Events, Verisoph

1557 In this regard, they were simply following the pattern set by Latin America’s colonial master, Spain rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In this regard, they were simply following the pattern set by Latin America’s colonial master, Spain, which was itself perpetually unable to raise sufficient tax revenues from its own people, and was forced to declare bankruptcy ten times between 1557 and 1662. ●●

1558 Event of 1558 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story versal order based on the possibility of a single reign and a single set of legitimating principles was increasingly drained of any practicality. A full flowering of the medieval concept of world order was envisioned only briefly with the rise of the ●●

1558 Tikkune Zohar (1558) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story nish Kabbalism, cf. Tikkune Zohar (1558) f. 8b: oY 772 81Nw> AONDws DWNT IND ITN NDT 395 yp mS Days ●●

1559 Simon von Cassel founds the Warburg family ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Simon von Cassel moved from Hesse to the Westphalian town of Warburg, establishing the banking family that would become one of Europe's most prominent Jewish dynasties. ●●

1560 International Comparisons Yet this Habsburg failure, it is rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Far from being a great force in international affairs, France after 1560 threatened to become the new cockpit of Europe, perhaps to be divided permanently along religious borders as was to be the fate ●●

1560 War (1560) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story in Cipolla (ed.), Fontana Economic History of Europe, vol. 2, pp. 527–89. 19. NCMH, vol. 1, ch. 7; R. A. Kann, A History of the Habsburg Empire 1526–1918 (Berkeley/Los Angeles/Lo ●●

1560 Cremona (1560) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story written about 1460), Cremona (1560) f. 20c. 38 Eleazar’s 3:22" 125m (published under the wrong title ●●

1562 English Homily on Obedience set down in 1562 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto describes the Anglican Homily on Obedience, established by English church doctrine in the Tudor state of 1562, which likened the fixed English social order to the order of Heaven. ●●

1563 Bruno enters the Dominican Order in Naples ai_extracted 2 cit. no story Bruno entered the Dominican Order and became an inmate of the great Dominican convent in Naples. ●●

1564 John Dee publishes Monas Hieroglyphica ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Dee publishes Monas hieroglyphica in Antwerp, presenting a unified cabalist, alchemical, and mathematical formula. ●●

1564 ; see also Coptic Church; Ethiopia; Monophysite Controversy; Syriac Orthodox Church Michelangelo rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ; see also Coptic Church; Ethiopia; Monophysite Controversy; Syriac Orthodox Church Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) Middle East Map 5 (177), see also Arabia; Holy Land; Iraq; Israel; Judaea; Lebanon; Mesopotamia; Palestine; Parthian Empire; Persi ●●

1566 This left for consideration the Habsburg possessions in rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story “The war in the Netherlands,” observed one Spanish councillor, “has been the total ruin of this monarchy.” In fact, between 1566 and 1654 Spain sent at least 218 million ducats to the Military Treasur ●●

1567 War (1567) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story . Hale, “Armies, Navies, and the Art of War,” in NCMH, vol. 2, pp. 481–509, and vol. 3, pp. 171–208; McNeill, Pursuit of Power, ch. 4; R. Bean, “War and the Birth of the Nation Sta ●●

1568 Tommaso Campanella born in Calabria ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Tommaso Campanella is born in Stilo, Calabria, Italy. He will become a magician-philosopher and Dominican friar like Bruno but follow a different path. ●●

1569 In the seven teenth century, Muscovy fought with rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In the seven teenth century, Muscovy fought with and outmaneuvered a rival empire- Empires across Continents 273 the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (... ●●

1569 Cosimo de' Medici made Grand Duke of Tuscany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Cosimo de' Medici was created Grand Duke of Tuscany, establishing a ducal line that would endure over two hundred years. ●●

1569 Union of Lublin forms the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Union of Lublin restructures political and constitutional framework of Poland-Lithuania. ●●

1570 Duffy, Marking the Hours: English People and Their Prayers, 1240-1570 (New Haven rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Duffy, Marking the Hours: English People and Their Prayers, 1240-1570 (New Haven and London, 2006); on printed primers, see ibid ●●

1571 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The state exempted Indians from the Inquisition after 1571 but encouraged other institutions aimed at enforcing as well as propagating the faith among indigenous peoples: the Provi... ●●

1572 War, Money, and the Nation-State Let us now rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Army of Flanders mutinied no less than forty-six times between 1572 and 1607; but so also, if less frequently, did equally formidable forces, like the Swedes in Germany or Cromwell’s New Model Arm ●●

1572 War (1572) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story udel, Mediterranean World, vol. 2, p. 841; and, for a full breakdown, Parker, “Lepanto (1571): the Costs of Victory,” in Spain and the Netherlands, pp. 122–34. 27. NCMH, vol. 3, p ●●

1572 Sigismund Augustus dies, ending the Jagiellon line ai_extracted 1 cit. no story King Sigismund Augustus dies, ending Jagiellon male line and triggering royal election. ●●

1572 Tycho Brahe observes new star in Cassiopeia ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Tycho Brahé observed a new star appearing in the constellation Cassiopeia. According to Blavatsky, he viewed the Milky Way as an ethereal substance and believed this star had been formed from that matter. ●●

1573 emperor Wanli took the mystique of imperial aloof rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The emperor Wanli ( 1573-1620) took the mystique of imperial aloof ness to an extreme by isolating himself inside the Forbidden City. ●●

1573 Warsaw Confederation guarantees religious freedom ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Meeting of Polish Diet in Warsaw unanimously approves clause on religious freedom for new king Henri. ●●

1575 w now ty (1575) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story au 1699) f. 58a: yp’w now ty (1575) n”’Sw now wnat yppo 19m O91 9KNM 1T7D9n. (1630). 127 Most of the ●●

1576 Bruno flees the Dominican Order over heresy ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno got into trouble for heresy, fled, and abandoned his Dominican habit, beginning his life of wandering through Europe. ●●

1576 Bruno leaves the Dominican Order in Naples ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After thirteen years in the Order, Bruno leaves the Dominican convent in Naples having been proceeded against for heresy. He begins his wanderings across Europe. ●●

1577 Philip Sidney's mission to Rudolph II's court ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Philip Sidney is sent on a mission to the imperial court of Emperor Rudolph II, exploring possibilities for a Protestant League in Europe. ●●

1578 Christian catacombs rediscovered beneath Rome ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Large number of Christian catacombs rediscovered beneath Rome containing bones of early Christian martyrs. ●●

1579 By the 1590s, then, the United Provinces had rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Even the prosperous province of Holland found the tax burdens enormous; in 1579 it had to provide 960,000 florins for the war, in 1599 almost 5.5 million florins. By the early seventeenth century, wit ●●

1580 War (1580) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story rlier wars, see idem, A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages, 2 vols. (London, 1924). 2. See the warning about this in G. R. Elton, Reformation Europe 1517–1559 (London, 1 ●●

1580 1580 (New Haven and London, 1992), 524-63; see also essays in E rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1580 (New Haven and London, 1992), 524-63; see also essays in E ●●

1581 Bruno reaches Paris and attracts Henri III ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno reached Paris after leaving Calvin's Geneva and lecturing at Toulouse, where he attracted the attention of King Henri III. ●●

1582 Bruno's Cantus Circaeus published ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno's Cantus Circaeus, a magical work with Hermetic incantations, was published. ●●

1582 Campanella enters the Dominican Order ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Nineteen years after Bruno entered the Order, Campanella enters the Dominican Order in convents farther south in Italy. ●●

1582 Gregory XIII establishes the Gregorian calendar ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Pope Gregory XIII reforms deficiencies of Julian calendar from 15 October 1582, establishing Gregorian calendar. ●●

1583 John Dee leaves England for the continent ai_extracted 1 cit. no story John Dee's influential career in Elizabethan England ended when he departed to the continent, where he became instrumental in stirring up new movements. ●●

1584 Bruno publishes De l'infinito universo e mondi ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Giordano Bruno publishes his philosophical work on the infinite universe and worlds in England. The work is dedicated to the French ambassador and represents a major statement of his cosmological views. ●●

1585 Bruno publishes Cabala del Cavallo Pegaseo ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno publishes his Cabala del Cavallo Pegaseo in England with a false imprint of Paris. This work reveals his attitudes toward Cabalism and religious syncretism. ●●

1585 Mordente publishes his new compass design ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Fabrizio Mordente publishes a description of his new compass design in Paris, illustrating its innovative device for mathematical and geometric purposes. ●●

1585 Bruno leaves England with ambassador Mauvissiere ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The French ambassador Mauvissière is recalled from England and leaves in October. Bruno departs England with him in his suite. ●●

1586 Bruno publishes Centum et viginti articuli in Paris ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno publishes his Centum et viginti articuli (One Hundred and Twenty Articles on Nature and the World against the Peripatetics) in Paris, dedicated to Henri III. ●●

1586 Bruno debates at the College de Cambrai ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno summons the doctors of Paris to hear him present his philosophical articles at the College de Cambrai. The debate takes place on May 28-29, during Pentecost week. ●●

1586 Bruno leaves Paris for Germany ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After his activities in Paris and fearing retribution for his criticism of Aristotle and other conflicts, Bruno leaves Paris around August 1586 to go to Germany. ●●

1586 Bruno teaches at Wittenberg University ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno arrives at Wittenberg and is accepted by the university to teach. He spends two years there (1586-1588) as a professor and lecturer. ●●

1587 The Muslim World Even the first of the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Not only were the Ottoman Turks pushing westward, but the Safavid dynasty in Persia was also enjoying a resurgence of power, prosperity, and high culture, especially in the reigns of Ismail I (1500–15 ●●

1587 Information history in 1587 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story e numbers. Meaning comes into the dictionary in its definitions, of course. ●●

1588 Defeat of the Spanish Armada secures British sea control, 1588 ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Quigley dates Britain's control of the narrow seas from the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, a security that lasted until air power emerged after 1935. ●●

1588 Bruno publishes Oratio valedictoria at Wittenberg ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno delivers and publishes his Oratio valedictoria at Wittenberg, containing his genealogy of wisdom and praise for the university and Martin Luther. ●●

1588 Bruno leaves Wittenberg for Prague ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno departs Wittenberg in early 1588 and travels to Prague where he stays for approximately six months at the court of Emperor Rudolph II. ●●

1588 Bruno publishes Articuli adversus mathematicos in Prague ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno publishes his Articuli adversus mathematicos (Articles Against the Mathematicians) at Prague with decorative diagrams and symbols including the Egyptian Theuti Radius. ●●

1589 Bruno matriculates at Helmstedt University ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Giordano Bruno Nolan enrolls at the Julian University of Brunswick at Helmstedt as a student, matriculating on January 13th. ●●

1589 Venice grants Jews subject status via charter ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Jewish merchant Daniel Rodriga successfully negotiated a charter granting all Jews status as Venetian subjects and permitting engagement in Levant trade. ●●

1590 Event of 1590 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story mbition that its neighbors at first dismissed as implausible. The result was one of Asia’s major military conflicts—whose regional legacies remain the subject of vivid remembrance and dispute and whose lessons, if heeded, might have changed America’s ●●

1591 Information history in 1591 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story ar predetermined form of letters. The word cony (rabbit) appeared variously as conny, conye, conie, connie, coni, cuny, cunny, and cunnie in a single 1591 pamphlet. ●●

1592 Bruno leaves Padua for Venice ai_extracted 1 cit. no story After several months in Padua, Bruno departs for Venice where he lodges with Giovanni Mocenigo and begins teaching him philosophy. ●●

1592 Bruno arrested by the Venetian Inquisition ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno is arrested and incarcerated in the prisons of the Holy Office in Venice on May 26, 1592, after Mocenigo prevents his departure and delivers him to the Inquisition. ●●

1592 Bruno recants before Venetian Inquisitors ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the end of his Venetian trial, Bruno fully recants all heresies and seeks penitence from his judges before being transferred to Rome for further proceedings. ●●

1592 Campanella meets Galileo in Padua ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In October 1592, six months after Bruno left Padua for Venice, Campanella arrives in Padua where he meets Galileo and remains for about a year or two. ●●

1593 Campanella imprisoned in Padua ai_extracted 1 cit. no story While in prison in Padua in 1593 and 1594, Campanella writes works addressed to Pope Clement VIII defending his theology. ●●

1594 Campanella transferred to the Roman Inquisition ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the end of 1594, Campanella is transferred from Padua to the prisons of the Inquisition in Rome where he faces charges of heresy and impiety. ●●

1595 Washington's rules of conduct traced to a 1595 Jesuit manual ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Gatto relates a claim that George Washington's rules of conduct were an English translation of a Jesuit manual compiled by French Jesuits in 1595. ●●

1595 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Beginning in 1595 the Spanish government gave Portuguese merchants the asiento, the contract to supply its New World colonies with slaves. With the growth of slave trading from the... ●●

1595 Campanella released from Roman prison ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the end of 1595, Campanella is released from Roman prison, probably through the influence of his powerful protector Lelio Orsini. ●●

1596 1596, while still an archduke, Ferdinand declared,... rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1596, while still an archduke, Ferdinand declared, “I would rather die than grant any concessions to the ●●

1596 In 1946 a puppet synod in Ukraine declared void the Union of candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1946 a puppet synod in Ukraine declared void the Union of Brest of 1596, and the Church disappeared into a forcible union with the Orthodox Church in Moscow for nearly half a century ●●

1597 Campanella leaves Rome for Naples ai_extracted 1 cit. no story At the end of 1597, Campanella departs Rome for Naples where he confers with astrologers and geographers about celestial portents and political changes. ●●

1598 Death rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1598 Philip II died, leaving in place a vast transoceanic empire. More than the trading, enclave empires of Portugal and later the Netherlands (chapter 6) , it integrated extra-... ●●

1598 Campanella organizes Calabrian revolt against Spain ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1598 and 1599, Campanella organizes a revolutionary movement in Calabria aimed at throwing off Spanish rule and establishing a utopian magical republic inspired by his City of the Sun. ●●

1598 Death of Hideyoshi and Tokugawa consolidation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story When these failed, and Hideyoshi died in 1598, civil strife again threatened Japan; but within a few years all power had been consolidated in the hands of Ieyasu and fellow shoguns of the Tokugawa cla ●●

1598 James VI publishes The Trew Law of Free Monarchies ai_extracted 1 cit. no story King James I publishes The Trew Law of Free Monarchies, defending the divine right of monarchy. ●●

1599 Bellarmine draws up heretical propositions from Bruno ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The Jesuit Robert Bellarmine, assisted by Tragagliolo, draws up eight heretical propositions from Bruno's works for him to abjure. Bruno initially agrees to recant. ●●

1599 Bruno withdraws his recantation ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Later in 1599, Bruno withdraws all his previous retractions and maintains obstinately that he has written nothing heretical and that the Inquisition has misinterpreted him. ●●

1599 Calabrian revolt crushed by Spanish forces ai_extracted 1 cit. no story By the end of 1599, the Calabrian revolt is easily crushed by Spanish forces. The prisons of Naples fill with rebellious Dominicans and their supporters undergoing examination and torture. ●●

1599 By the 1590s, then, the United Provinces had rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Even the prosperous province of Holland found the tax burdens enormous; in 1579 it had to provide 960,000 florins for the war, in 1599 almost 5.5 million florins. By the early seventeenth century, wit ●●

1600 Event rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1600 the EIC was granted a charter by Queen Elizabeth I, giving it a monopoly on English trade east of the Cape of Good Hope. Its initial 125 shareholders set out to compete wit... ●●

1600 Bruno burned at the stake in Rome ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Bruno is condemned as an impenitent heretic and handed over to the secular arm. He is burned alive on the Campo de' Fiori in Rome on February 17, 1600. ●●

1600 The “European Miracle”15 Why was it among the rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story It was, as noted above, in this broad period from 1450 to 1600 that “gunpowder empires” were established elsewhere. Muscovy, Tokugawa Japan, and Mogul India provide excellent examples of how great sta ●●

1600 By the 1590s, then, the United Provinces had rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story To call it a Dutch army would be a misnomer: in 1600 it consisted of forty-three English, thirty-two French, twenty Scots, eleven Walloon, and nine German companies, and only seventeen Dutch companies ●●

1600 War (1600) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1971), espec. ch. 4. 12. C. V. Wedgewood, The Thirty Years War (London, 1964 edn.), chs. 3–6. 13. Parker, Europe in Crisis, p. 252; J. H. Elliott, The Count-Duke of Olivares (New ●●

1600 Information history in 1600 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story book, making no pretense to completeness, contained a vocabulary of only 2,500. We possess now a more complete dictionary of English as it was circa 1600: the subset of the OED comprising words then c ●●

1600 The council, along with the Casa de Contratación overseeing economic matters, wrote laws and issued rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story The council, along with the Casa de Contratación overseeing economic matters, wrote laws and issued autocratic decrees—some four hundred thousand by the year 1600. ●●

1600 Morris, The Sepulchre of Christ and the Medieval West: From the Beginning rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Morris, The Sepulchre of Christ and the Medieval West: From the Beginning to 1600 (Oxford, 2005) ●●

1600 1600 (Cambridge, 2007) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story 1600 (Cambridge, 2007) ●●

1602 nwys Basle (1602) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Yiddish; c) the 7:2 nwys Basle (1602) no. 158—182, cf. Ma’aseh Book, translated by Moses Gaster (193 ●●

1602 Carlo Maderno extends St Peter's Basilica ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Carlo Maderno begins massive extension of St Peter's Basilica westward from 1602 to 1615. ●●

1603 War (1603) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story h Public Finance 1485–1641, vol. 2, 1558–1641, chs. 2–5; W. R. Scott, The Constitution and Finance of English, Scottish and Irish Joint Stock Companies to 1720, 3 vols. (Cambridge, ●●

1603 Reform (1603) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Mass., 1965. Hildebrand, K., “Staatskunst oder Systemzwang? Die ‘Deutsche Frage’ als Problem der Weltpolitik,” Historische Zeitschrift 228 (1979). ______. The Third Reich. London ●●

1603 Event of 1603 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story First published in the United States of America by Penguin Press, a member of Penguin Group (USA) LLC 2014 First published in Great Britain by Allen Lane 2014 Copyright © Henry A. Kissinger, 2014 All rights reserved Cover: World map from ‘Theatrum or ●●

1604 Simon Studion dedicates Naometria to Duke of Württemberg ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Simon Studion dedicates his apocalyptic-prophetic work Naometria to the Duke of Württemberg, containing numerology and prophecies about future European events. ●●

1604 Information history in 1604 rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story new thoughts of men, which must be signifi’d, and varied by new expressions. ●●

1604 Tomb of Christian Rosenkreutz Opened rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Levenda claims that based on the 120-year inscription on the tomb of Christian Rosenkreutz, the tomb was opened in 1604. ●●

1605 Gunpowder Plot foiled in England ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Roman Catholic attempt to blow up English king and Parliament prevented, celebrated as Protestant victory. ●●

1605 Total solar eclipse observed at Naples ai_extracted 1 cit. no story A total eclipse of the Sun was observed at Naples, during which a luminous ring appeared around the Moon. Kepler attributed this to the ether filling the universe. ●●

1606 In addition to the dynastic name Jin, Nurhaci candidate ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In addition to the dynastic name Jin, Nurhaci also enjoyed the title khan, acquired in 1606 as he extended his control in Mongolia, later enhanced wit... ●●

1606 War (1606) rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story other accounts of the sixteenth-century phase of the “Eighty Years War.” For the later struggle, see the important article by J. I. Israel, “A Conflict of Empires: Spain and the Ne ●●

1606 New star observed by Kepler rejected ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Kepler believed a new star appeared in 1606, similarly formed from the ethereal substance that fills the universe, supporting the nebular hypothesis. ●●

1608 Oswald Croll publishes De signatura rerum ai_extracted 1 cit. no story Oswald Croll publishes De signatura rerum in Prague, expounding Paracelsist correlation of great and little worlds through astral signatures. ●●

1609 Henry Hudson explores the Newark estuary and Hudson River ai_extracted 1 cit. no story In 1609, Henry Hudson, representing the Dutch East India Company, explored the Newark estuary before sailing up the river that bears his name ●●