) taxes; to Church; discriminatory; see also tithe teetotalism: see temperance television and televangelists temperance and teetotalism; see also Prohibition Templars (Knights Templar) temples; Chinese; Greek; Japanese; Roman; see also Jerusalem T ●●

1516 Venice establishes the Jewish ghetto ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Venetian authorities designated a special walled area for Jews on the site of an old iron foundry, confining residents every night and on Christian holidays. ●●

1516 War (1516) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story hree relevant volumes of Fontana History of Europe: G. R. Elton, Reformation Europe 1517–1559 (London, 1963); J. H. Elliott, Europe Divided 1559–1598 (London, 1968); and G. Parker, ●●

1517 Luther's revolt against papal indulgences ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first of these was the coming of the Reformation—sparked off by Martin Luther’s personal revolt against papal indulgences in 1517—which swiftly added a fierce new dimension to the traditional dyna ●●

1517 Reform (1517) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1970. ______. Richelieu and Olivares. Cambridge, 1984. ______. The Count-Duke of Olivares. New Haven, Conn., 1986. Elton, G.R., ed. The New Cambridge Modern History, vol. ii, T ●●

1517 War (1517) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story WOThe Habsburg Bid for Mastery, 1519–1659 1. C. Oman, A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century (London, 1937), p. 3. For the earlier wars, see idem, A History of the A ●●

1517 17: A House Divided (1517-1660) 1 Scholarly argument (and, for what it rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 17: A House Divided (1517-1660) 1 Scholarly argument (and, for what it is worth, my own opinion) sways on the fascinating but ultimately trivial question of whether the theses were actually nailed up on the door; Philipp Melanchthon asserted in 1546 ●●

1519 2The Habsburg Bid for Mastery, 1519–1659 By the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 2The Habsburg Bid for Mastery, 1519–1659 By the sixteenth century, then, the power struggles within Europe were also helping it to rise, economically and militarily, above the other regions of the glo ●●

1519 Contents Cover Title Page Copyright Dedication Acknowledgmen rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Habsburg Bid for Mastery, 1519–1659 The Meaning and Chronology of the Struggle Strengths and Weaknesses of the Habsburg Bloc International Comparisons War, Money, and the Nation-State Chapter 3. F ●●

1519 3Finance, Geography, and the Winning of Wars, 1660–1815 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nevertheless, the chief characteristic of the 1519–1659 era—that is, an Austro-Spanish axis of Habsburg powers fighting a coalition of Protestant states, plus France—now disappeared, and was replaced ●●

1519 Revolution (1519) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ______. The Campaigns of Napoleon. New York, 1966. Chaunu, P. European Expansion in the Later Middle Ages. Amsterdam, 1979. Childs, J. Armies and Warfare in Europe 1648-1789. Man ●●

1519 War (1519) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story d cf. A. G. Frank, World Accumulation 1492–1789 (New York/London, 1978), pp. 137ff. 36. See again Mendelsohn, Science and Western Domination, which stresses the importance of scie ●●

1519 Event of 1519 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ule; except for a widely noted taste for spiced food, he was generally perceived to be without vices and immune to distraction. He inherited the crown of the Netherlands as a child and that of Spain—with its vast and expanding array of colonies in As ●●

1520 Reform (1520) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story t, J.H. Europe Divided 1559-1598. London, 1968. ______. Imperial Spain 1469-1716. Harmondsworth, Mddsx., 1970. ______. Richelieu and Olivares. Cambridge, 1984. ______. The Count ●●

1520 Defeat of Comunero revolt centralizes Spanish power ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Spanish monarch, beginning with the defeat of the Comunero revolt in 1520, emasculated the Spanish estates (the Cortes) and centralized power in the court. ●●

1520 Safed becomes a center of Kabbalah ai_extracted 1 cit. Safed emerges as major center of Kabbalah with leading mystics including Cordovero and Luria ●●

1521 Event of 1521 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story grise, a label ever thereafter applied to shadowy figures of influence in the history of diplomacy. Aldous Huxley, Grey Eminence: A Study in Religion and Politics (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1941). Machiavelli’s treatises on statesmanship: See, f ●●

1522 But political and fiscal stability did not necessarily rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story However, this backwardness did not keep his successor, Henry VIII, from campaigning against the Scots or even deter his interventions of 1513 and 1522–1523 against France, since the English king could ●●

1522 Name 'America' first appears on Basle map ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A map was published at Basle in 1522 where the name 'America' appeared for the first time, marking the geographical recognition of the newly discovered continent. ●●

1523 But political and fiscal stability did not necessarily rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story However, this backwardness did not keep his successor, Henry VIII, from campaigning against the Scots or even deter his interventions of 1513 and 1522–1523 against France, since the English king could ●●

1524 Pizarro's first expedition into Peru ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pizarro led the first of three expeditions into Peru, encountering harsh terrain and hostile indigenous peoples. ●●

1524 The Muslim World Even the first of the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Not only were the Ottoman Turks pushing westward, but the Safavid dynasty in Persia was also enjoying a resurgence of power, prosperity, and high culture, especially in the reigns of Ismail I (1500–15 ●●

1525 Albert of Brandenburg declares Prussia a secular kingdom ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Tracing Prussia's origins, Gatto notes that the Order of Teutonic Knights evolved into a secular civil service. In 1525 Albert of Brandenburg declared Prussia a secular kingdom. ●●

1526 Ottoman Empire at its peak, 1526-1533 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Ottoman Empire reached its height in 1526-1533 with the conquest of Hungary and the first siege of Vienna; a second, also failed, siege came in 1683. ●●