Events, Verisoph

1526 Revolution (1526) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story mhaber, Merchants Make History (London, 1963), ch. 8; and see the broad recent survey by G. Parker, “The Emergence of Modern Finance in Europe 1500–1730,” in Cipolla (ed.), Fontana ●●

1526 War (1526) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story of Germany (Hamden, Conn., 1975), passim; Dupuy, Genius for War, chs. 4–6; NCMH, vol. 10, The Zenith of European Power 1830–70, chs. 12 and 19; L. H. Addington, The Patterns of Wa ●●

1526 Event of 1526 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story of privilege by a magnanimous Sultan. When the Ottomans had reached the limits of their military capabilities, both sides occasionally found themselves drawn into alignments with each other for tactical advantage. Strategic and commercial interests o ●●

1526 Engel, The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Engel, The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526 (London and New York, 2001), 101-3 ●●

1529 Given the imbalance in forces between France and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Much the most formidable of these were the Turks, who not only had expanded across the Hungarian plain in the 1520s (and were besieging Vienna in 1529), but also posed a naval threat against Italy and ●●

1529 Strengths and Weaknesses of the Habsburg Bloc Why rejected unproven ai_extracted 1 cit. no story As its historian notes, “there is no evidence that any one state fielded more than 30,000 effectives” in the Franco-Spanish struggle for Italy before 1529; but: In 1536–7 the Emperor Charles V mobiliz ●●

1529 War (1529) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ec. chs. 2 and 7. 70. R. Ashton, The English Civil War: Conservatism and Revolution 1603–1649 (London, 1979); C. Hill, The Century of Revolution 1603–1714 (Edinburgh, 1961), pt. 1 ●●

1530 Pizarro's third expedition departs Panama ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After obtaining royal approval, Pizarro sailed from Panama with a small force of ships, horses and men equipped with European weaponry. ●●

1530 Moses Cordovero's Leadership in Safed candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Moses Cordovero becomes leading Kabbalist in Safed, systematizing Kabbalah into coherent mystical philosophy ●●

November 1532 to 1572 Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire 1 cit. Francisco Pizarro captures the Inca emperor Atahualpa and Spain gradually subdues the Andes over four decades. The conquest, aided by civil war and disease, brings South America's greatest empire under Spanish rule. exploration / war ●●●●

1532 Event of 1532 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story he history of diplomacy. Aldous Huxley, Grey Eminence: A Study in Religion and Politics (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1941). Machiavelli’s treatises on statesmanship: See, for example, Niccolò Machiavelli, The Art of War (1521), Discourses on the F ●●

1536 Manco Capac revolts against Spanish rule ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Despite being installed as a puppet Inca, Manco Capac led a major revolt against Spanish control, though Spanish rule remained unshaken. ●●

1536 Erasmus dies in Basel ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Humanist scholar Erasmus dies on visit to Basel, seeing his pan-European humanist project overshadowed by Luther's rebellion. ●●

1540 o nsx (1540) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 9 maw oowNM Ty 33P }o nsx (1540) eaaysoo w’m mown. min wos poynnd mains Miwamotw ...b?3Hup} 0°59T73 ●●

1541 Assassination of Francisco Pizarro in Lima ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pizarro was stabbed to death in Lima after a quarrel with a fellow conquistador, ending the life of the conqueror of the Inca Empire. ●●

1542 Britain's first bankruptcy law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Britain passed its first bankruptcy law in 1542. ●●

1542 New Laws attempt to reform the encomienda ai_extracted 1 cit. Royal attempts in 1542 to make the encomienda non-hereditary could not be turned into reality. By granting a combination of rights and duties to Spanish settlers in Mexico and othe... ●●

1542 Given the imbalance in forces between France and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Much the most formidable of these were the Turks, who not only had expanded across the Hungarian plain in the 1520s (and were besieging Vienna in 1529), but also posed a naval threat against Italy and ●●

1543 The horse reaches the Plains Indians, 1543 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes that in 1543 the horse began spreading north from the Spanish in Mexico, transforming the Plains Indians' way of life within a century. ●●

1543 What made this inadequacy absolutely certain was the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Even by the later stages of Charles V’s reign, therefore, government revenues had been mortgaged for years in advance; in 1543, 65 percent of ordinary revenue had to be spent paying interest on the ju ●●

1545 Silver discovered at Cerro Rico ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Diego Gualpa discovered five great seams of silver in the mountain of Cerro Rico, fundamentally changing the economic history of the world. ●●

1546 17: A House Divided (1517-1660) 1 Scholarly argument (and, for what it rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 17: A House Divided (1517-1660) 1 Scholarly argument (and, for what it is worth, my own opinion) sways on the fascinating but ultimately trivial question of whether the theses were actually nailed up on the door; Philipp Melanchthon asserted in 1546 ●●

1547 khans' overlord ship, so critical to Moscow's ascent, rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The khans' overlord ship, so critical to Moscow's ascent, was turned into the "Tatar yoke." you, Orthodox princes and boyars, strive to show beneficen... ●●

1547 Ferdinand cedes his Hungary claim to Suleiman ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Charles and his brother Ferdinand, the Habsburg king ofAustria, and Sulei man fought bitterly over Hungary, and in 1547 Ferdinand had to give up his claim to become king of Hungary... ●●

1547 Given the imbalance in forces between France and rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When he did so, he was at first quite successful, especially by defeating the armies of the leading Protestant princes at the battle of Mühlberg (1547). But any enhancement of Habsburg and imperial au ●●

1547 Revolution (1547) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ness, P. Revolution and Chinese Foreign Policy. Berkeley, Calif., 1971. Varg, P.A. Missionaries, Chinese, and Diplomats … 1890-1952. Princeton, N.J., 1952. Vatter, H.G. The Drive ●●

1548 Giordano Bruno born in Nola ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Giordano Bruno was born in Nola, a small town on the slopes of Mount Vesuvius. ●●

1550 Ivan IV convenes Council of the Land, issues law code ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Earlier, in 1550, after convening a kuriltai-like " Council of the Land," the tsar issued a new law code setting forth the right of every subj ect to... ●●

1550 War (1550) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story rial Revolution, ch. 6; P. S. Crowson, Tudor Foreign Policy (London, 1973), ch. 25. 66. K. R. Andrews, Elizabethan Privateering (Cambridge, 1964); indem, Trade, Plunder and Settle ●●

1550 How was one to conceive of the inhabitants of regions no one had known existed rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story lementation determined. A revolution of thinking about the nature of the political universe followed. How was one to conceive of the inhabitants of regions no one had known existed? How did they fit into the medieval cosmology of empire and papacy? A ●●

1550 Isaac Luria develops Lurianic Kabbalah ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Isaac Luria develops revolutionary system with doctrines of Tsimtsum, Shevirah, and Tikkun reshaping Jewish mysticism ●●

c. 1550 River-Lake Nilotic Luo migrate into the lake region 5 cit. The Luo, a River-Lake Nilotic people, moved south from the Nile valley in stages and settled the country around the eastern shore of Lake Victoria, mixing farming, herding, and fishing. Luo oral traditions remember named ancestors and clan founders who led the migration into Nyanza. The chronology comes from oral history and is debated, so the date is approximate. society ●●

c. 1550 Mijikenda settle the coastal kaya forests 6 cit. The nine Mijikenda communities trace their origin in oral tradition to Shungwaya, a homeland said to lie to the north, from which they moved south and built fortified hilltop settlements called kaya in the coastal forests. The Shungwaya story is widely told but contested by historians, who debate whether it records a single migration or a later shared identity. The forests remained sacred long after people moved to open farmland. religion / society ●●

1551 50 Commentary on Isaiah (published 1551), 211, qu rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 50 Commentary on Isaiah (published 1551), 211, qu ●●

1552 It was these spiraling costs of war which rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story His 1552 campaign at Metz cost 2.5 million ducats alone—about ten times the emperor’s normal income from the Americas at that time. Not surprisingly, he was driven repeatedly to raise fresh loans, but ●●

1555 ich demanded that Protestant sovereigns restore al... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ich demanded that Protestant sovereigns restore all the lands they had seized from the Church since 1555. ●●

1555 Peace of Augsburg legalizes Protestantism ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Peace of Augsburg between Habsburgs and Protestants grants legal recognition to Protestant faith. ●●

1556 Death rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Charles's abdication in 1556 did not change this contestation over Rome's former empire in the west. Suleiman died on a final campaign in Hungary in 1566; his armies triumphed ther... ●●

1557 Spain's first sovereign default ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Spain defaulted on its debt between 1557 and 1696, demonstrating that abundant precious metal could not make a nation a secure credit risk. ●●

1557 International Comparisons Yet this Habsburg failure, it is rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Italian wars, besides repeatedly showing how short-lived and disastrous were the French efforts to gain influence in that peninsula (even when allied with Venice or the Turks), were also very expe ●●

1557 But perhaps the most important act of “rationalization” rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Since the Chinese government had voluntarily turned its back upon maritime trade, it did not really care if that commerce fell into the hands of the barbarians; even the quasi-official trading post wh ●●

1557 In this regard, they were simply following the pattern set by Latin America’s colonial master, Spain rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In this regard, they were simply following the pattern set by Latin America’s colonial master, Spain, which was itself perpetually unable to raise sufficient tax revenues from its own people, and was forced to declare bankruptcy ten times between 1557 and 1662. ●●

1558 Event of 1558 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story versal order based on the possibility of a single reign and a single set of legitimating principles was increasingly drained of any practicality. A full flowering of the medieval concept of world order was envisioned only briefly with the rise of the ●●

1558 Tikkune Zohar (1558) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story nish Kabbalism, cf. Tikkune Zohar (1558) f. 8b: oY 772 81Nw> AONDws DWNT IND ITN NDT 395 yp mS Days ●●

1559 Simon von Cassel founds the Warburg family ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Simon von Cassel moved from Hesse to the Westphalian town of Warburg, establishing the banking family that would become one of Europe's most prominent Jewish dynasties. ●●

1560 International Comparisons Yet this Habsburg failure, it is rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Far from being a great force in international affairs, France after 1560 threatened to become the new cockpit of Europe, perhaps to be divided permanently along religious borders as was to be the fate ●●

1560 War (1560) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story in Cipolla (ed.), Fontana Economic History of Europe, vol. 2, pp. 527–89. 19. NCMH, vol. 1, ch. 7; R. A. Kann, A History of the Habsburg Empire 1526–1918 (Berkeley/Los Angeles/Lo ●●

1560 Cremona (1560) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story written about 1460), Cremona (1560) f. 20c. 38 Eleazar’s 3:22" 125m (published under the wrong title ●●

1562 English Homily on Obedience set down in 1562 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes the Anglican Homily on Obedience, established by English church doctrine in the Tudor state of 1562, which likened the fixed English social order to the order of Heaven. ●●

1563 Bruno enters the Dominican Order in Naples ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Bruno entered the Dominican Order and became an inmate of the great Dominican convent in Naples. ●●

1564 John Dee publishes Monas Hieroglyphica ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Dee publishes Monas hieroglyphica in Antwerp, presenting a unified cabalist, alchemical, and mathematical formula. ●●

1564 ; see also Coptic Church; Ethiopia; Monophysite Controversy; Syriac Orthodox Church Michelangelo rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ; see also Coptic Church; Ethiopia; Monophysite Controversy; Syriac Orthodox Church Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) Middle East Map 5 (177), see also Arabia; Holy Land; Iraq; Israel; Judaea; Lebanon; Mesopotamia; Palestine; Parthian Empire; Persi ●●

1566 This left for consideration the Habsburg possessions in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The war in the Netherlands,” observed one Spanish councillor, “has been the total ruin of this monarchy.” In fact, between 1566 and 1654 Spain sent at least 218 million ducats to the Military Treasur ●●

1567 War (1567) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story . Hale, “Armies, Navies, and the Art of War,” in NCMH, vol. 2, pp. 481–509, and vol. 3, pp. 171–208; McNeill, Pursuit of Power, ch. 4; R. Bean, “War and the Birth of the Nation Sta ●●

1568 Tommaso Campanella born in Calabria ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Tommaso Campanella is born in Stilo, Calabria, Italy. He will become a magician-philosopher and Dominican friar like Bruno but follow a different path. ●●

1569 In the seven teenth century, Muscovy fought with rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the seven teenth century, Muscovy fought with and outmaneuvered a rival empire- Empires across Continents 273 the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (... ●●

1569 Cosimo de' Medici made Grand Duke of Tuscany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cosimo de' Medici was created Grand Duke of Tuscany, establishing a ducal line that would endure over two hundred years. ●●

1569 Union of Lublin forms the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Union of Lublin restructures political and constitutional framework of Poland-Lithuania. ●●

1570 Duffy, Marking the Hours: English People and Their Prayers, 1240-1570 (New Haven rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Duffy, Marking the Hours: English People and Their Prayers, 1240-1570 (New Haven and London, 2006); on printed primers, see ibid ●●

1571 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The state exempted Indians from the Inquisition after 1571 but encouraged other institutions aimed at enforcing as well as propagating the faith among indigenous peoples: the Provi... ●●

1572 War, Money, and the Nation-State Let us now rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Army of Flanders mutinied no less than forty-six times between 1572 and 1607; but so also, if less frequently, did equally formidable forces, like the Swedes in Germany or Cromwell’s New Model Arm ●●

1572 War (1572) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story udel, Mediterranean World, vol. 2, p. 841; and, for a full breakdown, Parker, “Lepanto (1571): the Costs of Victory,” in Spain and the Netherlands, pp. 122–34. 27. NCMH, vol. 3, p ●●

1572 Sigismund Augustus dies, ending the Jagiellon line ai_extracted 1 cit. no story King Sigismund Augustus dies, ending Jagiellon male line and triggering royal election. ●●

1572 Tycho Brahe observes new star in Cassiopeia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Tycho Brahé observed a new star appearing in the constellation Cassiopeia. According to Blavatsky, he viewed the Milky Way as an ethereal substance and believed this star had been formed from that matter. ●●

1573 emperor Wanli took the mystique of imperial aloof rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The emperor Wanli ( 1573-1620) took the mystique of imperial aloof ness to an extreme by isolating himself inside the Forbidden City. ●●

1573 Warsaw Confederation guarantees religious freedom ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Meeting of Polish Diet in Warsaw unanimously approves clause on religious freedom for new king Henri. ●●

1575 w now ty (1575) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story au 1699) f. 58a: yp’w now ty (1575) n”’Sw now wnat yppo 19m O91 9KNM 1T7D9n. (1630). 127 Most of the ●●

1576 Bruno flees the Dominican Order over heresy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno got into trouble for heresy, fled, and abandoned his Dominican habit, beginning his life of wandering through Europe. ●●

1576 Bruno leaves the Dominican Order in Naples ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After thirteen years in the Order, Bruno leaves the Dominican convent in Naples having been proceeded against for heresy. He begins his wanderings across Europe. ●●

1577 Philip Sidney's mission to Rudolph II's court ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Philip Sidney is sent on a mission to the imperial court of Emperor Rudolph II, exploring possibilities for a Protestant League in Europe. ●●

1578 Christian catacombs rediscovered beneath Rome ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Large number of Christian catacombs rediscovered beneath Rome containing bones of early Christian martyrs. ●●

1579 By the 1590s, then, the United Provinces had rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Even the prosperous province of Holland found the tax burdens enormous; in 1579 it had to provide 960,000 florins for the war, in 1599 almost 5.5 million florins. By the early seventeenth century, wit ●●

1580 War (1580) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story rlier wars, see idem, A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages, 2 vols. (London, 1924). 2. See the warning about this in G. R. Elton, Reformation Europe 1517–1559 (London, 1 ●●

1580 1580 (New Haven and London, 1992), 524-63; see also essays in E rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1580 (New Haven and London, 1992), 524-63; see also essays in E ●●

1581 Bruno reaches Paris and attracts Henri III ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno reached Paris after leaving Calvin's Geneva and lecturing at Toulouse, where he attracted the attention of King Henri III. ●●

1582 Bruno's Cantus Circaeus published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno's Cantus Circaeus, a magical work with Hermetic incantations, was published. ●●

1582 Campanella enters the Dominican Order ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nineteen years after Bruno entered the Order, Campanella enters the Dominican Order in convents farther south in Italy. ●●

1582 Gregory XIII establishes the Gregorian calendar ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pope Gregory XIII reforms deficiencies of Julian calendar from 15 October 1582, establishing Gregorian calendar. ●●

1583 John Dee leaves England for the continent ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Dee's influential career in Elizabethan England ended when he departed to the continent, where he became instrumental in stirring up new movements. ●●

1584 Bruno publishes De l'infinito universo e mondi ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Giordano Bruno publishes his philosophical work on the infinite universe and worlds in England. The work is dedicated to the French ambassador and represents a major statement of his cosmological views. ●●

1585 Bruno publishes Cabala del Cavallo Pegaseo ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno publishes his Cabala del Cavallo Pegaseo in England with a false imprint of Paris. This work reveals his attitudes toward Cabalism and religious syncretism. ●●

1585 Mordente publishes his new compass design ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Fabrizio Mordente publishes a description of his new compass design in Paris, illustrating its innovative device for mathematical and geometric purposes. ●●

1585 Bruno leaves England with ambassador Mauvissiere ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The French ambassador Mauvissière is recalled from England and leaves in October. Bruno departs England with him in his suite. ●●

1586 Bruno publishes Centum et viginti articuli in Paris ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno publishes his Centum et viginti articuli (One Hundred and Twenty Articles on Nature and the World against the Peripatetics) in Paris, dedicated to Henri III. ●●

1586 Bruno debates at the College de Cambrai ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno summons the doctors of Paris to hear him present his philosophical articles at the College de Cambrai. The debate takes place on May 28-29, during Pentecost week. ●●

1586 Bruno leaves Paris for Germany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After his activities in Paris and fearing retribution for his criticism of Aristotle and other conflicts, Bruno leaves Paris around August 1586 to go to Germany. ●●

1586 Bruno teaches at Wittenberg University ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno arrives at Wittenberg and is accepted by the university to teach. He spends two years there (1586-1588) as a professor and lecturer. ●●

1587 The Muslim World Even the first of the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Not only were the Ottoman Turks pushing westward, but the Safavid dynasty in Persia was also enjoying a resurgence of power, prosperity, and high culture, especially in the reigns of Ismail I (1500–15 ●●

1587 Information history in 1587 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story e numbers. Meaning comes into the dictionary in its definitions, of course. ●●

1588 Defeat of the Spanish Armada secures British sea control, 1588 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley dates Britain's control of the narrow seas from the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, a security that lasted until air power emerged after 1935. ●●

1588 Bruno publishes Oratio valedictoria at Wittenberg ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno delivers and publishes his Oratio valedictoria at Wittenberg, containing his genealogy of wisdom and praise for the university and Martin Luther. ●●

1588 Bruno leaves Wittenberg for Prague ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno departs Wittenberg in early 1588 and travels to Prague where he stays for approximately six months at the court of Emperor Rudolph II. ●●

1588 Bruno publishes Articuli adversus mathematicos in Prague ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno publishes his Articuli adversus mathematicos (Articles Against the Mathematicians) at Prague with decorative diagrams and symbols including the Egyptian Theuti Radius. ●●

1589 Bruno matriculates at Helmstedt University ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Giordano Bruno Nolan enrolls at the Julian University of Brunswick at Helmstedt as a student, matriculating on January 13th. ●●

1589 Venice grants Jews subject status via charter ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jewish merchant Daniel Rodriga successfully negotiated a charter granting all Jews status as Venetian subjects and permitting engagement in Levant trade. ●●

1590 Event of 1590 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story mbition that its neighbors at first dismissed as implausible. The result was one of Asia’s major military conflicts—whose regional legacies remain the subject of vivid remembrance and dispute and whose lessons, if heeded, might have changed America’s ●●

1591 Information history in 1591 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ar predetermined form of letters. The word cony (rabbit) appeared variously as conny, conye, conie, connie, coni, cuny, cunny, and cunnie in a single 1591 pamphlet. ●●

1592 Bruno leaves Padua for Venice ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After several months in Padua, Bruno departs for Venice where he lodges with Giovanni Mocenigo and begins teaching him philosophy. ●●

1592 Bruno arrested by the Venetian Inquisition ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno is arrested and incarcerated in the prisons of the Holy Office in Venice on May 26, 1592, after Mocenigo prevents his departure and delivers him to the Inquisition. ●●

1592 Bruno recants before Venetian Inquisitors ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the end of his Venetian trial, Bruno fully recants all heresies and seeks penitence from his judges before being transferred to Rome for further proceedings. ●●