Events, Verisoph

1592 Campanella meets Galileo in Padua ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In October 1592, six months after Bruno left Padua for Venice, Campanella arrives in Padua where he meets Galileo and remains for about a year or two. ●●

1593 Campanella imprisoned in Padua ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While in prison in Padua in 1593 and 1594, Campanella writes works addressed to Pope Clement VIII defending his theology. ●●

1593 Portuguese build Fort Jesus at Mombasa 5 cit. Portugal built the massive coral fortress of Fort Jesus to command Mombasa's harbor and hold the Swahili coast against Ottoman raids and local revolt. For a century the fort was the anchor of Portuguese rule, changing hands repeatedly amid sieges and uprisings. It still stands over the old harbor and is now a UNESCO World Heritage site. politics / war ●●

1594 Campanella transferred to the Roman Inquisition ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the end of 1594, Campanella is transferred from Padua to the prisons of the Inquisition in Rome where he faces charges of heresy and impiety. ●●

1595 Washington's rules of conduct traced to a 1595 Jesuit manual ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto relates a claim that George Washington's rules of conduct were an English translation of a Jesuit manual compiled by French Jesuits in 1595. ●●

1595 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Beginning in 1595 the Spanish government gave Portuguese merchants the asiento, the contract to supply its New World colonies with slaves. With the growth of slave trading from the... ●●

1595 Campanella released from Roman prison ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the end of 1595, Campanella is released from Roman prison, probably through the influence of his powerful protector Lelio Orsini. ●●

1596 1596, while still an archduke, Ferdinand declared,... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1596, while still an archduke, Ferdinand declared, “I would rather die than grant any concessions to the ●●

1596 In 1946 a puppet synod in Ukraine declared void the Union of candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1946 a puppet synod in Ukraine declared void the Union of Brest of 1596, and the Church disappeared into a forcible union with the Orthodox Church in Moscow for nearly half a century ●●

1597 Campanella leaves Rome for Naples ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the end of 1597, Campanella departs Rome for Naples where he confers with astrologers and geographers about celestial portents and political changes. ●●

1598 Death rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1598 Philip II died, leaving in place a vast transoceanic empire. More than the trading, enclave empires of Portugal and later the Netherlands (chapter 6) , it integrated extra-... ●●

1598 Campanella organizes Calabrian revolt against Spain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1598 and 1599, Campanella organizes a revolutionary movement in Calabria aimed at throwing off Spanish rule and establishing a utopian magical republic inspired by his City of the Sun. ●●

1598 Death of Hideyoshi and Tokugawa consolidation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When these failed, and Hideyoshi died in 1598, civil strife again threatened Japan; but within a few years all power had been consolidated in the hands of Ieyasu and fellow shoguns of the Tokugawa cla ●●

1598 James VI publishes The Trew Law of Free Monarchies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story King James I publishes The Trew Law of Free Monarchies, defending the divine right of monarchy. ●●

1599 Bellarmine draws up heretical propositions from Bruno ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Jesuit Robert Bellarmine, assisted by Tragagliolo, draws up eight heretical propositions from Bruno's works for him to abjure. Bruno initially agrees to recant. ●●

1599 Bruno withdraws his recantation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Later in 1599, Bruno withdraws all his previous retractions and maintains obstinately that he has written nothing heretical and that the Inquisition has misinterpreted him. ●●

1599 Calabrian revolt crushed by Spanish forces ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the end of 1599, the Calabrian revolt is easily crushed by Spanish forces. The prisons of Naples fill with rebellious Dominicans and their supporters undergoing examination and torture. ●●

1599 By the 1590s, then, the United Provinces had rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Even the prosperous province of Holland found the tax burdens enormous; in 1579 it had to provide 960,000 florins for the war, in 1599 almost 5.5 million florins. By the early seventeenth century, wit ●●

1600 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1600 the EIC was granted a charter by Queen Elizabeth I, giving it a monopoly on English trade east of the Cape of Good Hope. Its initial 125 shareholders set out to compete wit... ●●

1600 Bruno burned at the stake in Rome ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno is condemned as an impenitent heretic and handed over to the secular arm. He is burned alive on the Campo de' Fiori in Rome on February 17, 1600. ●●

1600 The “European Miracle”15 Why was it among the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was, as noted above, in this broad period from 1450 to 1600 that “gunpowder empires” were established elsewhere. Muscovy, Tokugawa Japan, and Mogul India provide excellent examples of how great sta ●●

1600 By the 1590s, then, the United Provinces had rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To call it a Dutch army would be a misnomer: in 1600 it consisted of forty-three English, thirty-two French, twenty Scots, eleven Walloon, and nine German companies, and only seventeen Dutch companies ●●

1600 War (1600) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1971), espec. ch. 4. 12. C. V. Wedgewood, The Thirty Years War (London, 1964 edn.), chs. 3–6. 13. Parker, Europe in Crisis, p. 252; J. H. Elliott, The Count-Duke of Olivares (New ●●

1600 Information history in 1600 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story book, making no pretense to completeness, contained a vocabulary of only 2,500. We possess now a more complete dictionary of English as it was circa 1600: the subset of the OED comprising words then c ●●

1600 The council, along with the Casa de Contratación overseeing economic matters, wrote laws and issued rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The council, along with the Casa de Contratación overseeing economic matters, wrote laws and issued autocratic decrees—some four hundred thousand by the year 1600. ●●

1600 Morris, The Sepulchre of Christ and the Medieval West: From the Beginning rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Morris, The Sepulchre of Christ and the Medieval West: From the Beginning to 1600 (Oxford, 2005) ●●

1600 1600 (Cambridge, 2007) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1600 (Cambridge, 2007) ●●

c. 1600 The Kamba settle Mbooni and Machakos 3 cit. Kamba tradition traces the people to the Mbooni hills, a green refuge in the dry country southeast of Mount Kenya. From Mbooni families spread out across Machakos and the harsher lowlands of Kitui as their herds and numbers grew. Like their highland neighbours they organised by clan and lineage rather than under any single ruler. economy / society ●●●

c. 1600 The Luhya take shape as a cluster of many sub-groups 4 cit. The people now called Luhya (Abaluyia) are not one ancient tribe but a cluster of roughly eighteen related sub-groups, among them the Bukusu, Maragoli, Wanga, Idakho, Isukha, Bunyore, Tiriki and Marama. Each has its own dialect and settlement history, and the collective name itself was coined only in the twentieth century. Their sub-groups settled the ridges of western Kenya over centuries, arriving from several directions rather than a single homeland. politics / society ●●●

c. 1600 Founding of the Wanga kingdom and the Abashitsetse dynasty contested 4 cit. The Wanga built the rare thing among Kenyan peoples: a centralised kingdom with a hereditary king, the Nabongo, drawn from the Abashitsetse clan. Tradition names Wanga as the founding ancestor and traces a long line of Nabongos ruling from the Mumias area. The exact chronology and the dynasty's early kings are reconstructed from oral king-lists and remain debated among historians. politics / society ●●●

c. 1600 The Borana and government by the gada system 3 cit. The Borana, a major Oromo people of the northern deserts, governed themselves through the gada system, a democracy of generation-sets that rotated leaders every eight years under an elected Abba Gada. Great assemblies such as the Gumi Gayo reviewed and remade the law. It ran a large pastoral society of camels, cattle, and shared wells without kings. politics / society ●●●

c. 1600 Rendille and Gabbra camel peoples of the Chalbi 3 cit. The Rendille of the Kaisut and Marsabit country and the Gabbra of the Chalbi desert built their lives around the camel, moving between wells and pastures in the driest lands of the north. The Rendille speak an Eastern Cushitic tongue close to Somali, while the Gabbra speak the Oromo of the Borana, a sign of how the two Cushitic streams met and mixed. Both ran on age-sets, clans, and finely managed herds. economy / society ●●

c. 1600 The kaya forest villages and their sacred groves 5 cit. Each Mijikenda people built a kaya, a fortified village hidden in a cleared patch of forest on a hilltop and entered by guarded paths. A buried talisman called the fingo was said to protect it, and the surrounding forest became sacred ground tended by elders. Long after people moved out to farm, the kaya forests stayed holy places, later protected as national and world heritage. culture / religion ●●

c. 1600 The Aweer as hunter-gatherers of the Lamu hinterland 3 cit. The Aweer, known to outsiders by the exonym Boni, are a Cushitic-speaking people who lived by hunting, gathering, and collecting honey in the forests between Lamu and the Somali border. Most of their food came from wild plants, roots, and honey, with hunting adding meat. Their Aweer language belongs to the Cushitic branch of Afroasiatic. culture / environment / society ●●

c. 1600 Pokomo settle as Bantu farmers along the Tana River contested 3 cit. The Pokomo are a Bantu people of the Sabaki group who farm the narrow fertile strip along the Tana River. Their traditions trace migration from Shungwaya, a legendary homeland placed on the southern Somali coast, a story shared with several coastal peoples but debated by historians. They settled into a riverine life shaped by the Tana's floods and soils. exploration / society ●●

1602 nwys Basle (1602) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Yiddish; c) the 7:2 nwys Basle (1602) no. 158—182, cf. Ma’aseh Book, translated by Moses Gaster (193 ●●

1602 Carlo Maderno extends St Peter's Basilica ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Carlo Maderno begins massive extension of St Peter's Basilica westward from 1602 to 1615. ●●

1603 War (1603) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story h Public Finance 1485–1641, vol. 2, 1558–1641, chs. 2–5; W. R. Scott, The Constitution and Finance of English, Scottish and Irish Joint Stock Companies to 1720, 3 vols. (Cambridge, ●●

1603 Reform (1603) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mass., 1965. Hildebrand, K., “Staatskunst oder Systemzwang? Die ‘Deutsche Frage’ als Problem der Weltpolitik,” Historische Zeitschrift 228 (1979). ______. The Third Reich. London ●●

1603 Event of 1603 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story First published in the United States of America by Penguin Press, a member of Penguin Group (USA) LLC 2014 First published in Great Britain by Allen Lane 2014 Copyright © Henry A. Kissinger, 2014 All rights reserved Cover: World map from ‘Theatrum or ●●

1604 Simon Studion dedicates Naometria to Duke of Württemberg ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Simon Studion dedicates his apocalyptic-prophetic work Naometria to the Duke of Württemberg, containing numerology and prophecies about future European events. ●●

1604 Information history in 1604 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story new thoughts of men, which must be signifi’d, and varied by new expressions. ●●

1604 Tomb of Christian Rosenkreutz Opened rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda claims that based on the 120-year inscription on the tomb of Christian Rosenkreutz, the tomb was opened in 1604. ●●

1605 Gunpowder Plot foiled in England ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Roman Catholic attempt to blow up English king and Parliament prevented, celebrated as Protestant victory. ●●

1605 Total solar eclipse observed at Naples ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A total eclipse of the Sun was observed at Naples, during which a luminous ring appeared around the Moon. Kepler attributed this to the ether filling the universe. ●●

1606 In addition to the dynastic name Jin, Nurhaci candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In addition to the dynastic name Jin, Nurhaci also enjoyed the title khan, acquired in 1606 as he extended his control in Mongolia, later enhanced wit... ●●

1606 War (1606) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story other accounts of the sixteenth-century phase of the “Eighty Years War.” For the later struggle, see the important article by J. I. Israel, “A Conflict of Empires: Spain and the Ne ●●

1606 New star observed by Kepler rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kepler believed a new star appeared in 1606, similarly formed from the ethereal substance that fills the universe, supporting the nebular hypothesis. ●●

1608 The telescope 1 cit. Hans Lippershey filed for a patent on a device that made distant objects look nearer. Turned to the sky by Galileo, the telescope transformed astronomy and our view of the cosmos. science / technology ●●●●

1608 Oswald Croll publishes De signatura rerum ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Oswald Croll publishes De signatura rerum in Prague, expounding Paracelsist correlation of great and little worlds through astral signatures. ●●

1609 Henry Hudson explores the Newark estuary and Hudson River ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1609, Henry Hudson, representing the Dutch East India Company, explored the Newark estuary before sailing up the river that bears his name ●●

1609 Racovian Catechism published in Latin ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Catechism of Raków produced in Latin version, becoming internationally known statement of anti-Trinitarian belief. ●●

1609 The Bank of Amsterdam is founded 1 cit. The city sets up the Wisselbank, a public exchange bank that provides reliable deposits and settlement in a standard money. It steadies trade in a world of clipped and mixed coins and helps make Amsterdam the financial center of Europe for over a century. economy ●●

1610 James I addresses Parliament on royal sovereignty ai_extracted 1 cit. no story King James I delivers a major speech to Parliament articulating his views on royal sovereignty. ●●

1611 Authorized King James Bible appears ai_extracted 1 cit. Gatto notes that the Authorized King James Version of the Bible appeared in 1611 and became a universal textbook that spread reading and independent thought among ordinary people. ●●

1611 This crucial lesson in statecraft emerges the more rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hemmed in by Lübeck and (especially) by Denmark from free egress to western Europe, engaged in a succession of struggles on its eastern flank with Russia, and repeatedly distracted by its relationship ●●

1611 Information history in 1611 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story did. ♦ He was doctor of physic; he lived for some time in Chichester; his dates of birth and death are uncertain; he is said to have visited London in 1611 and there to have seen a dead crocodile; and ●●

1612 Frederick V lands at Gravesend to court Elizabeth ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Frederick V, Elector Palatine, lands at Gravesend in England on 16 October 1612 to marry Princess Elizabeth, daughter of King James I. ●●

1612 Frederick V and Maurice of Nassau join Order of the Garter ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Frederick V, Elector Palatine, and his uncle Maurice of Nassau are elected to the Order of the Garter on 7 December 1612. ●●

1613 This crucial lesson in statecraft emerges the more rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hemmed in by Lübeck and (especially) by Denmark from free egress to western Europe, engaged in a succession of struggles on its eastern flank with Russia, and repeatedly distracted by its relationship ●●

1613 Revolution (1613) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story sa: The Armed Forces of Imperial Austria 1740-1780. London, 1977. Duffy, M., ed. The Military Revolution and the State 1500-1800. Exeter, 1980. Dukes, P. The Emergence of the Sup ●●

1613 Economic (1613) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story k, 1962), pp. 13–18; R. M. Robertson, History of the American Economy (3rd edn., New York, 1973), p. 64. 33. NCMH, vol. 7, ch. 14, and vol. 8, ch. 11; Kochan and Abraham, Making o ●●

1613 Princess Elizabeth weds Frederick V at Whitehall ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Princess Elizabeth weds Frederick V, Elector Palatine, in the royal chapel at Whitehall on 14 February 1613, in a ceremony full of Protestant symbolism. ●●

1613 Thomas Campion's masque at the royal wedding ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A masque by Thomas Campion, produced by Inigo Jones, is performed at Whitehall on 14 February 1613 after the wedding of Frederick and Elizabeth. ●●

1613 Information history in 1613 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story on any one item in a list of a thousand or a million, unerringly, with perfect confidence. And without knowing anything about the meaning. ●●

1613 Zemsky sobor legitimizes the Romanov succession ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In Russia, a zemskiy sobor (assembly) of nobles was called in 1613 to legitimize the transfer of power to the Romanov Dynasty. ●●

1614 Casaubon dates the Hermetica after ancient Hermes ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Isaac Casaubon pointed out critically that the Hermetica could not have been written by the ancient Hermes Trismegistus. ●●

1614 The best illustration of this relative French weakness rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was, after all, Calonne’s proposed tax reforms, leading to the Assembly of Notables, the moves against the parlements, the suspension of payments by the treasury, and then (for the first since 1614 ●●

1614 Information history in 1614 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story s and Divisions in Arithmetike are avoided, and performed onely by Addition in stead of Multiplication, and by Subtraction in stead of Division. ♦ In 1614 Briggs was a professor of geometry—the first ●●

1614 Fama Fraternitatis published ai_extracted 1 cit. Levenda describes the publication of the Fama Fraternitatis in 1614, announcing the existence of the Rosicrucian order and sparking the 'Rosicrucian Furore' across Europe. ●●

1615 Rosicrucian manifestos appear in Germany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between 1614 and 1617, three anonymously written manifestos appeared in Germany that spawned the Rosicrucian movement, one of the most well-known secret societies in modern history. Various self-styled Rosicrucian organizations would later emerge in the US and worldwide. ●●

1616 Information history in 1616 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story re uncertain; he is said to have visited London in 1611 and there to have seen a dead crocodile; and little else is known. His Expositour appeared in 1616 and went through several editions in the succ ●●

1617 Robert Fludd publishes Utriusque Cosmi Historia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Robert Fludd publishes his major work Utriusque Cosmi Historia in Oppenheim with title-page engraved by Johann Theodore de Bry. ●●

1618 Thirty Years' War and Richelieu's use of German disunity ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues Richelieu used the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) to play German groups against each other, ensuring the Habsburgs never unified Germany and dooming the Germanies to two more centuries of disunity. ●●

1618 War (1618) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story l Experience, pp. 132–37. 81. Ibid., p. 51. 82. G. Parker, The Dutch Revolt (London, 1977), supersedes all other accounts of the sixteenth-century phase of the “Eighty Years War. ●●

1618 Event of 1618 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ly four centuries ago, at a peace conference in the German region of Westphalia, conducted without the involvement or even the awareness of most other continents or civilizations. A century of sectarian conflict and political upheaval across Central ●●

1619 Ming woke up too late to Nurhaci's threat; rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Ming woke up too late to Nurhaci's threat; in 1619, he defeated a Ming army of over one hundred thousand and seized several Chinese border cities. ●●

c. 1620 Fishing, cattle, and the reshaping of the Nyanza lakeshore 5 cit. As the Luo settled the Winam Gulf they built a mixed life of cattle keeping, sorghum farming, and heavy reliance on the lake for fishing. Their spread displaced some of the Bantu communities already living there and absorbed others through marriage, clientship, and language shift. The southern Luo groups took on Bantu neighbors' crops and words even as they imposed their own tongue. economy / society ●●

1621 Kepler contrasts mathematical and Hermetic diagrams ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Johannes Kepler publishes analyses distinguishing between mathematical diagrams and Hermetic diagrams, contrasting his own mathematical approach with Robert Fludd's Hermetic interpretation. ●●

1622 Pope Gregory XV founds the Propaganda Fide ai_extracted 1 cit. Pope Gregory XV creates the Congregatio de propaganda fide to supervise the Church's missionary efforts in the New World and elsewhere, establishing the institutional origin of the term 'propaganda'. ●●

1624 prince of the Church, Armand Jean du Plessis, Card... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story prince of the Church, Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal de Richelieu, First Minister of France from 1624 to 1642. ●●

1624 Out of the failure of these ambitions, a balance o... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Out of the failure of these ambitions, a balance of power emerged, first as a fact of life, then as a system for organizing international relations. R ●●

1624 Event of 1624 rejected legendary ai_extracted 1 cit. no story m of France began the process by giving itself a new governance. In feudal systems, authority was personal; governance reflected the ruler’s will but was also circumscribed by tradition, limiting the resources available for a country’s national or in ●●

1625 Woolrych, Britain in Revolution 1625- 1660 (Oxford, 2002) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Woolrych, Britain in Revolution 1625- 1660 (Oxford, 2002) ●●

1627 Information history in 1627 candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story weighed. Even this exciting discovery took several years to travel as far as Johannes Kepler, who employed it in perfecting his celestial tables in 1627, based on the laboriously acquired data of Tych ●●

1628 53. CUOH-JW, p. 1628 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 53. CUOH-JW, p. 1628. ●●

1629 would never have permitted himself to miss the opp... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story u would never have permitted himself to miss the opportunity which presented itself to Ferdinand in 1629, the eleventh year of the war. ●●

1630 It was these spiraling costs of war which rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The general inflation, which saw food prices rise fivefold and industrial prices threefold between 1500 and 1630, was a heavy enough blow to government finances; but this was compounded by the doublin ●●

1630 This crucial lesson in statecraft emerges the more rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Above all, however, the king’s fame rested upon his great military reforms: in developing the national standing army based upon a form of conscription, in training his troops in new battlefield tactic ●●

1630 War (1630) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1870-1940. London, 1975. Lowe, P. Britain in the Far East: A Survey from 1819 to the Present. London, 1981. Lubasz, H., ed. The Development of the Modern State. New York, 1964. ●●

1630 “We shall find that the God of Israel”: John Winthrop, “A Model of Christian Charity” (1630) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story r the early settlers: This was largely true for settlers from England and Northern Europe. Those from Spain largely saw it as a territory to be exploited and inhabited by natives to be converted to Christianity. “We shall find that the God of Israel” ●●

1634 Hong Taiji builds a Chinese-style bureaucracy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Learning from Chinese advisors who had aided his advance, Hong Taiji established a bureaucracy modeled on the Chinese administration, created two new... ●●

1634 Habsburg victory at the Battle of Nordlingen ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As late as the battle of Nördlingen (1634), Cardinal-Infante’s infantry resisted fifteen charges by the formidable Swedish army and then, like Wellington’s troops at Waterloo, grimly moved forward to ●●

1635 Anne Hutchinson banished from Massachusetts ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Anne Hutchinson banished for challenging Puritan piety framework and holding unauthorized devotional meetings. ●●

1636 Harvard College is founded 1 cit. Founded in 1636, Harvard was the first college in the English colonies of North America. It trained clergy and leaders and became the oldest of the schools later known as the Ivy League. culture / society ●●●

1636 Hong Taiji renames his dynasty the Qing ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1636, after receiving the imperial seal of the Yuan emperors from the widow of a defeated Mongol khan, Hong Taiji renamed the ruling dynasty once a... ●●

1636 Japan bans oceangoing ships and foreign travel ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1636, construction of oceangoing vessels was stopped and Japanese subjects were forbidden to sail the high seas. Trade with Europeans was restricted to the permitted Dutch ship calling at Deshima i ●●

1636 Roger Williams flees Massachusetts for Rhode Island ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Strict separatist Roger Williams flees Massachusetts to escape arrest, eventually establishes Rhode Island. ●●

1637 1637: was instrumental in framing them in modern terms. In his 1637 Discours rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story was instrumental in framing them in modern terms. In his 1637 Discourse on the Method , which contains his famous assertion “I think, therefore I am,” ●●

1639 This left for consideration the Habsburg possessions in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The war in the Netherlands,” observed one Spanish councillor, “has been the total ruin of this monarchy.” In fact, between 1566 and 1654 Spain sent at least 218 million ducats to the Military Treasur ●●