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  1. 1532 Event of 1532 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story he history of diplomacy. Aldous Huxley, Grey Eminence: A Study in Religion and Politics (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1941). Machiavelli’s treatises on statesmanship: See, for example, Niccolò Machiavelli, The Art of War (1521), Discourses on the F ●●
  2. 1540 o nsx (1540) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 9 maw oowNM Ty 33P }o nsx (1540) eaaysoo w’m mown. min wos poynnd mains Miwamotw ...b?3Hup} 0°59T73 ●●
  3. 1542 Given the imbalance in forces between France and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Much the most formidable of these were the Turks, who not only had expanded across the Hungarian plain in the 1520s (and were besieging Vienna in 1529), but also posed a naval threat against Italy and ●●
  4. 1543 What made this inadequacy absolutely certain was the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Even by the later stages of Charles V’s reign, therefore, government revenues had been mortgaged for years in advance; in 1543, 65 percent of ordinary revenue had to be spent paying interest on the ju ●●
  5. 1546 17: A House Divided (1517-1660) 1 Scholarly argument (and, for what it rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 17: A House Divided (1517-1660) 1 Scholarly argument (and, for what it is worth, my own opinion) sways on the fascinating but ultimately trivial question of whether the theses were actually nailed up on the door; Philipp Melanchthon asserted in 1546 ●●
  6. 1547 khans' overlord ship, so critical to Moscow's ascent, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The khans' overlord ship, so critical to Moscow's ascent, was turned into the "Tatar yoke." you, Orthodox princes and boyars, strive to show beneficen... ●●
  7. 1547 Given the imbalance in forces between France and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When he did so, he was at first quite successful, especially by defeating the armies of the leading Protestant princes at the battle of Mühlberg (1547). But any enhancement of Habsburg and imperial au ●●
  8. 1547 Revolution (1547) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ness, P. Revolution and Chinese Foreign Policy. Berkeley, Calif., 1971. Varg, P.A. Missionaries, Chinese, and Diplomats … 1890-1952. Princeton, N.J., 1952. Vatter, H.G. The Drive ●●
  9. 1550 War (1550) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story rial Revolution, ch. 6; P. S. Crowson, Tudor Foreign Policy (London, 1973), ch. 25. 66. K. R. Andrews, Elizabethan Privateering (Cambridge, 1964); indem, Trade, Plunder and Settle ●●
  10. 1550 How was one to conceive of the inhabitants of regions no one had known existed rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story lementation determined. A revolution of thinking about the nature of the political universe followed. How was one to conceive of the inhabitants of regions no one had known existed? How did they fit into the medieval cosmology of empire and papacy? A ●●
  11. 1551 50 Commentary on Isaiah (published 1551), 211, qu rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 50 Commentary on Isaiah (published 1551), 211, qu ●●
  12. 1552 It was these spiraling costs of war which rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story His 1552 campaign at Metz cost 2.5 million ducats alone—about ten times the emperor’s normal income from the Americas at that time. Not surprisingly, he was driven repeatedly to raise fresh loans, but ●●
  13. 1555 ich demanded that Protestant sovereigns restore al... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ich demanded that Protestant sovereigns restore all the lands they had seized from the Church since 1555. ●●
  14. 1556 Death rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Charles's abdication in 1556 did not change this contestation over Rome's former empire in the west. Suleiman died on a final campaign in Hungary in 1566; his armies triumphed ther... ●●
  15. 1557 International Comparisons Yet this Habsburg failure, it is rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Italian wars, besides repeatedly showing how short-lived and disastrous were the French efforts to gain influence in that peninsula (even when allied with Venice or the Turks), were also very expe ●●
  16. 1557 But perhaps the most important act of “rationalization” rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Since the Chinese government had voluntarily turned its back upon maritime trade, it did not really care if that commerce fell into the hands of the barbarians; even the quasi-official trading post wh ●●
  17. 1557 In this regard, they were simply following the pattern set by Latin America’s colonial master, Spain rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In this regard, they were simply following the pattern set by Latin America’s colonial master, Spain, which was itself perpetually unable to raise sufficient tax revenues from its own people, and was forced to declare bankruptcy ten times between 1557 and 1662. ●●
  18. 1558 Event of 1558 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story versal order based on the possibility of a single reign and a single set of legitimating principles was increasingly drained of any practicality. A full flowering of the medieval concept of world order was envisioned only briefly with the rise of the ●●
  19. 1558 Tikkune Zohar (1558) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story nish Kabbalism, cf. Tikkune Zohar (1558) f. 8b: oY 772 81Nw> AONDws DWNT IND ITN NDT 395 yp mS Days ●●
  20. 1560 International Comparisons Yet this Habsburg failure, it is rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Far from being a great force in international affairs, France after 1560 threatened to become the new cockpit of Europe, perhaps to be divided permanently along religious borders as was to be the fate ●●
  21. 1560 War (1560) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story in Cipolla (ed.), Fontana Economic History of Europe, vol. 2, pp. 527–89. 19. NCMH, vol. 1, ch. 7; R. A. Kann, A History of the Habsburg Empire 1526–1918 (Berkeley/Los Angeles/Lo ●●
  22. 1560 Cremona (1560) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story written about 1460), Cremona (1560) f. 20c. 38 Eleazar’s 3:22" 125m (published under the wrong title ●●
  23. 1564 ; see also Coptic Church; Ethiopia; Monophysite Controversy; Syriac Orthodox Church Michelangelo rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ; see also Coptic Church; Ethiopia; Monophysite Controversy; Syriac Orthodox Church Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) Middle East Map 5 (177), see also Arabia; Holy Land; Iraq; Israel; Judaea; Lebanon; Mesopotamia; Palestine; Parthian Empire; Persi ●●
  24. 1566 This left for consideration the Habsburg possessions in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The war in the Netherlands,” observed one Spanish councillor, “has been the total ruin of this monarchy.” In fact, between 1566 and 1654 Spain sent at least 218 million ducats to the Military Treasur ●●
  25. 1567 War (1567) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story . Hale, “Armies, Navies, and the Art of War,” in NCMH, vol. 2, pp. 481–509, and vol. 3, pp. 171–208; McNeill, Pursuit of Power, ch. 4; R. Bean, “War and the Birth of the Nation Sta ●●
  26. 1569 In the seven teenth century, Muscovy fought with rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the seven teenth century, Muscovy fought with and outmaneuvered a rival empire- Empires across Continents 273 the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (... ●●
  27. 1570 Duffy, Marking the Hours: English People and Their Prayers, 1240-1570 (New Haven rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Duffy, Marking the Hours: English People and Their Prayers, 1240-1570 (New Haven and London, 2006); on printed primers, see ibid ●●
  28. 1571 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The state exempted Indians from the Inquisition after 1571 but encouraged other institutions aimed at enforcing as well as propagating the faith among indigenous peoples: the Provi... ●●
  29. 1572 War, Money, and the Nation-State Let us now rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Army of Flanders mutinied no less than forty-six times between 1572 and 1607; but so also, if less frequently, did equally formidable forces, like the Swedes in Germany or Cromwell’s New Model Arm ●●
  30. 1572 War (1572) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story udel, Mediterranean World, vol. 2, p. 841; and, for a full breakdown, Parker, “Lepanto (1571): the Costs of Victory,” in Spain and the Netherlands, pp. 122–34. 27. NCMH, vol. 3, p ●●
  31. 1573 emperor Wanli took the mystique of imperial aloof rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The emperor Wanli ( 1573-1620) took the mystique of imperial aloof ness to an extreme by isolating himself inside the Forbidden City. ●●
  32. 1575 w now ty (1575) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story au 1699) f. 58a: yp’w now ty (1575) n”’Sw now wnat yppo 19m O91 9KNM 1T7D9n. (1630). 127 Most of the ●●
  33. 1579 By the 1590s, then, the United Provinces had rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Even the prosperous province of Holland found the tax burdens enormous; in 1579 it had to provide 960,000 florins for the war, in 1599 almost 5.5 million florins. By the early seventeenth century, wit ●●
  34. 1580 War (1580) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story rlier wars, see idem, A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages, 2 vols. (London, 1924). 2. See the warning about this in G. R. Elton, Reformation Europe 1517–1559 (London, 1 ●●
  35. 1580 1580 (New Haven and London, 1992), 524-63; see also essays in E rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1580 (New Haven and London, 1992), 524-63; see also essays in E ●●
  36. 1587 The Muslim World Even the first of the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Not only were the Ottoman Turks pushing westward, but the Safavid dynasty in Persia was also enjoying a resurgence of power, prosperity, and high culture, especially in the reigns of Ismail I (1500–15 ●●
  37. 1587 Information history in 1587 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story e numbers. Meaning comes into the dictionary in its definitions, of course. ●●
  38. 1590 Event of 1590 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story mbition that its neighbors at first dismissed as implausible. The result was one of Asia’s major military conflicts—whose regional legacies remain the subject of vivid remembrance and dispute and whose lessons, if heeded, might have changed America’s ●●
  39. 1591 Information history in 1591 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ar predetermined form of letters. The word cony (rabbit) appeared variously as conny, conye, conie, connie, coni, cuny, cunny, and cunnie in a single 1591 pamphlet. ●●
  40. 1595 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Beginning in 1595 the Spanish government gave Portuguese merchants the asiento, the contract to supply its New World colonies with slaves. With the growth of slave trading from the... ●●
  41. 1596 1596, while still an archduke, Ferdinand declared,... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1596, while still an archduke, Ferdinand declared, “I would rather die than grant any concessions to the ●●
  42. 1598 Death rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1598 Philip II died, leaving in place a vast transoceanic empire. More than the trading, enclave empires of Portugal and later the Netherlands (chapter 6) , it integrated extra-... ●●
  43. 1599 By the 1590s, then, the United Provinces had rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Even the prosperous province of Holland found the tax burdens enormous; in 1579 it had to provide 960,000 florins for the war, in 1599 almost 5.5 million florins. By the early seventeenth century, wit ●●
  44. 1600 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1600 the EIC was granted a charter by Queen Elizabeth I, giving it a monopoly on English trade east of the Cape of Good Hope. Its initial 125 shareholders set out to compete wit... ●●
  45. 1600 The “European Miracle”15 Why was it among the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was, as noted above, in this broad period from 1450 to 1600 that “gunpowder empires” were established elsewhere. Muscovy, Tokugawa Japan, and Mogul India provide excellent examples of how great sta ●●
  46. 1600 By the 1590s, then, the United Provinces had rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To call it a Dutch army would be a misnomer: in 1600 it consisted of forty-three English, thirty-two French, twenty Scots, eleven Walloon, and nine German companies, and only seventeen Dutch companies ●●
  47. 1600 War (1600) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1971), espec. ch. 4. 12. C. V. Wedgewood, The Thirty Years War (London, 1964 edn.), chs. 3–6. 13. Parker, Europe in Crisis, p. 252; J. H. Elliott, The Count-Duke of Olivares (New ●●
  48. 1600 Information history in 1600 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story book, making no pretense to completeness, contained a vocabulary of only 2,500. We possess now a more complete dictionary of English as it was circa 1600: the subset of the OED comprising words then c ●●
  49. 1600 The council, along with the Casa de Contratación overseeing economic matters, wrote laws and issued rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The council, along with the Casa de Contratación overseeing economic matters, wrote laws and issued autocratic decrees—some four hundred thousand by the year 1600. ●●
  50. 1600 Morris, The Sepulchre of Christ and the Medieval West: From the Beginning rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Morris, The Sepulchre of Christ and the Medieval West: From the Beginning to 1600 (Oxford, 2005) ●●
  51. 1600 1600 (Cambridge, 2007) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1600 (Cambridge, 2007) ●●
  52. 1602 nwys Basle (1602) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Yiddish; c) the 7:2 nwys Basle (1602) no. 158—182, cf. Ma’aseh Book, translated by Moses Gaster (193 ●●
  53. 1603 War (1603) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story h Public Finance 1485–1641, vol. 2, 1558–1641, chs. 2–5; W. R. Scott, The Constitution and Finance of English, Scottish and Irish Joint Stock Companies to 1720, 3 vols. (Cambridge, ●●
  54. 1603 Reform (1603) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mass., 1965. Hildebrand, K., “Staatskunst oder Systemzwang? Die ‘Deutsche Frage’ als Problem der Weltpolitik,” Historische Zeitschrift 228 (1979). ______. The Third Reich. London ●●
  55. 1603 Event of 1603 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story First published in the United States of America by Penguin Press, a member of Penguin Group (USA) LLC 2014 First published in Great Britain by Allen Lane 2014 Copyright © Henry A. Kissinger, 2014 All rights reserved Cover: World map from ‘Theatrum or ●●
  56. 1604 Information history in 1604 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story new thoughts of men, which must be signifi’d, and varied by new expressions. ●●
  57. 1604 Tomb of Christian Rosenkreutz Opened rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda claims that based on the 120-year inscription on the tomb of Christian Rosenkreutz, the tomb was opened in 1604. ●●
  58. 1606 War (1606) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story other accounts of the sixteenth-century phase of the “Eighty Years War.” For the later struggle, see the important article by J. I. Israel, “A Conflict of Empires: Spain and the Ne ●●
  59. 1606 New star observed by Kepler rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kepler believed a new star appeared in 1606, similarly formed from the ethereal substance that fills the universe, supporting the nebular hypothesis. ●●
  60. 1611 This crucial lesson in statecraft emerges the more rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hemmed in by Lübeck and (especially) by Denmark from free egress to western Europe, engaged in a succession of struggles on its eastern flank with Russia, and repeatedly distracted by its relationship ●●
  61. 1611 Information history in 1611 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story did. ♦ He was doctor of physic; he lived for some time in Chichester; his dates of birth and death are uncertain; he is said to have visited London in 1611 and there to have seen a dead crocodile; and ●●
  62. 1613 This crucial lesson in statecraft emerges the more rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Hemmed in by Lübeck and (especially) by Denmark from free egress to western Europe, engaged in a succession of struggles on its eastern flank with Russia, and repeatedly distracted by its relationship ●●
  63. 1613 Revolution (1613) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story sa: The Armed Forces of Imperial Austria 1740-1780. London, 1977. Duffy, M., ed. The Military Revolution and the State 1500-1800. Exeter, 1980. Dukes, P. The Emergence of the Sup ●●
  64. 1613 Economic (1613) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story k, 1962), pp. 13–18; R. M. Robertson, History of the American Economy (3rd edn., New York, 1973), p. 64. 33. NCMH, vol. 7, ch. 14, and vol. 8, ch. 11; Kochan and Abraham, Making o ●●
  65. 1613 Information history in 1613 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story on any one item in a list of a thousand or a million, unerringly, with perfect confidence. And without knowing anything about the meaning. ●●
  66. 1614 The best illustration of this relative French weakness rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was, after all, Calonne’s proposed tax reforms, leading to the Assembly of Notables, the moves against the parlements, the suspension of payments by the treasury, and then (for the first since 1614 ●●
  67. 1614 Information history in 1614 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story s and Divisions in Arithmetike are avoided, and performed onely by Addition in stead of Multiplication, and by Subtraction in stead of Division. ♦ In 1614 Briggs was a professor of geometry—the first ●●
  68. 1616 Information history in 1616 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story re uncertain; he is said to have visited London in 1611 and there to have seen a dead crocodile; and little else is known. His Expositour appeared in 1616 and went through several editions in the succ ●●
  69. 1618 War (1618) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story l Experience, pp. 132–37. 81. Ibid., p. 51. 82. G. Parker, The Dutch Revolt (London, 1977), supersedes all other accounts of the sixteenth-century phase of the “Eighty Years War. ●●
  70. 1618 Event of 1618 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ly four centuries ago, at a peace conference in the German region of Westphalia, conducted without the involvement or even the awareness of most other continents or civilizations. A century of sectarian conflict and political upheaval across Central ●●
  71. 1619 Ming woke up too late to Nurhaci's threat; rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Ming woke up too late to Nurhaci's threat; in 1619, he defeated a Ming army of over one hundred thousand and seized several Chinese border cities. ●●
  72. 1624 prince of the Church, Armand Jean du Plessis, Card... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story prince of the Church, Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal de Richelieu, First Minister of France from 1624 to 1642. ●●
  73. 1624 Out of the failure of these ambitions, a balance o... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Out of the failure of these ambitions, a balance of power emerged, first as a fact of life, then as a system for organizing international relations. R ●●
  74. 1624 Event of 1624 rejected legendary ai_extracted 1 cit. no story m of France began the process by giving itself a new governance. In feudal systems, authority was personal; governance reflected the ruler’s will but was also circumscribed by tradition, limiting the resources available for a country’s national or in ●●
  75. 1625 Woolrych, Britain in Revolution 1625- 1660 (Oxford, 2002) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Woolrych, Britain in Revolution 1625- 1660 (Oxford, 2002) ●●
  76. 1628 53. CUOH-JW, p. 1628 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 53. CUOH-JW, p. 1628. ●●
  77. 1629 would never have permitted himself to miss the opp... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story u would never have permitted himself to miss the opportunity which presented itself to Ferdinand in 1629, the eleventh year of the war. ●●
  78. 1630 It was these spiraling costs of war which rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The general inflation, which saw food prices rise fivefold and industrial prices threefold between 1500 and 1630, was a heavy enough blow to government finances; but this was compounded by the doublin ●●
  79. 1630 This crucial lesson in statecraft emerges the more rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Above all, however, the king’s fame rested upon his great military reforms: in developing the national standing army based upon a form of conscription, in training his troops in new battlefield tactic ●●
  80. 1630 War (1630) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1870-1940. London, 1975. Lowe, P. Britain in the Far East: A Survey from 1819 to the Present. London, 1981. Lubasz, H., ed. The Development of the Modern State. New York, 1964. ●●
  81. 1630 “We shall find that the God of Israel”: John Winthrop, “A Model of Christian Charity” (1630) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story r the early settlers: This was largely true for settlers from England and Northern Europe. Those from Spain largely saw it as a territory to be exploited and inhabited by natives to be converted to Christianity. “We shall find that the God of Israel” ●●
  82. 1637 1637: was instrumental in framing them in modern terms. In his 1637 Discours rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story was instrumental in framing them in modern terms. In his 1637 Discourse on the Method , which contains his famous assertion “I think, therefore I am,” ●●
  83. 1639 This left for consideration the Habsburg possessions in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The war in the Netherlands,” observed one Spanish councillor, “has been the total ruin of this monarchy.” In fact, between 1566 and 1654 Spain sent at least 218 million ducats to the Military Treasur ●●
  84. 1639 Naval (1639) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story reign Policy and the Modern World-System (Beverly Hills, Calif., 1983), pp. 89–124. 60. E. H. Jenkins, A History of the French Navy (London, 1973), ch. 4; Briggs, Early Modern Fra ●●
  85. 1639 War (1639) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story olding 1648-1688. London, 1969. ______. The Siege of Vienna. London, 1964. Strachan, H. European Armies and the Conduct of War. London, 1983. ______. Wellington’s legacy: The Re ●●
  86. 1640 What made this inadequacy absolutely certain was the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was dependent, too, upon the Dutch, even during hostilities; “by 1640 three-quarters of the goods in Spanish ports were delivered in Dutch ships,”50 to the profit of the nation’s greatest foes. Not ●●
  87. 1641 English Civil War escalation documented from December 1641 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Parliamentary records document the escalation toward and during the English Civil War, beginning with King Charles I's return from Scotland in December 1641. ●●
  88. 1641 Information history in 1641 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story w a Man may with the greatest Swiftness and Speed, discover his Intentions to one that is far distant from him. ”♦ By swiftness and speed he meant, in 1641, something philosophical; the birth of Isaac ●●
  89. 1641 Thornton, The Kingdom of Kongo: Civil War and Transition, 1641-1718 (Madison, 1983), rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Thornton, The Kingdom of Kongo: Civil War and Transition, 1641-1718 (Madison, 1983), esp ●●
  90. 1642 the Church, Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal de Ri... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story of the Church, Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal de Richelieu, First Minister of France from 1624 to 1642. ●●
  91. 1642 Marshall, Reformation England 1480- 1642 (London, 2003) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Marshall, Reformation England 1480- 1642 (London, 2003) ●●
  92. 1643 English Civil War documented through March 1643 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Parliamentary records of the English Civil War extend through March 21, 1643. ●●
  93. 1646 enrolled in the University of Leipzig as a law student at ag rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, born in Leipzig in 1646, enrolled in the University of Leipzig as a law student at age fifteen ●●
  94. 1648 variety of different and nonequivalent forms of state rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A variety of different and nonequivalent forms of state persisted long after 1648 : strong monarchies like those of France and Spain, a Dutch merchant... ●●
  95. 1648 Treaty ofWestphalia is often heralded as the beginning rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Treaty ofWestphalia (1648) is often heralded as the beginning of a new regime, signaling the acceptance by maj or European powers of the principle... ●●
  96. 1648 If the period 1648–1815 had seen the empire “rising” and “as rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story If the period 1648–1815 had seen the empire “rising” and “asserting itself,”40 that expansion had not eliminated the difficulties under which Vienna labored as it strove to carry out a Great Power rol ●●
  97. 1648 Economic (1648) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ing of Wars, 1660–1815 1. For basic political narratives of this period, see D. McKay and H. M. Scott, The Rise of the Great Powers 1648–1815 (London, 1983), an excellent survey; ●●
  98. 1648 Development (1648) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story uke of Olivares (New Haven, Conn., 1986), p. 495. 14. Parker, Spain and the Netherlands, pp. 54–77; C. R. Boxer, The Dutch Seaborne Empire 1600–1800 (London, 1972), pp. 25–26. 15 ●●
  99. 1648 THE MAPS French Expansion from 1648 to 1801 320 Ge... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story THE MAPS French Expansion from 1648 to 1801 320 German Expansion from 1919 to 1939 321 William Ill’s Grand Alliance from 1701 to 1713 ●●
  100. 1648 POWER VACUUMS Both the Peace of Westphalia (1648) ... rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story POWER VACUUMS Both the Peace of Westphalia (1648) and the Treaty of Versailles (1919) created power vacuums on the borders of military heavyweights. ●●