Events, Verisoph

c. 1925 The squatter and contract-labour systems bind workers to settler farms 0 cit. Resident labour ordinances let settlers keep African families as squatters, working the farm in return for the right to live and graze on a corner of it. Others came on fixed contracts arranged by recruiters. Both systems supplied cheap, tied labour and drew heavily on the western reserves. economy / society ●●●

c. 1925 Settlers push the Sabaot off the Trans-Nzoia plains 2 cit. In the 1920s and 1930s the colonial government took much of the arable lowland around Trans-Nzoia for white settler farms. Many Sabaot were pushed off the plains and confined to the higher, more crowded slopes of Mount Elgon. This loss of good farmland is the root of land grievances that shaped the community's politics for the rest of the century. economy / politics ●●

28 May 1926 28 May 1926 coup d'état wikidata 0 cit. no story coup d'état in Portugal ●●●

8 January 1926 Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd Proclaimed 0 cit. Ibn Saud was proclaimed King of the Hejaz, uniting it with his rule over Najd. The dual kingdom was the immediate forerunner of Saudi Arabia. politics ●●●

1926 Northern Expedition 0 cit. The Nationalist army launched the Northern Expedition in 1926 to defeat the warlords and unify China. It brought much of the country under a Nationalist government based in Nanjing. politics / war ●●●

1926 American Eugenics Society is founded 0 cit. The society promoted eugenics through public campaigns, including "Fitter Families" contests that ranked people like livestock. Its work lent respectability to sterilization laws and prejudice against immigrants and the poor. science / society ●●

25 September 1926 The League of Nations Slavery Convention 0 cit. The Slavery Convention bound signatory states to suppress slavery and the slave trade in all their forms. It was the first international treaty to define and outlaw slavery worldwide. politics / society ●●●

June 1926 Emile Moreau becomes Governor of the Banque de France 0 cit. Emile Moreau took over the Banque de France during the franc crisis and oversaw its stabilization. Suspicious of British and American influence, he pushed France to convert its sterling holdings into gold, straining relations with London. economy / politics ●●●

c. December 1926 France stabilizes the franc 0 cit. Prime Minister Raymond Poincare and the Banque de France halted the fall of the franc and pegged it at a low, competitive rate. The cheap franc drew gold into France and shifted monetary strength toward Paris. economy / politics ●●●

1926 Ernest Holmes and Religious Science 0 cit. Ernest Holmes published The Science of Mind and founded what became Religious Science, a New Thought body teaching that thought shapes reality and that God is an impersonal creative intelligence available to all. His system directly influenced later self-help and prosperity teaching. culture / religion ●●●

16 March 1926 Goddard launches the first liquid-fuel rocket 0 cit. Robert Goddard flew the world's first liquid-propellant rocket, which rose about 12 meters in a short flight. The design principle became the basis of modern rocketry. science / technology ●●●●●

1926 American Eugenics Society founded 0 cit. The American Eugenics Society was founded in 1926 to popularize eugenic ideas through exhibits, contests, and lobbying. It reflected a broad elite consensus in the era that reproduction of the unfit should be discouraged. science / society ●●●

1926 Soviet forced industrialization, 1926-1940 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley argues that the Soviet Union's rapid industrialization from 1926 to 1940 was achieved by ruthless oppression of the peasantry, costing millions of lives. ●●

1926 British General Strike of 1926 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The clash over the deflationary policy came to a head in the General Strike. The unions lost, but they prevented the government from cutting costs far enough to restore business profits and the export trade. ●●

1926 France stabilizes the franc rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. France stabilized the franc at 124.21 to the pound at the end of 1926, though the move was made de jure only in June 1928. This was one of several devaluation-based stabilizations that proved more prosperous than Britain's deflation. ●●

1926 Imperial Conference of 1926 and the Balfour Declaration ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley calls the 1926 Imperial Conference one of the most important of the postwar period; it produced the Balfour Declaration on Dominion status. The Milner Group again supplied three of five UK delegates. ●●

1926 Jan Christian Smuts writes Holism and Evolution ai_extracted 1 cit. no story South African statesman Jan Christian Smuts wrote the treatise Holism and Evolution in 1926. Wood ties its 'theory of the whole' to later regionalism and technocratic thinking. ●●

1926 France settles its war debts at 40 cents on the dollar ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After watching Britain strike a poor bargain, France waited and eventually settled its war debts in 1926 at 40 cents on the dollar. The arrangement was not ratified by the National Assembly until 1929. ●●

1926 British general strike of 1926 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The overvalued pound hammered coal and other export industries. In 1926 attempts to cut costs led to a long, bitter coal strike that boiled over in May 1926 into a countrywide ten-day general strike. ●●

1926 France and the United States settle war debts ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In April 1926 France and the United States finally reached a war-debt settlement at 40 cents on the dollar. The budget was balanced, yet the franc kept falling, reaching over 30 to the dollar by May. ●●

1926 Caillaux returns for a fifth term and installs Moreau ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 15, 1926, Joseph Caillaux returned as finance minister for the fifth time. He finally fired Governor Robineau and cleaned house at the Banque de France, inviting Émile Moreau to take over. ●●

1926 Émile Moreau becomes governor of the Banque de France ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On June 24, 1926, Émile Moreau assumed the governorship of the Banque de France with the franc at 35 to the dollar. He privately feared he might become the liquidator of a national bankruptcy. ●●

1926 French war-mutilated veterans protest American war debts ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 11, 1926, twenty thousand maimed French war veterans marched in silent protest up the Champs-Élysées to the square overlooking the U.S. embassy, laying a wreath at the statue of George Washington. ●●

1926 Poincaré forms a national unity government ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 21, 1926, Raymond Poincaré was asked to form a ministry and within two days announced a national unity government spanning the political spectrum. His prestige alone began to reassure investors. ●●

1926 Norman's first meeting with Moreau ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On July 29, 1926, Norman met the Banque de France's new leadership at Moreau's office. The encounter got off on the wrong foot, with Norman patronizing and insistent on speaking English, seeding lasting mutual distrust. ●●

1926 Banque de France begins pegging the franc ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On December 21, 1926, the Banque de France began buying foreign currency and selling francs to stop the franc rising above 25 to the dollar. With Poincaré's blessing, Moreau held this peg for two years. ●●

1926 The Florida real estate bubble bursts ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Florida land boom of the mid-1920s collapsed under its own weight in 1926, helped by a devastating hurricane. There was much local disruption but only minor impact on the national economy. ●●

1926 Central banks assemble a loan to stabilize the Polish zloty ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In late 1926 a consortium of central banks, including the Fed, Bank of England, Reichsbank, and now the Banque de France, arranged a package to stabilize the Polish zloty. France objected to Norman muscling into its Eastern European sphere. ●●

1926 Year 1926: Impressed with his loyalty and his firm hand, the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Impressed with his loyalty and his firm hand, the Shah made him governor of Khuzistan, the province where the Abadan refinery was located, in 1926; chief of the Tehran police in 19... ●●

1926 Year 1926: When the firm’s managing partner died in 1926, Fos rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When the firm’s managing partner died in 1926, Foster was given the job. One of his first decisions was to recruit his brother. ●●

1926 The US economy stood on the precipice of a six-year run of stock market gro... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The US economy stood on the precipice of a six-year run of stock market growth and record high Wall Street profits, which masked underlying problems: home prices had softened in... ●●

1926 Reza Shah founds the Pahlavi dynasty ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Reza Khan formally assumes the throne as Reza Shah and establishes the Pahlavi dynasty to replace the declining Qajar line. ●●

1926 Max donated a former bank elevator and brother rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Max donated a former bank elevator and brother Fritz a candelabra from the stairway. At the May 1926 dedication, visitors passed beneath the word Mnemosyne—the Greek goddess of memory—which was emblaz... ●●

1926 In 1926, he married the first of three wives: Jean... (1926) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1926, he married the first of three wives: Jean Stettheimer, a very pretty, sociable Jewish woman from San Mateo, California, who loved horses and the outdoors and whose father owned a textile company. ●●

1926 ——The magnificent Stockholm wedding of Siegmund and Eva... (1926) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ——The magnificent Stockholm wedding of Siegmund and Eva Warburg, November 18, 1926, with two bridesmaids from Eva’s family. ●●

1926 On November 8, 1926, Eva and Siegmund were married in the... (1926) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On November 8, 1926, Eva and Siegmund were married in the Golden Hall of the Grand Hotel in Stockholm in a huge society affair attended by the Wallenbergs, the Fränkels, and the Swedish banking elite. ●●

1926 5. BW. Letter from Paul Warburg, November 21 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 5. BW. Letter from Paul Warburg, November 21, 1926. ●●

1926 6. BW. Letter from Paul Warburg, August 27 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 6. BW. Letter from Paul Warburg, August 27, 1926. ●●

1926 26. Schwartz, Gershwin, p. 188. (Edward Jablonski dates rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 26. Schwartz, Gershwin, p. 188. (Edward Jablonski dates this from the March 1926 party.) ●●

1926 The Commission was disbanded in 1926, leaving the ... candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Commission was disbanded in 1926, leaving the verification of German compliance to Allied intelligence services. ●●

1926 Attending army maneuvers in 1926, shortly after Lo... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Attending army maneuvers in 1926, shortly after Locarno was ratified and at the moment that Briand and Stresemann were meeting at Th ●●

1926 when he was twenty-five years old, Fermi was chosen under the Italian system of concorsos, national rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story when he was twenty-five years old, Fermi was chosen under the Italian system of concorsos, national competitions, to become professor of theoretical physics at the University of Rome. ●●

1926 Schrodinger publishes wave theory of matter ai_extracted 1 cit. no story an articulate, cultured Viennese theoretical physicist named Erwin Schrödinger published a wave theory of matter demonstrating that matter at the atomic level behaves as if it consists of waves. ●●

1926 1926: Donald Davies (1924–2000). Paul Baran (1926–2011). Leonard Kleinrock ( rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Donald Davies (1924–2000). Paul Baran (1926–2011). Leonard Kleinrock (1934– ). Vint Cerf (1943– ) ●●

1926 Information history in 1926 rejected ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Krutch, Joseph Wood. Edgar Allan Poe: A Study in Genius. ●●

1926 Von Neumann found himself at the center of a thriving mathem rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Von Neumann found himself at the center of a thriving mathematical community, assuming the role that Hilbert had played in the Göttingen of 1926 ●●

1926 German military adopts the Enigma machine ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The German navy changed its mind and adopted a modified version of the Enigma machine in 1926, followed by the German army in 1928, and the German air ●●

1926 Event of 1926 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ” Reacting to an influx of immigrants, in 1926 high officials in the Interior Ministry warned that “the first waves of Orientals and Slavs that are br ●●

1926 would cover all Africans, Europeans, Asians, Mexicans, indigenous rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story would cover all Africans, Europeans, Asians, Mexicans, indigenous peoples and others who had mixed during centuries of modern civilization. The global search for hybrids originated around February of 1926. Davenport had made the acquaintance of wealthy raceologist Wickliffe Draper, who shared Davenp ●●

1926 ulse was to survey New York City, but rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ulse was to survey New York City, but he thought mixed-race individuals would be easier to identify in foreign countries or colonies. “I am suggesting Jamaica,” Davenport wrote Draper on February 23, 1926, “…because I take it that there is a larger proportion of mulattoes.” Within three weeks, Drape ●●

1926 bruary 1980. 13. The Lynchburg Story. 14. The rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story bruary 1980. 13. The Lynchburg Story. 14. The Lynchburg Story. 15. The Lynchburg Story. 16. The Lynchburg Story. 17. See Lothrop Stoddard, The Rising Tide of Color (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1926) p . xxix-xxxi, p. 306-308. 18. “Delegates Urge Wider Practice of Sterilization,” Richmond Time ●●

1926 28. Bobbitt, p. 388. Madison Grant, The Passing rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 28. Bobbitt, p. 388. Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1936), p. 167. 29. Lothrop Stoddard, The Rising Tide of Color (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1926), p. 165. Grant, p. 65. 30. Stoddard, pp. 165-166, 167. 31. Grant, pp. 19-20, 188-212. 32. Gran ●●

1926 : CSH. 20. Laughlin, Eugenical Sterilization in the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story : CSH. 20. Laughlin, Eugenical Sterilization in the United States, pp. 6,8. Laughlin, Bulletin 10A, fold-out on “Analysis of Existing Sterilization Laws, 1913.” 21. Laughlin, Eugenical Sterilization: 1926, p. 10. Laughlin, Bulletin 10A, fold-out on “Analysis of Existing Sterilization Laws, 1913.” 22 ●●

1926 Memorandum, 28 August 1934: RF 1.1 717 13 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Memorandum, 28 August 1934: RF 1.1 717 13 123. Weindling, “From Philanthropy to International Science Policy,” p. 133. 110. “Archiv Fuer Rassen- Und Gesellschatfs-Biologie,” Eugenical News, Vol. XXI (1926), p. 184. Kristie Macrakis, Surviving the Swastika, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), ●●

1926 ner and Ware, p. 11. 13. Proctor, p. rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ner and Ware, p. 11. 13. Proctor, p. 259. Müller-Hill, “The Blood from Auschwitz,” pp. 333,334. 14. “Notes and News,” p. 24. “Archiv Fuer Rassen- Und Gesellschafts- Biologie,” Eugenical News Vol. XI (1926), p. 9. “Archiv f. Rassen- U. Gesellschafts-Biologie,” Eugenical News Vol. XII (1927), p. 180. ●●

1926 1926 - China - August rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1926 - China - August and September: The Nationalist attack on Hankow necessitated the landing of American naval forces to protect American citizens ●●

November 1926 Balfour Declaration defines dominions as equal under the Crown 0 cit. The Imperial Conference of 1926 issued the Balfour Declaration, describing Britain and its self-governing dominions as autonomous communities within the British Empire, equal in status and united by common allegiance to the Crown. This reframed the empire as a partnership of nations sharing one monarch rather than a hierarchy ruled from London. It laid the groundwork for the later Commonwealth. diplomacy / politics ●●

1926 Firestone loan brings Liberia under US financial control ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A new loan negotiated with the Firestone Corporation of America let Liberia finally pay off the principal and interest on its old 1912 loan, replacing British with American financial control. ●●

1926 Imperial Chemical Industries formed by merger ai_extracted 1 cit. no story British Dyestuffs Corporation and other chemical firms were knit together to form Imperial Chemical Industries, a company whose issued capital Nkrumah notes later exceeded the budgets of most African states. ●●

c. 1926 Formation of the Criminal Investigation Department 0 cit. The police set up a Criminal Investigation Department in the 1920s to handle detective work, fingerprints, and records. Within it grew the capacity for political intelligence that would develop into Special Branch. From early on the colonial CID watched not only crime but dissent. politics ●

1926 Alliance High School opens as the flagship mission school 0 cit. The Protestant missions opened Alliance High School at Kikuyu in 1926 as the first secondary school for Africans in Kenya, run jointly through the missionary alliance. It educated much of the country's future African leadership, producing teachers, civil servants, and politicians. The school embodied both the promise and the limits of mission education under colonial rule. religion / society ●●

1926 The Closed Northern Frontier District 0 cit. The vast arid north, home to Somali, Borana, Rendille, Turkana, and other peoples, was sealed off as the Northern Frontier District, entered only with a special permit under the Closed Districts Ordinance of 1926. The government ruled it as a buffer to be policed rather than a region to be developed, spending almost nothing on schools, roads, or clinics. This deliberate isolation began the marginalisation of the north that outlasted colonial rule. politics / society ●●

c. 1926 Native reserves fix peoples to ethnic land 0 cit. The colonial state set aside native reserves and gazetted their boundaries, assigning each African people a defined territory while settlers held the White Highlands. The Native Lands Trust Ordinance of 1930 hardened this map further. Tying a named tribe to a fixed block of land turned fluid, overlapping identities into bounded administrative units with borders on a map. The reserves and ordinances are documented policy; the reading that they helped invent rigid tribes is the argument of historians like Berman and Mahmood Mamdani. economy / politics / society ●●●

c. 1926 Brooke Bond and James Finlay plant the great Kericho tea estates 5 cit. On the alienated highlands, companies such as Brooke Bond and James Finlay laid out large tea plantations from the mid 1920s onward. Brooke Bond later passed to Unilever, and the estates grew into one of the biggest tea complexes in Africa. They were worked by resident labourers and by migrants drawn from the surrounding districts. economy ●●●

1926 The Kitale railway branch opens the settler granary 4 cit. The Kitale branch of the Kenya-Uganda railway connected the Trans-Nzoia farms to the wider transport network. In 1925 Hansard listed the Kitale (Trans-Nzoia) branch as 43.7 miles with an estimated cost of GBP 143,067. The line made bulk grain farming more viable and helped turn Kitale into the railhead and market town of the North Rift. economy / technology ●●●●

1927 Japanese banking crisis of 1927 ai_extracted 1 cit. Japan suffered a banking crisis in 1927, partly triggered by the aftereffects of the 1923 Great Kanto earthquake. ●●●

1 August 1927 to 7 December 1949 Chinese Civil War 0 cit. no story Nationalists and Communists fight an on-and-off civil war spanning two decades, interrupted by the Japanese invasion. Communist victory in 1949 founds the People's Republic of China and drives the Nationalists to Taiwan. politics / war ●●●●●

14 March 1927 Founding of Pan American Airways 0 cit. Pan American Airways is founded, flying its first mail route from Key West to Havana. Under Juan Trippe it pioneers transoceanic flying boats and the jet age, becoming the unofficial U.S. flag carrier. economy / exploration / technology ●●●

1927 Television 0 cit. Philo Farnsworth demonstrated a fully electronic television system that transmitted a moving image. Television became the dominant mass medium of the twentieth century. technology ●●●●

6 October 1927 The Jazz Singer ushers in sound film 0 cit. The Jazz Singer, released in October 1927, was the first feature to include synchronized spoken dialogue and helped end the silent era. Sound transformed movies into an even more immersive mass medium. culture / technology ●●●

23 February 1927 Radio Act creates federal broadcast regulation 0 cit. The Radio Act of 1927 created the Federal Radio Commission to license broadcasters and manage the airwaves as a public resource. It established government oversight of who could speak over the mass medium of radio. politics / technology ●●●

6 October 1927 The Jazz Singer brings sound to film 0 cit. The Jazz Singer was the first feature to sync spoken dialogue and singing with the picture. It ended the silent era and forced the whole industry to adopt sound. culture / technology ●●●●●

23 February 1927 Radio Act of 1927 creates the Federal Radio Commission 0 cit. The Radio Act set up the Federal Radio Commission to license broadcasters and manage the airwaves as a public resource. It established federal control over the new medium of radio. politics / technology ●●●

20 May 1927 Treaty of Jeddah 0 cit. Britain recognized the full independence of Ibn Saud's kingdom under the Treaty of Jeddah. The treaty ended the protectorate relationship established at Darin. politics ●●●

c. 1927 Stalin Consolidates Power 0 cit. By the late 1920s Joseph Stalin had outmaneuvered his rivals, including Leon Trotsky, to become the dominant figure in the party and state. He then pushed the country toward rapid industrialization and forced collectivization. politics ●●●●

1927 Start of the Chinese Civil War 0 cit. In 1927 the Nationalists violently purged their Communist allies, opening a long civil war. The two sides fought, paused, and fought again over the next two decades. politics / war ●●●●

2 May 1927 Buck v. Bell upholds forced sterilization 2 cit. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled 8 to 1 that states could forcibly sterilize people deemed unfit, with Justice Holmes writing "three generations of imbeciles are enough." The decision led to tens of thousands of sterilizations and was cited by Nazi defendants at Nuremberg. politics / science ●●●

c. 1927 The doctrine of odious debt 0 cit. The odious debt doctrine holds that debts run up by a dictator for personal gain, and not for the public, should not bind a successor government. Campaigners invoked it to argue that people should not repay loans that enriched corrupt rulers. economy / politics ●●●

July 1927 Central bankers meet secretly on Long Island 0 cit. Norman, Strong, Schacht, and Charles Rist of France met privately at an estate on Long Island to coordinate policy. Strong agreed to ease US credit to help Britain hold gold, a decision critics later blamed for fueling the Wall Street boom. economy / politics ●●●●

August 1927 Benjamin Strong's easy-money rate cut 0 cit. Following the Long Island meeting, the Federal Reserve cut its discount rate to support the pound and the European gold standard. The move, sometimes called a coup de whisky to the stock market, is often cited as feeding speculation into 1929. economy / politics ●●●

c. 1927 to c. 1928 Gold drains toward Paris and strains London 0 cit. The Banque de France built up large sterling balances and pressed the Bank of England by threatening to convert them into gold. The tug of war over gold reserves exposed how the gold standard set the central banks against one another. economy / politics ●●●

5 July 1927 Founding of the German rocket society 0 cit. Amateur enthusiasts formed the Verein fuer Raumschiffahrt, or Society for Space Travel, to build and test rockets. Its members included a young Wernher von Braun before the group was absorbed into military work. science / society / technology ●●●

2 May 1927 Buck v. Bell upholds compulsory sterilization 0 cit. The US Supreme Court ruled 8 to 1 in Buck v. Bell that states could forcibly sterilize people deemed unfit, with Justice Holmes writing that three generations of imbeciles are enough. The decision gave legal cover to tens of thousands of coerced sterilizations and has never been formally overturned. politics / science ●●●●●

1927 Soviet policy shifts to 'Communism in a single country' (1927) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1927 Soviet policy shifted from world revolution to 'Communism in a single country' and growing support for collective security, a change reaching its peak in the Popular Front of 1935-1937. ●●

1927 Central bankers divert gold purchases to New York ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Because London's gold reserves were inadequate, a meeting of central bankers in New York decided in July 1927 that French and German gold purchases should be diverted from London to New York. ●●

1927 Russia turns toward Stalinism after 1927 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley marks the new direction Russia took after 1927, which he calls Stalinism, as a product of Stalin's ambitions, a return to older Russian despotic traditions, and the theory of Socialism in a single country. ●●

1927 Osthilfe subsidy scheme organized ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On December 21, 1927, a joint session of the Reich and Prussian governments under Hindenburg organized the Osthilfe (Eastern Help) program. It became a sink of corruption subsidizing bankrupt Junker estates. ●●

1927 Japanese financial panic of 1927 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1927 the efforts of Mitsui and Mitsubishi to smash a smaller competitor, the Suzuki Company of Kobe, precipitated a financial panic that closed most of the banks in Japan. ●●

1927 Houtermans proposes solar hydrogen fusion ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1927 the Austrian physicist Fritz Houtermans suggested that the sun's energy came from the fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium, an early idea behind the hydrogen bomb. ●●

1927 RIIA journal opens to public subscription (Jan 1927) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Institute's journal was restricted to members until January 1927, when it opened to public subscription and later took the name International Affairs. Quigley notes its first issue was anonymous like The Round Table. ●●

1927 Irwin's memorandum lecturing the Indian Princes (14 June 1927) ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley says Irwin's memorandum to the Indian Princes, dated 14 June 1927, could have been written by the Kindergarten, preaching the reign of law, devolution and the duty of princes to win them over to federation. ●●

1927 Buck v. Bell upholds forced sterilization rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. Gatto cites the 1927 Supreme Court case Buck v. Bell, which upheld an Indiana-model sterilization law, allowing Carrie Buck to be sterilized against her will. ●●

1927 Arthur Gates publishes The Improvement of Reading ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto states that in 1927 Columbia Teachers College professor Arthur Gates wrote The Improvement of Reading, marshaling studies he says wrongly claimed sight reading was superior to phonics. ●●

1927 Churchill concludes the return to gold was a misjudgment ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By 1927 Churchill had realized that returning to gold at the old prewar rate had been a mistake, later calling it the biggest blunder of his life. He blamed the bad advice of Norman and the Treasury experts. ●●

1927 Moreau prevails and rebuilds French reserves ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By mid-1927 Moreau had won the internal battle against the diehard regents. French capital that had fled abroad washed back home, letting the Banque accumulate a foreign exchange war chest of $500 million, mostly in pounds. ●●

1927 General Motors overtakes U.S. Steel ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Between 1925 and 1927 General Motors' profits rose almost two and a half times. Earning nearly $250 million a year, it overtook U.S. Steel to become the most profitable company in America. ●●

1927 Nazi storm troopers rampage in Berlin ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On March 21, 1927, six hundred Nazi SA storm troopers beat up Communists in eastern Berlin and marched into the city center attacking anyone who looked Jewish. City authorities banned Nazi activity in Berlin for a year. ●●

1927 Schacht triggers Germany's 'Black Friday' ai_extracted 1 cit. no story On May 12, 1927, Schacht's Reichsbank ordered every German bank to cut stock-trading loans by 25 percent. The next day, dubbed Black Friday, share prices fell over 10 percent, damaging business confidence without curbing foreign borrowing. ●●

1927 France orders its sterling balances converted to gold ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In June 1927, without consulting the British, the Banque de France ordered $100 million of its sterling balances converted into gold. Combined with repaying a 1916 loan, this threatened to drain nearly $200 million of gold from the Bank of England. ●●

1927 Strong invites the central bankers to America ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the summer of 1927, weak from illness, Strong invited Norman, Schacht, and Moreau to the United States rather than travel to Europe. It was to be the first meeting of all four major central banks. ●●