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4052 event(s), page 3 of 41, 19 uncited and 100 outside stories on this page

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  1. 1448 Moscow elects a metropolitan without Constantinople ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1448 , a bishop from Riazan was chosen the metropolitan of Moscow without bothering to get the approval of the patriarch in Con stantinople. ●●
  2. 1448 Francesco Sforza defeats Venetians at Caravaggio ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Francesco Sforza defeated the Venetian forces at Caravaggio in 1448, then strategically allied with them against the Duke of Milan. ●●
  3. 1453 Fall of Constantinople ends the Byzantine Empire ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Final collapse of Byzantine Empire with fall of Constantinople, marking end of Eastern Roman Christian power. ●●
  4. 1454 to 1466 Thirteen Years' War 0 cit. no story Poland and the rebellious Prussian cities defeat the Teutonic Order in a thirteen-year war. The peace gives Poland access to the Baltic and reduces the Order to a Polish vassal. war ●●
  5. 22 May 1455 to 16 June 1487 Wars of the Roses wikidata 0 cit. no story dynastic civil war in England from 1455 to 1487 ●●●●
  6. 11 September 1457 Battle of Albulena wikidata 0 cit. no story 1457 battle ●●
  7. 1460 Corpus Hermeticum reaches Medici Florence ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A Greek manuscript containing the Corpus Hermeticum was brought to Florence from Macedonia by one of Cosimo de' Medici's agents. ●●
  8. 1463 Cosimo de' Medici orders Ficino to translate Hermes ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cosimo de' Medici ordered Marsilio Ficino to translate Hermes Trismegistus before embarking on the works of Plato. ●●
  9. 1464 Death of Cosimo de' Medici ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cosimo de' Medici died while Ficino was completing his translation of Hermes. ●●
  10. 1467 to 1477 Onin War 0 cit. no story A succession dispute among Japan's great lords destroys Kyoto and shatters central authority. The war opens the century-long Sengoku era of warring states. politics / war ●●●
  11. 1469 Ferdinand and Isabella marry, uniting Spain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Elliott terms a "composite monarchy." From Reconquest to Habsburg Empire The marriage in 1469 of Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Aragon, king of Sicily and Sardinia, and claimant ... ●●
  12. 1470 Dormition Cathedral rebuilt in the Moscow Kremlin ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cathedral of the Dormition rebuilt in Moscow Kremlin by Italian architect under Ivan III's orders. ●●
  13. 1471 Ficino's Pimander printed for the first time ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Ficino's Pimander was printed for the first time and went through sixteen editions by the end of the sixteenth century. ●●
  14. 1473 Death of Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa, learned ecclesiastic and predecessor to Copernican ideas, died in 1473 after escaping persecution through entering orders ●●
  15. c. 1479 Unification of Spain 0 cit. no story The crowns of Castile and Aragon unite under Ferdinand and Isabella, creating the dynastic union from which modern Spain formed; the Reconquista ended in 1492. politics ●●●●
  16. 1486 Pico della Mirandola publishes 900 theses in Rome ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Blavatsky records Pico della Mirandola's publication of nine hundred Kabalistic theses in Rome, which he offered to defend in public—an act she presents as evidence of Christian scholars discovering esoteric Kabalistic doctrine. ●●
  17. 1487 Pico della Mirandola publishes his Apology ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pico della Mirandola published his Apology defending his condemned propositions against accusations of heresy. ●●
  18. 1487 Pico retracts and is absolved by the Pope ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pico made a formal submission and retraction to the commission; the Pope subsequently absolved him but forbade further publication. ●●
  19. 1492 Final ejection of the Arabs from Spain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes that from the Arab invasion of 711 to their final ejection in 1492, Spanish life was dominated by the struggle against the foreign intruder, one root of Spain's later fanatical intolerance. ●●
  20. 1492 Columbus sails west seeking the Great Khan ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After studying Marco Polo's account of his transcontinental travels two centuries earlier, in 1492 Christopher Columbus began his voyage to the land of the Great Khan. The Mongol E... ●●
  21. 1492 Alexander VI succeeds Innocent VIII as pope ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pope Innocent VIII was succeeded by Alexander VI, the Borgia pope, who had greater sympathy for magic and astrology. ●●
  22. 1492 Expulsion of Jews from Spain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jews were expelled from Spain, dispersing many to the Ottoman Empire and eventually establishing significant presence in Venice as merchants and lenders. ●●
  23. 1492 Ferdinand of Aragon attacks Granada ai_extracted 1 cit. no story King Ferdinand began his reign by attacking Granada, an enterprise that laid the foundation of his growing dominions and fame. ●●
  24. 1492 Expulsion from Spain scatters the Kabbalists ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Spanish Inquisition expulsion forces Jewish Kabbalists to migrate to Ottoman lands, especially Safed, Palestine ●●
  25. 1493 Alexander VI absolves Pico of all heresy charges ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pope Alexander VI promulgated bulls absolving Pico and his works from all heresy charges on June 18, 1493. ●●
  26. 1494 to 1559 Italian Wars 0 cit. no story France and Habsburg Spain fight a series of wars for dominance in Italy over six decades. Spain emerges as the leading power in Italy and Europe. politics / war ●●●●
  27. 1494 Death of Pico della Mirandola ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pico della Mirandola died on the day the French king's armies entered Florence. ●●
  28. 1494 Lefevre d'Etaples publishes edition of Ficino's Pimander ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lefevre d'Etaples' edition of Ficino's Pimander was published by the University of Paris. ●●
  29. 1494 Medici expelled from Florence, bank records burned ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Amid French invasion chaos, the Medici were expelled from Florence and their property confiscated; a mob burned most of the bank's records. ●●
  30. 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas grants Portugal claim to Brazil ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 gave Portugal possession of what would become Brazil, this system of labor would prove to be exportable. ●●
  31. 1498 Oceanic pressure of the West on Asia, 1498 to 1956 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley traces Western Civilization's seaborne pressure on Asia from Vasco da Gama reaching India in 1498, through Japan's surrender aboard the Missouri in 1945, to the Anglo-French attack on Suez in 1956. ●●
  32. February 1499 to 1 October 1499 Swabian War wikidata 0 cit. no story war in 1499 ●●●●
  33. 1499 Louis XII marries Anne of Brittany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Louis XII divorced his first wife and married Anne of Brittany in 1499 to retain the Duchy of Brittany for the French crown. ●●
  34. 1501 Safavid dynasty makes Shiism Iran's state religion ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Safavid dynasty is established with Ismail proclaimed as shah, solidifying Shiite Islam as the dominant religion in Iran. ●●
  35. 1501 Oliverotto da Fermo seizes Fermo by murder ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Oliverotto da Fermo murdered the city chiefs and seized power, ruling securely for one year before being captured by Cesare Borgia. ●●
  36. 1502 Francisco Pizarro arrives in the New World ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The illegitimate son of a Spanish colonel crossed the Atlantic to seek his fortune, beginning his exploration of South America and search for precious metals. ●●
  37. 1502 Cesare Borgia traps the Orsini at Sinigaglia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cesare Borgia through deception reconciled the Orsini, bringing them into his power at Sinigaglia on December 31, 1502, then eliminated the leaders. ●●
  38. 1503 Pope Alexander VI dies of fever ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pope Alexander VI died of fever on August 18, 1503, removing crucial papal support for his son Cesare Borgia's ambitions. ●●
  39. 1505 Lefevre combines Pimander and Asclepius with commentary ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Lefevre brought Ficino's Pimander and the Asclepius together in one volume with his own critical commentary condemning magical passages. ●●
  40. 1505 Cardinal Ximenes burns Arabic manuscripts in Granada ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Blavatsky, citing Professor Draper, records the burning of eighty thousand Arabic manuscripts by Cardinal Ximenes in the squares of Granada—an act she presents as an example of Christian destruction of ancient knowledge. ●●
  41. 1506 Pope Julius II marches on Bologna ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pope Julius II mounted his first military enterprise against Bologna while Giovanni Bentivogli still held the city, through characteristic boldness. ●●
  42. 1507 Champier publishes De Quadruplici Vita ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Symphorien Champier of Lyons published De Quadruplici Vita, imitating Ficino's work but rejecting talismanic magic. ●●
  43. 1509 Jews seek refuge in Venice ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jews from Mestre sought refuge in Venice during the War of the League of Cambrai, beginning a notable Jewish presence in the city. ●●
  44. 1510 Dean Colet founds St. Paul's grammar school ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto references the reformed Latin grammar school founded by Dean Colet at St. Paul's in London in 1510, an example he says school histories misread. ●●
  45. 1513 Machiavelli writes The Prince ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Machiavelli wrote The Prince around 1513, a foundational work of political philosophy dedicated to Lorenzo di Medici. ●●
  46. 1514 Franciscan preaching sparks Hungarian peasant revolt ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Maverick Franciscan preachers inspire crusade in Hungary that turns into violent social uprising with impaling. ●●
  47. 23 September 1515 to 24 September 1515 Battle of Marignano wikidata 0 cit. no story 1515 battle between Switzerland and France ●●
  48. 1516 Venice establishes the Jewish ghetto ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Venetian authorities designated a special walled area for Jews on the site of an old iron foundry, confining residents every night and on Christian holidays. ●●
  49. 1517 Luther's revolt against papal indulgences ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The first of these was the coming of the Reformation—sparked off by Martin Luther’s personal revolt against papal indulgences in 1517—which swiftly added a fierce new dimension to the traditional dyna ●●
  50. c. 1519 to c. 1530 Mughal Conquests of Babur 0 cit. no story Babur invades India from Kabul and destroys the Delhi Sultanate's army at Panipat in 1526. His victories found the Mughal Empire, which dominates India for two centuries. war ●●●●
  51. 1520 to 1522 Revolt of the Comuneros wikidata 0 cit. no story rebellion ●●●●
  52. 1520 Defeat of Comunero revolt centralizes Spanish power ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Spanish monarch, beginning with the defeat of the Comunero revolt in 1520, emasculated the Spanish estates (the Cortes) and centralized power in the court. ●●
  53. 1522 Name 'America' first appears on Basle map ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A map was published at Basle in 1522 where the name 'America' appeared for the first time, marking the geographical recognition of the newly discovered continent. ●●
  54. 6 June 1523 Independence of Sweden 0 cit. no story Gustav Vasa is elected King of Sweden, ending the Kalmar Union with Denmark and founding the modern Swedish state. politics / war ●●●
  55. 1524 to 1525 German Peasants' War 0 cit. no story Hundreds of thousands of peasants revolt across Germany, inspired partly by Reformation ideas. The princes crush the rising, killing perhaps 100,000, in Europe's largest popular revolt before the French Revolution. religion / society / war ●●●
  56. 1524 Pizarro's first expedition into Peru ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pizarro led the first of three expeditions into Peru, encountering harsh terrain and hostile indigenous peoples. ●●
  57. 1525 Albert of Brandenburg declares Prussia a secular kingdom ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Tracing Prussia's origins, Gatto notes that the Order of Teutonic Knights evolved into a secular civil service. In 1525 Albert of Brandenburg declared Prussia a secular kingdom. ●●
  58. c. 1526 to c. 1791 Ottoman-Habsburg Wars 0 cit. no story The Ottoman Empire and Habsburg Austria contest Hungary and the Balkans in wars spanning nearly three centuries, including two sieges of Vienna. The long struggle fixes the frontier between Christian and Ottoman Europe. war ●●●●
  59. 1526 Ottoman Empire at its peak, 1526-1533 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Ottoman Empire reached its height in 1526-1533 with the conquest of Hungary and the first siege of Vienna; a second, also failed, siege came in 1683. ●●
  60. 1529 to 1543 Ethiopian-Adal War 0 cit. no story The Muslim Adal Sultanate under Ahmad Gran nearly conquers Christian Ethiopia before Portuguese aid helps turn the tide. The devastating war permanently weakens both sides ahead of the Oromo migrations. religion / war ●●●
  61. 1530 Pizarro's third expedition departs Panama ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After obtaining royal approval, Pizarro sailed from Panama with a small force of ships, horses and men equipped with European weaponry. ●●
  62. 1536 Manco Capac revolts against Spanish rule ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Despite being installed as a puppet Inca, Manco Capac led a major revolt against Spanish control, though Spanish rule remained unshaken. ●●
  63. 1536 Erasmus dies in Basel ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Humanist scholar Erasmus dies on visit to Basel, seeing his pan-European humanist project overshadowed by Luther's rebellion. ●●
  64. 1541 Assassination of Francisco Pizarro in Lima ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pizarro was stabbed to death in Lima after a quarrel with a fellow conquistador, ending the life of the conqueror of the Inca Empire. ●●
  65. 1542 Britain's first bankruptcy law ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Britain passed its first bankruptcy law in 1542. ●●
  66. 1543 The horse reaches the Plains Indians, 1543 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley notes that in 1543 the horse began spreading north from the Spanish in Mexico, transforming the Plains Indians' way of life within a century. ●●
  67. 1545 Silver discovered at Cerro Rico ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Diego Gualpa discovered five great seams of silver in the mountain of Cerro Rico, fundamentally changing the economic history of the world. ●●
  68. 20 July 1546 to 2 June 1547 Schmalkaldic War wikidata 0 cit. no story 16th-century conflict of the Protestant Reformation in the Holy Roman Empire ●●●●
  69. 1547 Ferdinand cedes his Hungary claim to Suleiman ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Charles and his brother Ferdinand, the Habsburg king ofAustria, and Sulei man fought bitterly over Hungary, and in 1547 Ferdinand had to give up his claim to become king of Hungary... ●●
  70. 1548 Giordano Bruno born in Nola ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Giordano Bruno was born in Nola, a small town on the slopes of Mount Vesuvius. ●●
  71. 1550 Ivan IV convenes Council of the Land, issues law code ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Earlier, in 1550, after convening a kuriltai-like " Council of the Land," the tsar issued a new law code setting forth the right of every subj ect to... ●●
  72. 1550 Isaac Luria develops Lurianic Kabbalah ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Isaac Luria develops revolutionary system with doctrines of Tsimtsum, Shevirah, and Tikkun reshaping Jewish mysticism ●●
  73. 1555 Peace of Augsburg legalizes Protestantism ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Peace of Augsburg between Habsburgs and Protestants grants legal recognition to Protestant faith. ●●
  74. 1557 Spain's first sovereign default ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Spain defaulted on its debt between 1557 and 1696, demonstrating that abundant precious metal could not make a nation a secure credit risk. ●●
  75. 1559 Simon von Cassel founds the Warburg family ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Simon von Cassel moved from Hesse to the Westphalian town of Warburg, establishing the banking family that would become one of Europe's most prominent Jewish dynasties. ●●
  76. 1562 English Homily on Obedience set down in 1562 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes the Anglican Homily on Obedience, established by English church doctrine in the Tudor state of 1562, which likened the fixed English social order to the order of Heaven. ●●
  77. 1563 to 1570 Northern Seven Years' War wikidata 0 cit. no story 16th-century war fought in Scandinavia ●●●●
  78. 1563 Bruno enters the Dominican Order in Naples ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Bruno entered the Dominican Order and became an inmate of the great Dominican convent in Naples. ●●
  79. 1564 John Dee publishes Monas Hieroglyphica ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Dee publishes Monas hieroglyphica in Antwerp, presenting a unified cabalist, alchemical, and mathematical formula. ●●
  80. 1568 to 1648 Eighty Years' War 0 cit. no story The Dutch provinces revolt against Spanish rule in a war lasting eight decades. The Peace of Westphalia recognizes the independent Dutch Republic, by then a leading commercial power. politics / religion / war ●●●●
  81. 1568 Tommaso Campanella born in Calabria ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Tommaso Campanella is born in Stilo, Calabria, Italy. He will become a magician-philosopher and Dominican friar like Bruno but follow a different path. ●●
  82. 1569 Cosimo de' Medici made Grand Duke of Tuscany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cosimo de' Medici was created Grand Duke of Tuscany, establishing a ducal line that would endure over two hundred years. ●●
  83. 1569 Union of Lublin forms the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Union of Lublin restructures political and constitutional framework of Poland-Lithuania. ●●
  84. 1572 Sigismund Augustus dies, ending the Jagiellon line ai_extracted 1 cit. no story King Sigismund Augustus dies, ending Jagiellon male line and triggering royal election. ●●
  85. 1572 Tycho Brahe observes new star in Cassiopeia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Tycho Brahé observed a new star appearing in the constellation Cassiopeia. According to Blavatsky, he viewed the Milky Way as an ethereal substance and believed this star had been formed from that matter. ●●
  86. 1573 Warsaw Confederation guarantees religious freedom ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Meeting of Polish Diet in Warsaw unanimously approves clause on religious freedom for new king Henri. ●●
  87. 1576 Bruno flees the Dominican Order over heresy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno got into trouble for heresy, fled, and abandoned his Dominican habit, beginning his life of wandering through Europe. ●●
  88. 1576 Bruno leaves the Dominican Order in Naples ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After thirteen years in the Order, Bruno leaves the Dominican convent in Naples having been proceeded against for heresy. He begins his wanderings across Europe. ●●
  89. 1577 Philip Sidney's mission to Rudolph II's court ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Philip Sidney is sent on a mission to the imperial court of Emperor Rudolph II, exploring possibilities for a Protestant League in Europe. ●●
  90. 1578 Christian catacombs rediscovered beneath Rome ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Large number of Christian catacombs rediscovered beneath Rome containing bones of early Christian martyrs. ●●
  91. 26 July 1581 Independence of the Netherlands 0 cit. no story The Act of Abjuration renounces Philip II of Spain during the Dutch Revolt, founding the independent Dutch Republic. politics / war ●●●●
  92. 1581 Bruno reaches Paris and attracts Henri III ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno reached Paris after leaving Calvin's Geneva and lecturing at Toulouse, where he attracted the attention of King Henri III. ●●
  93. 1582 Bruno's Cantus Circaeus published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno's Cantus Circaeus, a magical work with Hermetic incantations, was published. ●●
  94. 1582 Campanella enters the Dominican Order ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nineteen years after Bruno entered the Order, Campanella enters the Dominican Order in convents farther south in Italy. ●●
  95. 1582 Gregory XIII establishes the Gregorian calendar ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pope Gregory XIII reforms deficiencies of Julian calendar from 15 October 1582, establishing Gregorian calendar. ●●
  96. 1583 John Dee leaves England for the continent ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Dee's influential career in Elizabethan England ended when he departed to the continent, where he became instrumental in stirring up new movements. ●●
  97. 1584 Bruno publishes De l'infinito universo e mondi ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Giordano Bruno publishes his philosophical work on the infinite universe and worlds in England. The work is dedicated to the French ambassador and represents a major statement of his cosmological views. ●●
  98. 1585 to 1604 Anglo-Spanish War of 1585-1604 0 cit. no story England and Spain fight an undeclared naval war highlighted by the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588. The war establishes England as a serious maritime power. war ●●●
  99. 1585 Bruno publishes Cabala del Cavallo Pegaseo ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno publishes his Cabala del Cavallo Pegaseo in England with a false imprint of Paris. This work reveals his attitudes toward Cabalism and religious syncretism. ●●
  100. 1585 Mordente publishes his new compass design ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Fabrizio Mordente publishes a description of his new compass design in Paris, illustrating its innovative device for mathematical and geometric purposes. ●●